九年级句子成分专项复习—宾语 定语 补语(鲁教版).doc

句子成分专项复习宾语定语补语学习目标：1、学习并掌握宾语的构成及相关的知识。2、学习并掌握定语的构成及相关的知识。3、学习并掌握状语的构成及相关的知识。知识结构：一、宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。1、 英语的及物动词后必须有宾语。宾语一般放及物动词之后，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。2、英语介词后面也要有宾语。3、某些形容词如worth, careful等后也可有宾语。She is playing the piano now.她正在弹钢琴。（名词作宾语）We all like him.（代词作宾语）ive me four.(数词作宾语)We all like to go to school.（不定式作宾语）We all like swimmming.（动名词作宾语）I think he is right.（从句作宾语）The book is worth reading.( 形容词worth可有宾语) （一） 双宾语：宾语有直接宾语和间接宾语之分。即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语，这两个宾语称为双宾语。句子结构为：主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语My parents bought me a computer.我父母给我买了一台电脑。(me是间接宾语，computer是直接宾语)1、 间接宾语可以改为由介词to或for引起的短语，放在直接宾语后面。2、 由to引出间接宾语的动词有：give,show,pass,lend,take,tell等；如:He gave her some chips.=He gave some chips to her.由for引出间接宾语的动词有：buy,make,cook,get,sing,read等。如：Yesterday she bought me a book.=Yesterday she bought a book for me.（二） 复合宾语：英语中有些及物动词接了宾语之后还需接宾语补足语来说明宾语的有关情况，否则句子意思就不完整。宾语和宾语补足语合称为复合宾语。句子结构为：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。能作宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词-ing形式、动词不定式、介词短语等。如：He make us laugh.他使我们哈哈大笑1、 接形容词作宾补的动词有：keep,make,find等。如：We must keep our classroom clean.2、 接名词作宾补的动词有：call,name,make,think等。如：We call them mooncakes.3、 接动词-ing形式作宾补的动词有：see,watch,hear,find,keep等。如：In the country ,we can hear birds singing.4、 接带to的动词不定式作宾补的动词有：ask,tell,want,teach,wish等；接不带to的动词不定式作宾补的动词不定式作宾补的动词有:see,watch,hear,make,let等,但当变成被动语态时，要加上to.如：I often see him play football.She often asks me to help her.注： help后面作宾补的动词不定式可以带to也可以不带to。如：I often help my mother (to) do some housework.(三)宾语从句一定义：在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。1. 由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如：He said (that) he wanted to stay at home.2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如：I didnt know what he wanted me to do .3.由if或whether引导的宾语从句。当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。如：I dont know if (whether )he still lives here after so many years二. 宾语从句的语序无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序I hear (that) physics isnt easy.The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room三. 宾语从句的时态含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：1） 果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如：I dont know when he will come back2） 如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的时态要用过去的某种时态。如：The children didnt know who he was孩子们不知道他是谁。3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。二、定语（一）定义：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。（二）充当定语的有:形容词、代词、名词、分词、介词短语或副词和从句.形容词作定语：The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）数词作定语：Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。代词或名词所有格作定语： His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。介词短语作定语：The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.名词作定语：The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。副词作定语：The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。不定式作定语：The boy to write this letter needs a pen.分词（短语）作定语：The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。定语从句：The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday. （三）定语的位置一般有两种：用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语，用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。1、定语前置：在英语里,一般定语前置时的次序为:限定词，形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语。但当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前,我们要注意其次序。其形容词遵循的词序为：限观形龄色国材，指：限定词（一般指数量）；外观（美丽等）；形状（大小，高矮，肥瘦）；年龄；颜色；国籍；材料；用途。如：a famous American university a new plastic bucket2、定语后置（1）短语作定语一般后置He gave me a basket full of eggs. 他给我一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。English is a language easy to learn but difficult to master. 英语是一（2）修饰some，any，no，every等词构成的不定代词的定语都后置Lets go somewhere quiet. 咱们去找个安静一点的地方吧。Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗?（3）副词作定语The people here are very friendly. 这里的人很友好。They lived in the room above.他们住在楼上的房间。（4）动词、名词转化而来的以-able,-ible 结尾的形容词作定语He is a person dependable. 他是一个可以依靠的人3. 定语从句：做定语的成分是个句子。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有：when, where, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。二.关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在从句中做主语The boys who are playing football are from Class One.2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略Football is a game which is liked by most boys.4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语He has a friend whose father is a doctor.四关系副词引导的定语从句1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语2. The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语Shanghai is the city where I was born.3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,三、状语（一）状语是说明动作或状态特征,用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。副词、介词短语、动词不定式以及由if,after,when,as soon as,until,before等引起的从句都可用来作状语。如：You are quite right.(副词)She will arrive on Monday.（介词短语）He came here in order to learn English.（不定式）We ae on holiday today.（副词）If it rains tomorrow,well stay at home.（if引起的状语从句）As soon as she comes back ,Ill go and see her.（as soon as引起的状语从句）（二）状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。1时间状语从句:常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. 2地点状语从句:常用引导词：where ，wherever;Wherever you go, you should work hard. 3原因状语从句:常用引导词：because, since, as, since My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful. 4目的状语从句:常用引导词：so that, in order that The boy studies hard so that he can pass the exam. 5结果状语从句:常用引导词：so that, so that, such that, He got up so early that he caught the first bus. 6条件状语从句:常用引导词：if, unless, 7让步状语从句:常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. 8比较状语从句:常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较) The house is three times as big as ours. 9方式状语从句:常用引导词：as, as if, how When in Rome, do as the Roman do. （三）：主句与从句时态一致的问题。在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态一致问题一般分下列两种情况：1. 若主句是祈使句，或主句中有情态动词，或主句中谓语动词是一般将来时，那么从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时。例如：Be careful when you cross the road. 过马路时要小心。2. 若主从句谓语动词都是陈述过去，那么主从句都可以用一般过去时。例如：She could sing when she was four years old. 她四岁的时候就会唱歌。3主句一般将来时，从句一般现在表将来。We will go to the zoo if it doesnt rain toworrow.例题分析:1.The girl stoppedTV and went onher dirty colthes.A to wath;to clean up B watching;cleaning up C watching;to clean up D to watch;cleaning up解析:答案为B.stop后接动名词作宾语,表示”停下来正在干的事”;go on后只能接动名词作宾语,表示”继续做某事”2.Listen!Can you hear a baby? A cry B crying C to cry D cries解析:答案为B.hear后接现在分词作宾语补足语,表示”听见某事正在发生.”3.Who did they makehim there all the time?A to wait at B waiting to C wait for D and wait for解析:答案为C.make后面接省略的动词不定式作宾补.4.Howhe does his homework! A careful B goo C carefully D nice解析:答案为C.副词作状语修饰行为动词does.5.His hair is too long.He should have it.A cutting B cuts C cut D to cut解析:答案为C.过去分词cut作宾补表示被动.have sth done指”让某人来做某事”中考链接：选择题:1、 Do you rememberthe letter for me when you pass the post office,please. A post B posting C to post D be posting2、 German and Great Britain are countries,but China and India are ones. A developing,developed B developed,to develop C developed,developing D to develop,dveloping-Do you think I can run as fast as a car? -No.Its not possible for to run that fast. A I B me C you D your-Oh,the radio is too loud.The baby is sleeping.-Im sorry .Ill _.A put on it B put it on C turn down it D turn it down-Will you come to the net bars with me?-Sorry.My mother always tells methere. A not go B not to go C go D to goAt last ,Lin Feng made the babyand began to laugh.A stop crying B to stop crying C stop to cry D to stop to cryPlease be quiet.I haveto tell you.A something interesting B nothing interesting C important anything D important somethingPlease keep your eyes.A close B closed C to close D closingHe is poor,but he always enjoys.A he B him C himself D his-Do you know the meaning of this word?-No,why notin your dictionary? A looking up it B to look it up C look it up D look up itThe teacher told us .A come to school on foot B to cross the street carefully C not be late again D dont play on the streetI found it very interestingthe disappearance of dinosaurs.(恐龙)。A study B studies C studied D to studyMy father was so tired that he ould hardly keep his eyes .A open B to be open C opening D be openedI saw himinto the room,but I didnt see him out.A went;came B go;come C goes;comes D going;coming15.Mother often told methe windowto let the cool air in.A keep;opened B to keep;opened C keep;open D to keep;open用所给词的正确形式填空：The teacher saw Tom(play)football on the playground yesterday afternoon.Liu Weis mother