外教时态学(1).docx

SIMPLE PRESENTThe simple present tense is used to discuss permanent situations and the frequency of events.Simple Present TimelineFor example:Q) Where do youlive? A) Ilivein Germany.Q) Where doeshelive? A) Helivesin Germany.Q) Whatdoyou do? A) Ima teacher.Q) Whatdoeshe do? A) Hesa teacher.FrequencyThe simple present tense is also used to show how often something happens withadverbs of frequency- always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, never, etc. And when discussing daily, weekly, monthly etc. routines.For example:Ialways get upat 6.00.Inever drinkcoffee before 12.00.Iworkon my websiteevery day.EveryMonday and Thursday Igoto the gym.We also use the simple present to ask for and give instructions or to discuss a series of actions.For example:Q) How do I make pancakes? A) Well, first you take 4 eggs and crack them into a bowl, then you weigh out 4 oz. of flour and sieve it into the eggs. etc.The simple present tense can also be used to discussfutureevents.PRESENT CONTINIOUS TENSEWhen we talk about events that are actually happening now, we use the present continuous tense. This is formed by using the stem of the verb and adding -ing to the end, for example the verb work becomes working. In some cases you need toalter the spellinga bit for example the verb die becomes dying.Present Continuous TimelineFor example:Q) What are you doing? A) Im building a website.We also use the present continuous tense to talk about things that are happening around now but are temporary.For example:Q) What are youdoingthese days? A) Unfortunately Imworkinga lot.It is also used to describe trends or situations that are happening but may be temporary.For example:Nowadays more and more people areshoppingon the Internet.and habitual actions (usually negative).For example:Hes alwayscleaninghis car.The present continuous tense can also be used to discussfutureevents:Note:-The present continuous is usually used with doing verbs (verbs of action) not with verbs of state. The following verbs arenotused in the continuous form:-Conditions: belong, cost, need, own, seemFeelings: like, love, hate, want, wishBeliefs: believe, feel, know, mean, remember, think, understandSIMPLE PASTThe simple past tense is used to talk about actions that happened at a specific time in the past. You state when it happened using atime adverb.You form the simple past of a verb by adding -ed onto the end of aregular verbbut,irregular verbforms have to be learned.Simple Past TimelineDid + base form of verb + complementFor example:Last yearItookmy exams.Igotmarried in1992.It can be used to describe events that happened over a period of time in the past but not now.For example:Ilivedin South Africafor two years.The simple past tense is also used to talk about habitual or repeated actions that took place in the past.For example:When I was a childwe alwayswentto the seaside on bank holidays.PAST CONTINOUSWe use the past continuous tense to describe a past action over a period of time.Past Continuous TimelineWas/were + verb(-ing) + complement For example:Q) Whatweretheydoingyesterday? A) Theywere workingall day.It can be used to describe what someone was doing at a particular point in time.For example:Q) Whatwereyoudoingat 7.30 last night? A) Iwas watchingtelevision.The past continuous can also be used to show that an activity frequently took place over a period of time.Q) Whatdidyou do on holiday? A) Iwent skiinga lot.Often the past continuous is mixed with the past simple to show what was happening when something happened. The past continuous refers to the longer event and the simple past to the event that interrupted it.For example:Iwas drivingto workwhen I crashedmy car.orAs Iwas drivingto work,I crashedmy car.PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE TENSEThe present perfect simple tense is used to talk about a past time, which has very strong meaning for the present.Present Perfect Simple TimelineFor example:Q) Wheres Jane?A) Shehas gone out. She should be back in an hour.We form the present perfect simple by using the auxilliary verb have/has and the -ed form of the regular verb (the past participle)irregular verbforms have to be learned:The present perfect simple is used to discuss events that have just been completed at the moment of speaking.For example:Q)Have you doneyour homework?A) Yes,Ivejustfinishedit.It is often used to suggest that a past action still has an effect upon something happening in the present.For example:The poundhas fallenagainst the dollar.It is also used to discuss unfinished time.For example:Q)Have you done yourhomework today?A) No, Ihavent doneit yet.Note - You are talking about today and today isnt finished, so you may do your homework later!Q)Have you ever beento England?A) YesI have.Note - You are talking about something that has happened in your life and your life isnt finished!You can also use the present perfect to discuss something from the past but you dont want to say exactly when.For example:Q) Are you learning any languages?A) Yes, Ive begun to learn English.This tense is often used to discuss events that have been happening over a period of time, but arent finished yet.For example:Q) How longhaveyoustudiedEnglish for?A) Ive studiedEnglish for 2 years now.However it is better (grammatically speaking) to use thePresent Perfect Continuousto express yourself in this way.For example:Q) How longhaveyoubeen studyingEnglish for? A) Ive been studyingEnglishfor2 years now.!NoteIt is alwaysfora length of time andsincea point in time.PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSEThe present perfect continuous tense is often used (with for or since) to describe how long something has been happening up to now.Present Perfect Continuous TimelineFor example:-Q) How longhave you been studyingEnglish?A)Ive been studyingEnglishforfour years.Note- You can just say Forfour years.Q) How longhave you been livingin Germany?A)Ive been living heresince1998.Note- You can just say Since1998.The present perfect continuous is also used to refer to an event that may or may not be finished when its effect can be seen now.For example:-Look!Its beensnowing.Note- Its not necessarily snowing now but you can see the effect (the snow on the ground).You should also use the present perfect continuous when talking about how long you have been doing your current job or working on unfinished projects:-For example:-Ihave been workingat BTforthree years.Wehave been exportingto Chinasince1999.!NoteIt is alwaysfora length of time andsincea point in time.PAST PERFECT SIMPLE TENSEThe past perfect simple tense is used to go further back in time when we are already talking about the past. It can make it clear that something had already happened at the time we are talking about.Past Perfect Simple TimelineFor example:Ihad already donethe shopping by the time shecamehome.Iwaslate for work, by the time Iarrivedthe clienthad already left.The past perfect simple can be used to show how often something happened in the past.For example:Id visitedthe citymany timesbefore.It can also be used to express unfulfilled wishes or dreams. Sometimes called theThird Conditional.For example:If I had wonthe lotteryI would have boughta new car.Note: If I had done something I would have done something else.PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSEThe past perfect continuous tense is used to talk about longer situations that continued up to the moment in the past we are talking about.Past Perfect Continuous TimelineFor example:By the time IleftEngland wehad been livingin Bristol for five years.Her backwas sorebecause shehad been sittingat the computer all day.It is also used to say how long something went on for, up to a time in the past.For example:-We apologised becausewehad kept themwaitingfor 3 hours.We apologised becausewehad kept themwaitingsincelunchtime.!NoteIt is alwaysfora length of time andsincea point in time.SIMPLE FUTURE TENSEWe sometimes use thesimple present formto discuss future events. Especially when talking about official events that happen at a set time such as timetables, meetings, itineraries, programmes etc.For example:Q) What time does the train leave? A) It leaves at 17.30.Q) What time does the meeting begin tomorrow? A) It begins at 8.00am.Q) What time do you arrive at the airport tomorrow? A) I arrive at 6.30pm.FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSEThe future continuous tense is the present continuous tense recycled. It is often used to ask about and discuss future arrangements or plans with just the addition of a future time, but you only use it when these arrangements are certain.For example:Q) What are youdoingnext week? A) Imworking.Q) Whats hedoingtomorrow? A) Hesplayingtennis.The present continuous tense is also used to talk about and make future appointments and arrangements using the words go or come.For example:Q) When are youcomingto see me? A) Next week.Q) What are youdoingtomorrow? A) Imgoingto the dentist.and using verbs of arrival and departure.Werearrivingin London at 2.30.The trainleavingfrom platform one is the 2.45 to Edinburgh.The Fut