文体学_课件.doc

A brief summary Stylistics is a newly-born study, it was in the 1960s that stylistic study really began to flourish in Great Britain and the United States. Professor Wang Zuoliang is the first person in China to study it. The stylistics we are discussing here is Modern Stylistics, a discipline that applies concepts and techniques of modern linguistics to the study of styles of language use. It has two subdivisions: General Stylistics and Literary Stylistics, with the latter concentrating solely on unique features of various literary works, and the former on the general features of various types of language use. 1.2.1 Speech Acts1.2.2 Speech Events1.2.3 Text / Message / Discourse1. Substantial 2. Formal 3. Situational It is this contextual relationship between the substance and form of a speech event on the one hand and the situation in which it occurs on the other, which gives what is normally called “meaning” to utterance. In other words, context determines meaning of features in situation.e.g. My beloved grandfather has just passed to his heavenly reward. My dear grandfather has just expired. My grandfather has just passed away. My grandfather has died. 同是表达“死”这个概念，但场合不同，表达方式也不同。1.4.1 Language Varieties w Language is always used in a context. In other words, speech events differ in different situations, we often adjust our language according to the nature of the context of the situation. As a result, there have appeared different types of a language which called Varieties of Language. e.g. Old/Modern English, British/American English, Black English, legal English, advertising English, etc.1.4.2 Language Functions ( put forward by Halliday)w * Ideational/Referential Function（概念功能）: serves for expressing the speakers/writers experience of the real world, including the inner world of his/her own consciousness. ( 表达reality )w * Interpersonal/Expressional /Social Function（人际功能）: severs to establish and maintain social relations, for the expression of social roles, and also for getting things done by means of interaction between one person and another. （符合situation）w * Textual Function（组篇功能） : provides means for making links within the text itself and with features of its immediate situation. ( well constructed)1.5 Style& Stylisticsw 1.5.1 Style w The various characteristic uses of language that a person or group of persons make in various social context. w 1.5.2 Stylisticsw A more refined definition: It is a discipline that studies the sum of stylistic features characteristic of the different varieties of language. 2 The Need for Stylistic Studyw 2.1 Stylistic Study Helps Cultivate a Sense of Appropriatenessw 2.2 Stylistic Study Sharpens the Understanding and Appreciation of Literary Worksw 2.3 Stylistic Study Helps Achieve Adaptation in TranslationAppropriatenessw People have to respond to a given situation with an appropriate variety of language, and as they move through the day, they change the type of language they are using with the changing situation.w E.g. Now allow me to propose a toast to the friendship Heres to the health of Cheers! Appropriatenessw In order to get ahead in the modern western world, sometimes you have to be willing to eat shit.w In the opinion of many students, the deans commencement address stank.Appropriatenessw Having learnt that you own the first prize in the speech contest, I have come in person to congratulate you, my friend, on your success.2.2 Stylistic Study Sharpens the Understanding and Appreciation of Literary Worksw In literary creation, there are normally two linguistic choices for the writers to make:w The breaking of normal rules of linguistic structure (whether phonological, grammatical, lexical or semantic) - what we call Deviation（变异）.w The overuse of a particular linguistic feature - what we call Repetition（重复）. w Both Deviation and Repetition produce a psychological effect on the mind of the reader- they make a feature stand out. This highlighting of a linguistic feature against the background of the rules for the English language is what we call Foregrounding（前景化）.Deviation（变异）w phonological deviation（语音变异）w 有时候一些词的读音为了押韵可以发生变化，如wind可以读成动词的读音。此外，19世纪的一些诗人将词的重音位置转移，也属于语音变异。如：w baluster, bastard, July.Graphological deviation（书写变异）w 一种指发音的变异在书写上的体现，另一种指在排版，标点以及打印等方面的变异。Lexical deviation（词汇变异）w neologism(新造词)：mobile phone, e-commercew 试比较： They my-loved and my-deared each other. （原句，创造了两个临时用的复合动词，句子变得生动活泼，妙趣横生。） They called each other my love and my dear. （改写后，句子语气平淡无奇，毫无修辞效果可言）w It is easier to marry than unmarry（divorce）. - Jack LondonGrammatical deviationw Examples: a grief ago, a joy ago, a happiness agow Grief, joy, happiness 都不是可数名词，也不能表示时间，用在这里表现了诗人经历了很多的悲伤，因而时间也是以悲伤来度量的。Semantic deviation（语义变异） w 如在华兹华斯的“My Heart Leaps Up” 中有一句诗：w The child is the father of the man. w Note: 按照逻辑，儿童是成人的父亲，这是不可想象的。此句意思为从孩子现在的表现可以预见他成人后的情况。father在这里的意思是progenitor（前身） Repetition（重复）w Repetition refers to the repetitive patterns of sound (such as alliteration), lexis or grammar (such as parallelism). A perfect case of parallelism can be Shakespeares line from Othello:w I kissed thee ere I killed thee.w 分析见课本19页。w We will discuss possible stylistic features about a text in terms of phonological/graphological (substantial level), lexico-grammatical (formal level) and semantic levels (situational level). 具体第四章讲Adaptationw 油漆未干 Wet Paint. 危险，此处有炸药 Danger: Explosives. To some scholars, instruction emanates from lecture or laborotory; to others Old-fashioned formal English:To some scholars, instruction emanates from lecture or laboratory; to others it radiates from within. No scholar is so well taught as he who can teach himself.学人中有受教于讲堂、实验室者，亦有教发之于内者。能自教自学，则学人中最上乘矣。Colloquial English:You know, people are always saying they learn from teachers! OK, so they do, sometimes. But what I want to get across is this: You dont always find your teachers in schools or in labs, either. No sir! Sometimes you find the teacher right in your own eyes and ears and brains. Thats where its at!大家总是说教学教学，教师教，学生学。不错，有时候是那么回事。但是，依我说，老师也不是只有在学校里或者在实验室里才能找到，不是的！有时“老师”就在你自己脑袋里，在你耳朵里、眼睛里，就是那么回事！3.1 Two Kinds of Varieties w 1. Dialectal Varieties（方言变体）, commonly called Dialects, are language variations that are associated with different users of the language. Depend on usersw 2. Diatypic Varieties, commonly called Registers (语域变体), are language variations that are associated with the different use to which they are put. Depend on occasions3.2.1 Individual Dialect - Idiolectw A specific person will display his or her own features of speech or writing habits. e.g. recognize our friends by the sound of their voice or the look of their handwriting. Each speaker or writer will have his or her own particular voice quality, pitch and stress patterns, favorite lexical items, and even grammatical structures. Hemingways language3.2.2 Temporal Dialectw A variety which correlates with the various periods of the development of language is called Temporal Dialect.w e.g.: some of the striking differences between Old, Middle and Modern English can be seen from their different ways of expressing the idea “Its me”: Old English ic hit eom (=I it am) Middle English Hit am I (=It am I) Early Modern English It is me3.2.3 Regional Dialectw Language varies from region to region. People who live in different places tend to develop different speech patterns.w e.g.: British English and American English are different in terms of phonology, graphology, vocabulary and grammar. 参看课本28页3.2.4 Social Dialectw A variety associated with certain social group is referred to as Social Dialect. (P29)w e.g.: socioeconomic status verities ethnic varieties gender varieties age varieties3.2.5 Standard Dialectw It is the variety of a language based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of that language which enables speakers of the language throughout the world to communicate intelligibly with each other, irrespective of their social standing or regional background. w e.g. generally taught in schools and to non-native speakers when they are learning the language and is used in the news media and described in dictionaries and grammars.3.3.1 Field of Discoursew Is the linguistic reflection of the purposive role of the language user,- the type of social activity the language user is engaged in doing in the situation in which the text has occurred. non-technical w phatic communion（寒暄）, gossip, casual conversation, and personal lettersw e.g. Jeff: Mornin, Stan! Stan: Hi. Hows it goin? Jeff: Oh, cant explain, I guess. Ready for the meeting this afternoon? Stan: Well, I cant have much choice.Technical w the roles of teacher, lawyer, sergeant, scientist, expert, and informed enthusiast relate to specialist fields, and are more likely to have a one-to-one relationship to fields. w Field of Discourse can be more or less restricted in language. w e.g. Extreme cases are the language of the parade-ground drills and knitting patterns which have a very restricted purpose and therefore a very limited number of lexical items and grammatical patterns - they admit little idiolectal variety.w Legal documentsw Technical fieldsTechnical fieldsw Have their own special vocabulary and favorite grammatical patterns. Some lexical items or collaborations of lexical terms can almost identify a certain field all by themselves: cleanse in the language of advertising, probe of newspaper, tablespoonful of recipes or prescriptions .3.3.2 Mode of Discoursew Is the linguistic reflection of the relationship that the language user has to the medium of communication.w Spoken w Written3.3.3 Tenor of Discoursew Is the linguistic reflection of the personal relationships between speaker/writer and hearer/reader-called Personal Tenor（人际基调）, and of what the user is trying to do with language for/to his or her addressee(s)- called Functional Tenor（功能基调）。w Personal Tenor Is concerned with the degrees of formality of the language used. (e.g. 呼语)w Functional Tenor is concerned with the intention of the user in using the language: to teach? To explain? To persuade? To amuse?3.3.4 The Notion of Registerw 语义组成部分 语言情景成分w 概念 语场w 人际 语旨w 组篇 语式w Mode, field & tenor are interrelated.w e.g.: a cooking recipe book belongs to a certain field- cooking a certain mode- written to be read a certain tenor- instructional & formalMore examplesw A lecture on history belongs to a particular field history, a certain mode speaking of what is written, and a certain tenors expository and formal .w A personal conversation exhibits its field as conversation, mode as spoken, tenors as non-didactic and informal.w TV sports commentary is obviously distinguished as a variety, with the sports field, the audiovisual medium, the functions of describing and evaluating and fairly informal relations between commentator and audience.4.2.1 The Level of Phonology/Graphologyw Phonologyw Is the study of the rules for the organization of the sound systems of a language, phonological level is the expression or realization of language in its spoken form.w Graphologyw Is the study of the writing system of a language, graphological level is the expression or realization of language in its wrtitten form.4.2.2 The Level of Lexis and Grammar Morphology and syntax Lexicologyw Studies the choice of specific Lexical Items(unites of vocabulary) in a text, their distribution in relation to one another, and their meanings.4.2.3 The Level of Semanticsw Studies the overall meaning of a text, the meaning derived not form the formal properties of words and structures but from the way sentences/utterances are used and the way they are related to the context in which they are used/uttered.4.3.1 Stylistic Features at the First Levelw Phonological featuresw 分类及例子参照课本44-51页w Graphological featuresw Concerns the use of the alphabet, the number system, punctuation, capitalization, headlining, italicizing, bracketing, diagramming, paragraphing, spacing, etc.印刷体和手写体不同的印刷体给人不同的视觉感受，如古体字会给人以庄严，肃穆，古朴的感觉，常用在报纸的抬头，古书的封面，法律文件的开头；花体字则给人以温馨，华丽，浪漫的感觉，所以贺卡，诗集中常用。例如纽约时报的报头就给人庄重古雅的感觉。The New York Times2标点标点符号的使用一般都按照正常的语法规范，服务于文字的标点符号的使用的密度和分量，会令鱼片有不同的语相风格。例如在下面这个例子中How, is, my, lit, tle, friend? How, is, my, lit, tle, friend? - Charles Dickens Dombey and Son狄更斯在此通过标点符号的频繁使用，模拟了钟表滴滴答答、断断续续的声音。再如：the first car in town a girl Girl thats what Jason couldnt bear smell of gasoline making him sick then got madder than ever because a girl Girl had no sister but Benjamin Benjamin the child of my sorrowful if Id just had a mother so I could say Mother Mother - William Faulkner The Sound and the Fury这是喧哗与骚动中描写昆丁自杀前心理的一段。为了刻画他自杀前的状态，福克纳使用了无标点的手法。标点符号体现的是逻辑和理性的思维，而昆丁当时的状态已经失去了理智，处于一种似癫狂的状态，许多意向、念头纷至沓来，根本没有时间来断开，所以标点符号的省略正好体现了他的意识的混乱。3. 字母大小写在英文中，一般要求句子或专有名词的首字母大写，可是在语言的使用中经常会不规则地使用大写字母来表示强调，人们有时也会在应该使用大写的时候使用小写字母，表达一定的意义。Crows First LessonGod tried to teach Crow how to talk. “Love,” said God. “Say, Love.”Crow gaped, and the white shark crashed into the seaAnd went rolling downwards, discovering its own depth.“No, no,” said God. “Say Love. Now try it. LOVE.”Crow gaped, and a bluefly, a tsetse, a mosquitoZoomed out and downTo their sundry flesh-pots.“A final try,” said God. “Now, LOVE.”Crow convulsed, gaped, retched and Mans bodiless prodigious headBulbed out onto the earth, with swiveling eyes,Jabbering protest - Ted Hughes New Selected Poems 1957-19944. 单词的排列如：- Think you are in Heaven?Well - youll soon be In H E L L - Michael Horovitz “Man-to-man Blues”在这首诗里，Horovitz用一种可视的方式表现了地狱那种堕落、下坠的感觉，给人以很强的震撼。补充刘世生书93页和94、96页的内容1. Sentence type (clause type, group type & word type should be read by the students themselves.)Declarative/Interrogative/Imperative/ExclamatorySimple/compound/complex/compound-complexComplete/ellipticalThe stylistic analysis of sentence types may tell us such things as whether a variety makes use of a particular type of sentence to the exclusion of others - for instance, whether it uses only Statements (as in reports, journalism, science thesis), or it also uses Questions (as in conversation), Commands (as in sermons). Simple sentence, elliptical sentences informal speech or personal lettersComplex sentence:1. Periodic sentence（掉尾句、圆周句） writing rather than speech and of formal kinds of prose2. Loose sentence（松散句） speech or informal kinds of prosePeriodic sentence: dependent clauses preceding the main clause Loose sentence: the main clause comes the first圆周句大多是作者精心安排的，以次要的概念为先导，把重要的要素放在最后，给人以一种悬念，往往还能起到强调作用。To believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men- that is genius.但是有时候这种悬念却会以一种不和谐的结尾出现，从而达到一种讽刺或者幽默的效果。如：It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a fortune must be in want of a wife. - Jane Austin Pride and Prejudice 几种修辞句型：w Parallelism（排比）: repetition of the same structural patternw e.g.: Out of sight, out of mind. I came, I saw, I conquered. - Julia CaesarAntithesis（对偶）:parallelism with contrast （两个对称的结构中意思相对的词项形成对比，对偶形式比较整齐，意义又比较对称，所以往往比较鲜明，互相映衬，更能给人以深刻的印象。e.g. Where there is marriage without love, there will be love without marriage. - Benjamin FranklinRepetition（重复）:e.g. Thoull come no more,Never, never, never, never, never!-William Shakespeare King Lear, V. iii“I have a dream” 在马丁.路德.金著名的演说中贯穿始终，多次重复。Rhetorical Question（修辞问句）: question which does not expect an answer, since it really assert something that is known to the addressee, and cannot be denied.e.g. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? - Shelley Ode to the West Wind1. connotative meaning（内涵意义）w Connotative meaning refers to all kinds of associations words may evoke, particularly in certain emotional, situational contexts, over and above the basic or central referential meaning of words - the latter called Denotative Meaning（外延意义）.w e.g.w home has a denotative meaning “a dwelling place”, but to many people it has connotations of “domesticity”; rose has a connotation of “love”; red is associated with “jubilation” (乐事，喜庆), also with “revolution”; night and thunder connote “evil” or “mystery”.Many words have a favorable meaning, many neutral, and many derogatory. Complimentary neural derogatorySlim thin skinnyPlump fleshly fatConnotations are associated with cultures.e.g.: white symbolizes “purity” in the western countries, but is associated with “funeral” in China.Collocation 词的搭配 w The meaning of a word depends on its immediate context- its nearby words which are its Collocates. This context will permit some of the possible denotations and connotations, but rule out others, or make them less probable. w e.g.: voice active, and passive mood declarative, imperative, interrogative habitual collocations are a recognizable feature of registers, e.g. desirable residence in the ad; soaring prices in the press Text as a semantic unitw A text is a stretch of language which forms a unity by reasons of its linguistic Cohesion连结，衔接 (ie