论语境在文学翻译中的作用.doc

Abstract : Malinowski,a prominent anthropologist,first puts forward the concept of context in the 1920s. In the following years , more and more scholars realize the importance of context with the develepoment of semantics and pragmatics.Introduction :Chapter One : The Introduction of Study of Context and Translation 1.1 The Definition of ContextFrom the second half of 20th century,with the study of linguistic turned from attaching importance to the study of linguistic itself to strengthening the study of linguistic function ,many subject such as pragmatics、sociolinguistics、functional linguistics、psychological linguistics、cultural linguistics 、practical linguistics emerged as the times required. From then on ,context has also been paid unprecedented attention .Many scholars commence to study context from all aspectsthe definition of context ,the character of context ,the features and types of context,the function of context and so on .Some point of viewes about context are fullly accepted in academic circles,but the study of context at present is still unsatisfaction. What is context ?Different scholars hold different opinions about the definition of context . “ Context include not only the context of language but also situational context ”said by London school linguistican J.R-Firth. Besides,American sociolinguists Fishman puts forward that “Context is what someone said to another at sometime in someplacethat is social situation restricted by common behavior rules, which include time ,palce ,identity ,theme and such factors”. Wang Chun de,a Chinese scholar ,thought that “Context is the enviroment that we use the language”,he divided the enviroment into objective factors included time ,place ,partner,occasion and something like that and subjective factors contained thoughts of speakers ,identity ,characters,feelings. What can we find in the dictionary about the difinition of context is “Context is language enviroment ,which is the real enviroment when we use the language ,included certain situations (time ,site ,participants and so on ), language context and background of social and culture.Even though there is no a piece of complete and standard definition on context ,each of definition about context has their own merits.we believe the definition of context will be more impeccable because some scholars is try to study context from new perspectives and definite context from different layers. 1.2 Previous Reseach of Context Malinowski ,a notable anthropologist ,first puts forward“context ” in 1923.He thought the types of context can be divied into two large divisions ,which are “context of culture”and “context of situation”. Firth,who also raises that the context was made up of two parts interlingual context and intralingual context ,and he goes along with the terminology of “context of situation”. Van dijk, a pioneer in this field,whose four-volume edition of the handbook of discourse analysis plays a great important role in the field of context. Later,Hymes, Lyons, Goffman and Halliday interpreted context from varied perspectives.Hymes analyzed the feature elements of context came from the concrete situation of linguistics. But for a long time ,the term of “context ” had been used ambiguously ,to refer to the rest of the text in which a sentence occurs,and to the circumstances external to the text itself ,such as who the author of the text is ,and the social settings in which it occurs,which also contribute to its interpretation. More and more linguists realized the importance of context with the development of semantics and pragmatics in 1970s.They think that the meaning of language exists during the process of wielding.Hallidays Cohesion in English and Introduction to Functional Grammar contribute to better understand the English language on a textual level for us . Halliday has accepted their views and made many further reseaches . “context of culture refers to peoples behavior mode in the specific cultural background” he thought. This mode restrains the generic structure. Context of situation refers to the field ,mode and tenor of discourse.Those ingredients have a great influence on the ideational ,textual and interpersonal function of language.Later, lingustic books which approached to translation were introduced into China ,such as the works of Eugene Nida, Peter Newmarks, J.C.Catford, Georges Mounin.These books gave a great push to the application of lingustic theories to translation studies in China. 1.3 Brife Introduction of Literary Translation According to the content and feature of translated text ,translation can be divided into different types, scientific translation ,business contact translation ,literary translation and many other types of translation .while ,literary translation, an artistic translation , is a major concern of translators .文学翻译绝不仅仅是机械的语言符号的转换过程 ，而是一项极为复杂的活动。作家矛盾先生从文学创作的角度提出文学翻译的审美性和艺术性，他给文学翻译所下的定义是“文学翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使译文读者与原文读者能够得到相同的启发，感动和美的感受。（译文1954年10月）。程爱华从文化和语言两个角度探讨文学翻译，她认为“文学翻译就是文化传承与形态变异的辩证统一。”（程爱华 2005 ：37）夏仲翼认为“文学翻译本身就是一种文学研究，它是有着一定文化艺术素养，特定时代历史背景，某种政治思想倾向的读者的“解读”。” （夏仲翼1998 ：14）Literary translation needs translators grasp the idea and artistic style of the original content and reproduce the original artistic image and artistic style appropriately with another language . 1.4 Brife Itroduction of Pride and Prejudice (作者、写作风格、创作背景、译本)Pride and prejudice is a novel written by Jane Austen (16 December 1775-18 July 1817),who was an English novelist . Pride and Prejudice is one of Jane Austens most famous works ,first published in 1813. The story follows the main character Elizabeth Bennet as she deals with issues of manners ,upbring ,morality ,education,and marriage in the siciety of the landed gentry of early 19th-centry England .Elizabeth is the second of five daughters of a country gentleman living near the fictional town of Meryton in Hertfordshire. Mr Bingley,a wealthy,charming and social young bachelor,moving into Netherfield Park in the neighbourhood of the Bennet family .Mr Bingley is soon well received ,while his friend Mr Darcy makes a less favorable first impression by appearing proud and condescending at a ball that they attend .Mr Bingley singles out Elizabeths elder sister ,Jane ,for particular attention ,and it soon becames apparent that they have formed an attachment to each other .By contrast , Darcy slights Elizabeth, who overhears and jokes about it despite feeling a budding resentment. On paying a visit to Mr Bingleys sister ,Jane is caught in a heavy downpour ,catches cold ,and is forced to stay at Netherfield for several days .Elizabeth arrives to nurse her sister and is thrown into frequent company with Mr Darcy ,who begins to perceive his attachment to her, but is too proud to proceed on this feeling . Mr Collins,a clergyman,pays a visit to the Bennets .Mr Bennet and Elizabeth are much amused his obsequious veneration of his employer,the noble Lady Catherine de Bourgh, as well as by his self-important and pedantic nature .It soon becomes apparent that Mr Collins has come to Longbourn to choose a wife from among the Bennet sisters and Elizabeth has been singled out .At the same time ,Elizabeth forms an acquaintance with Mr Wickham,a militia officer who claims to have een very seriously mistreated by Mr Darcy,despite having been a ward of Mr Darcys father.This tale ,and Elizabeths attraction to Mr Wickham,adds fuel to her dislike of Mr Darcy . At a ball given by Mr Bingley at Netherfield ,Mr Darcy becoomes aware of a general expectation that Mr Bingley and Jane will marry ,and the Bennet family ,with the exception of Jane and Elizabeth,make a public display of poor manners and decorum. The following morning ,Mr Collins proposes marriage to Elizabeth,who refuses him ,much to her mothers distress.Mr Collin recovers and promptly becomes engaged to Elizabeths close friend Charlotte,a homely woman with few prowpects. Mr Bingley abruptly quits Netherfield and returns to London,and Elizabeth is convinced that Mr Darcy and Mr Bingleys sister have conspired to separate him from Jane. In the spring,Elizabeth visits Charlotte and Mr Collins in kent.Elizabeth and her hosts are frequently invited to Rosings Park,home of Lady Catherine de Bourgh, Darcys aunt ; coincidentally ,Darcy also arrives to visit .Darcy again finds himself attracted to Elizabeth and impetuously proposes to her .Elizabeth ,however,has just learned of Darcys role in seperating Mr Bingley from Jane from his cousin Colonel Fitzwilliam. She angrily rebukes him ,and a heated discussion follows ;she charges him with destroying her sisters happiness,with treating Mr Wickham disgracefully ,and with having conducted himself towards her in an ungentleman-like manner.Mr Darcy,shocked,ultimately responds with a letter giving a good account of his actions:Wickham had exchanged his legacies for a cash payment ,only to return after gambling away the money to reclaim the forfeited inheritance; he then attempted to elope with Darcys young sister,thereby to capture her fortune .Regarding Mr Bingley and Jane ,Darcy claimed he had observed no reciprocal interest in Jane for Bingley. Elizabeth later came to acknowledge the truth of Darcys assertions. Some months later, Elizabeth and her aunt and uncle Gardiner visit Pemberley,Darcys estate, believing he will be absent for the day .He returns unexpectedly, and though surprised,he is gracious and welcoming.He treats the Gardiners with great civility; he introduces Elizabeth to his sister,and Elizabeth begins to realise her attraction to him .Their reacquaintance is cut short, however,by news that Lydia,Elizabeths sister,has run away to elope with Mr Wickham.Elizabeth and the Gardiners return to Longbourn, where Elizabeth grieves that her renewed acquaintance with Mr Darcy will end because of her sisters disgrace. Lydia and Wickham are soon found,then married by the clergy;they vixit Longbourn, where Lydia lets slip that Mr Darcy was responsible for finding the couple and negotiating their marriage.Elizabeth is shocked but does not dwell further on the topic due to Mr Bingleys return and subsequent proposal to Jane, who immediately accepts. Lady Catherine de Bourgh later bursts in on Longbourn;intending to thwart local rumour,she warms Elizabeth against marrying Mr Darcy.Elizbeth rufeses herdemands . Disgusted ,Lady Catherine leaves and drops by to inform her nephew on Elizabeths abominable behavior.However,this lends hope to Darcy that Elizabeths opinion of him may have changed. He travels to Longbourn and proposes again; and now Elizabeth accepts. Though the story is set at the turn of the 19th centry ,it retains a fascination for modern readers ,continuing near the top of lists of most loved books such as The Big Read .It has became one of the most popular novels in English literature and receives considerable attension from literary scholars .Chapter Two ：The Features and Types of Context From the perspective of systemic functional linguistics,context is not only a genenral concept touching upon the using situation of language,but an abstract theory catalgory which annotates the using of language from the perspective of symbology .Context describles the relationship between meaning potential and language forms .(Halliday 1978,Halliday&Hasan 1985,Martin 1992,Matthiessen 1995)Stratification, multi-functionality and potential are the three levels of context.They are defined by systemic functional linguistics. From the prespective of stratification ,context can be divided into context of culture and context of situation.(尚媛媛，2002)2.1 Context of culture Everyone lives within a cultural context. Each culture has its own recognizable cultural style ,which shapes the behavior of its members ,their political and judicial institutions and their morals .Human culture is unique because much of its content is transmitted from generation to genenretion by sophisticated communication systems. Fromal educaton ,religious beliefs, and dailysocial intercourse all transmit culture and allow societies to develop complex and continuing adaptions to aid their survival.Culture is a potential guide to human behavior created through generations of human experience.The great Victorian anthropologist Sir Edward Tylor describled culture as “that complex whole which include knowledge ,belief ,art ,morals, law ,custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society .” Human culture are made up of many different parts ,such as language, technology, religious beliefs, way of obtaining food and so on .These elements interact with one another to form complex and ever-changing cultural systems ,systems that adjust to long and short term environmental change.Language is the important part of culture. You Rujie holds that language is a substantial but partial reflection of a culture.(李运兴，2001：:18） Context of culture is the environment of a language system. It determines the nature of the code . Just as a language is manifested through its context ,a culture is manifested through its situations.At the same time, we must realize that all language code can transform from source text into target text on semantic meaning ;the relationship between source text and source culture cannot reappear in the relationship between target text and target culture. It is dangerous to attempt to impose the value system of the source language culture onto the target language culture . The translator has to acquire the technique of transferring smoothly between the two basic translation processes:comprehension ,which may involve interpretation ,and formulation, which may involve recreation. (Newmark,2001:17) This requires the translator to have a high translation level and rich knowledge on cultures. Nida holds that for truly successful translating , biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the culture in which they function. 2.2Context of situationOnly in specific communicative situation ,can language give play to its function . When we analyze language phenomenon ,we must think about the specific context of situation . Context of situation refers to the practical meaning that he wants wo express on specific occasion . Then we must be clear how the text is related to the situation if we can specify what aspects of the context of situation rule each of these kinds of semantic option . In other words ,for each component of meeting. What are the situational factors by which it is activated ? This involves some forms of theoretical constructions that relate the situation simultaneously to the text , to the linguistic system , and to the social system.Malinowski was the first person who reseached the concept of context fo situation .firth carried on and developed his viewpoints. Then depending on their achievements . Halliday also contributed a lot to context research . According to his register theory ,contextsituation comprises three variable elements: field of discourse,tenor of discourse and mode of discourse. The environment,or socialcontext,of language is structured as a field of significant social action, a tenor of role relationships,and a mode of symbolic organization. These three together constitute the situation ,or context of situation,of a text .(Halliday,2001:143)On the basis of Hallindays theory ,Juliane House researched on translation quality assessment. According to his model,register covers a variety of elements ,some of which are additional to thoese expressly stated by Hallinday.field refers to the subject matter and social action and covers the specificity of lexical items. Tenor includes the addressers temporal geographical and social provenance as well as his or her intellectual ,emotional or affective stance. social attitude refers to formal,consultative or informal style. There is an element of individuality to this , as there is to stance. Finally ,mode relates to channel and the degree of participation between the adresser and the adressee.(Munday 2001:93)Each of the variables of register is associated with a strand of meaning. These strands,which together from the discourse semantics of a text ,are the three metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal and textual . Here ,we use discourse instead of text . Discourse refers to transmit the cocommunicative meaning of the speech acts by using coherentuttrtance in order to arouse potential meaning of the communicative activity . Discourse is different from text in that it embodies more than just a collection of sentence ; discourse is what makes the text ,and what makes it context-bound. Discourse not only includes text but also includes expression ,gesture,posture and tone of speech acts of both sides. So discourse has wider meaning than text ,and it can incarnate contexts meaning better.2.3 Context of Context Language use is always situated against a complex background with which it is related in a variety of ways . Context mainly includes three aspects: 1) Context cohesion. It is generally used to designate the overt marking of relation within a discourse or text. It has a relationship with the semantic meaningof a text by using conjunctions, an