句法--特殊句式.doc

祈使句一.概念 祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。二.相关知识点精讲1.祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do （但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子）。例如： Take this seat. 坐这儿。Do be careful. 务必小心。否定结构：例如：Dont move. 不准动。Dont be late. 不要迟到。2.以let开头的祈使句Let 的反意疑问句：a. Lets 包括说话者。例如：Lets have another try, shall we / shant we? = Shall we have another try? 我们再试一次，如何？b. Let us 不包括说话者。例如：Let us have another try，will you / wont you? = Will you please let us have another try? 你让我们再试一次，好吗？否定结构：例如：Lets not talk of that matter. 不要谈这件事。Let us not talk of that matter. 你不要让我们谈这件事。 感叹句一.概念 感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情二. 相关知识点精讲1.How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序。例如：How clever a boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！2. How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如：How lovely the baby is! 小毛头真可爱！3. What +名词+陈述语序。例如：What noise they are making! 他们真吵！4. What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如：What a clever boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！5. What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如：What wonderful ideas （we have）! 我们的主意真棒！6. What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如：What cold weather it is! 多冷的天！7.What a clever boy he is!的省略形式为：What a clever boy!否定句一.概念 否定句指否定陈述句的句子.二.相关知识点精讲 1.用not构成的否定句：主语+助动词/ be+not+ 例句：He is not back yet.It is not true.We havent forgotten you.You shouldnt be so silly.We havent been invited yet.He wont go, but they will.Money could not buy happiness.I like the salad, but I dont like this soup.He wants a girl friend, but he doesnt want to get married.You didnt understand what I said, did you ?You neednt try to explain.I didnt use to like opera, but now Im getting interested.I usednt to like opera, but now Im getting interested.2.祈使句的否定句：Dont+动词原形。例句：Dont worry. Ill look after you.Dont believe a word he says.Dont be so rude.3. 非谓语动词（不定式，分词，动名词）的否定式：把not放在to do; doing; 的前面。Its important not to worry.He said he deeply regretted not being able to help.Not knowing what to do, Shelly asked advice of her friend.He reproached me for not having told it to him. 4. not与除谓语以外的其他句子成分连用：Come early, but not before six.Its working, but not properly.I believe he will succeed, though not without some difficulty.not用在I hope; I believe; Im afraid; I guess; I suppose; I expect之后，构成省略句。Will it snow today ?I hope not.5. 用no构成否定句：no+名词（单，复数，不可数）相当于not+ a +名词/ not + any +名词No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated.The nations of Europe and America have found that no country can produce all its needs without trading.Take that towel, I have no other.I can walk no farther.There is no knowing what will happen.6. 某些否定副词或代词：seldom; never; hardly; rarely; little; few; none; nowhere; neither等在句中构成否定句：I can seldom find time for reading.Mirror tells only the facts, never the poetry.The rumor came from nowhere.None but fools have ever believed it.7. 否定转移：当think; believe; suppose; imagine等动词引导否定意义的宾语从句时，把从句中的not提到主句这些动词前面，是主句变成否定句：I dont think shes at home, but Ill go and see.I dont imagine that hell enjoy it.8. 否定式疑问句： Doesnt she understand ?Havent you booked your holiday yet ?部分否定：注意部分否定的结构：Not all=AllnotNot both=BothnotNot every=EverynotI dont remember all the names.All is not gold that glitters.It is not found everywhere.Not everyone likes this film.9. 用否定形式表示肯定的意义：注意这些句型：cannottoo. / cannot more: 越就越好；再不过了。You cannot be too careful.A man can never have too many friends.反意疑问句一.概念 反意疑问句是附加在陈述句之后,对陈述句所表示的事实或观点提出疑问的句子.附加疑问实际上是一种简略的一般疑问句.二.相关知识点精讲1.反意疑问句的结构：陈述句（主语+谓语），+助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语（代词形式）？说明：陈述句部分如果是肯定句，反意疑问句，疑问句部分的助动词/情态动词/be动词+not （否定提问）；如果陈述句部分是否定句，反意疑问句，疑问句部分用肯定式提问。例句：He is your teacher, isnt he ?People shouldnt drop litter on the pavements, should they ?You found the key in the bedroom, didnt you ?They have a house in town, havent they ?/dont they ?The boy has to clean his room, doesnt he ?I am right, arent I ?Theyd rather go by bus, wouldnt they ?Youd better change your wet skirt, hadnt you ?Hed like to join our discussion, wouldnt he ?She ought to see a doctor at once, shouldnt she ? / oughtnt she ?I wish to say a few words, may I ?Thats nice, isnt it ?This is the place, isnt it ?Everybody knows the answer, dont they ?Nothing is serious, isnt it?There wasnt enough time at that moment, was there ?There used to a tower here, usednt there? / didnt there ?What you need is more practice, isnt it ?2.某些特殊句型的反意疑问句：1)祈使句的反意疑问句：表示肯定意义的祈使句，即表示“请求，提示”它的反意疑问句用will you 表达：有时也可以用wont you 表示。Go home now, will you ?Close the window, please, will you ?否定祈使句：以Dont开始的祈使句：表示“不要”，用will you 提问：Dont be late again, will you ?Dont forget to pay your income tax, will you ?Lets引导的祈使句表示“建议”，反意疑问句部分是：shall we ?Lets go for a walk, shall we ?Lets have a rest now, shall we ?Let me 或 Let us引导的祈使句表示“请求”，反意疑问句部分为will you：Let me have a try, will you ?Let us help, will you ?2) 感叹句的反意疑问句：一律用否定式提问。What a clever boy, isnt he ?What a lovely day, isnt it?3) 陈述句含有情态动词must有两种情况： must表示“必须”，反意疑问句部分为mustnt? / neednt?He must study hard at English, mustnt he? / neednt he?You must go home now, neednt you? / mustnt you?We mustnt be late, must we ?Must表示推测：“一定，肯定” 反意疑问句部分与must后面的动词呼应You must be joking, arent you?He must be ill, isnt he ?注意：用must对过去的动作推测时，反意疑问句部分的助动词用did或have, 而对过去的状态推测，反意疑问句部分的be动词用was:She must have finished her work, hasnt she ? / didnt she ?Jack must have arrived here yesterday, didnt he ?He must have been a policeman, wasnt he ?4) 陈述句中有否定副词：hardly; never; seldom; little; few; nowhere; nothing等词，反意疑问句部分用肯定提问：Frank hardly goes to parties, does he ?He has few friends, has he ?5)复合句的反意疑问句：大多数复合句的反意疑问句都对主句提问：He was punished because he violated the regulation, wasnt he?You never told me that you had been ill, did you ?注意：I dont think/suppose/believe/imagine 引导的宾语从句，这种宾语从句的反意疑问句应与从句的主语，谓语部分一致，而且用肯定式的提问。I dont suppose anyone will volunteer, will they ?I dont believe she has done it, has she ?I think he will come. wont he?倒装句一.概念: 英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序,另一种谓误在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序二.相关知识点精讲按“主语+ 谓语” 这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为“谓语（ 或谓语一部分）+主语”，就是倒装。倒装句分为：完全倒装： 整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装 。部分倒装： 只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装 。1. 当以there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等副词开头的句子，为了起到强调的作用，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。Our teacher came in.In came our teacher.这种倒装要求：主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不变。Here it is.Away he went.这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。Here comes the bus.Out rushed the boys.2. how, then, just, often 表示时间的副词放在句首，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。Then came 8 years of the Anti Japanese War.3. 表地点状语的介词短语放在句首，要用倒装句式，以示强调。这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置，不加助动词did, does或do.Under a big tree _, half asleep.A. did sat a fat manB. a fat man satC. did a fat man satD. sat a fat man4. there放在句首时，要用倒装句式。在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。There came shouts for help from the river.There lies a large wheat field in front of the house.Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house.In front of the tower flews a stream.5. so + 动词+主语neither/ nor + 动词+主语表示两人的同样一个情况时，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。否则要用so it is withYou can ride a bike. So can I .He has been to Beijing. So have I .The first one isnt good, neither is the second.His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. So it is with his aunt.6. so+ 形容词/副词that 的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示，也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。句型如下： so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句。Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.= So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.So easy was the work that they finished it in a few days.7. done做形容词在句中做表语时，常把表语放在句首，要用倒装句式。Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.8. 否定副词not , never, seldom, nowhere, little , rarely 放于句首时要用倒装句式。We seldom get up at four in the morning.= Seldom do we get up at four in the morning.Not a single word from him could the enemy drag.Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing.9. hardlywhen; scarcelywhen; no soonerthan 可以用正常语序 had hardly done when did 或用倒装句式Hardly had + 主语+ done when did 句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。The bell hardly had rung when the class began.= Hardly had the bell rung when the class began.No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work.10. not only but also 如连接两个成分时，不用倒装；连接句子时， 前面的句子要用倒装。Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do.Not only does he speak English very well, but also he speaks French well.11. only 及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，要用： only+ 状语+ be /助动词/情态动词+主语及其他Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened.Only in this way can you make progress in your English.12. 虚拟语气中的倒装句如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were, had, should，有时可将if省去，而将条件从句的主语置于were, had, should, 之后。 If I were you, I would take the job. = Were I you, I would take the job.Had you invited us, we would have come to your party. Were I you, I would do more practice after class. 省略句一. 概念 英语中,为了避免重复,常常省略句子中的一个或几个成分,这样的句子叫省略句二.相关知识点精讲1. 简单句中的省略：在对话中，交谈双方都知道谈论的对象，则可以省略句子的主语，省略主语和谓语的现象在交际用语中出现的很多。（1）Looks like rain.（2）Hope to hear from you soon.（3）Sounds like a good idea.（4）Beg your pardon.（5）Feeling better today ?（6）This way, please.（7）What does he want to eat ? Some rice and vegetables.（8）Anything I can do for you ?（9）Sorry to hear that.（10）Doesnt matter.（11）Terrible weather!（12）Pity you couldnt come.2. 并列句中的省略：在并列句中，相同的成分如主语，谓语，宾语等都可以省略：（1）They learn French and we English.（2）My father planned and built all these houses.（3）John won the first race and Jimmy the second.（4）Coral is not a plant but a variety of animal life.3. 复合句中的省略：定语从句：（1）Thats the reason he is late for the conference.（2）I dont like the way he talks.状语从句：（1）If heated, water will boil.（2）Tom was attacked by cramp while swimming across the river.（3）Well go to help you if necessary.（4）Had I time, I would come.（5）Ill go, should it be necessary.（6）The captain can find a boat quicker than we can.宾语从句：如果宾语从句中的谓语部分与主句的谓语部分或上文的谓语部分相同，可将从句部分的谓语省略。（1）We will do what we can（do）to help you. （2）Is Mr. King in his office?Sorry, I dont know（whether he is in his office or not）.4. 动词不定式的省略：在动词不定式结构中，为了避免重复，常常省略不定式结构中的动词原形，只保留to。（1）Would you like to go with us ? Im glad to, but I have to finish my homework.（2）Dont tell me the name of the sailor if you dont want to.（3）Have you ever been to the seaside? No, we cant afford to.在used to, ought to, have to, would like/love to, wish to, be going to等结构中，常常省略to后面的动词原形。（1）They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to.（2）He doesnt get up early as he used to.（3）Ill hand it in if I have to.（4）Would you like to come tonight ? Id love to.Tell , warn , order , advise , ask等动词的宾语后面接动词不定式做宾语补足语时，可以省略to后面的动词原形。（1）He wanted to swim across the river but I warned him not to.（2）The boy wanted to play football in the street, but his mother told him not to.强调句一、强调句型的基本结构是：It is/was + 被强调部分(主语、宾语、宾语补足语或状语等) + that/who +句子的其余部分。二、连接词。一般说来，如果被强调部分是人时，用连词that或who；被强调的部分是宾语，指人时也可以用whom；如果被强调部分是物，只能用连词that。It was John and Mike who/that saw Mary in the street last night.It is Mary whom/ who he often helps .It was in the street that I met him yesterday. 三、时态。如果原句中谓语动词使用的是现在范畴的时态(一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成/现在完成进行时、一般将来时、将来进行时、将来完成时等)，用It is.that.。如果原句中谓语动词为过去范畴的时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等)，则用It was.that.。如：Mary met an old beggar in the street yesterday.It was Mary who/that met an old beggar in the street yesterday. (强调主语)It was an old beggar whom/that Mary met in the street yesterday. (强调宾语)It was yesterday that Mary met an old beggar in the street. (强调时间状语)It was in the street that Mary met an old beggar yesterday. (强调地点状语)有时，be前可使用表示推测的情态动词。如：It must be Pe