全新版大学英语综合教程1book1Unit1词汇讲解.doc

Unit 1off and on (or on and off): from time to time; now and again; irregularlyIt has been raining on and off for a week. Thats why the clothes feel damp.As her patient slept soundly during the night, Nurse Betty was able to doze off and on in a bedside chair.take hold: become establishedThe idea of one child has taken hold in many Chinese families.Old habits die hard. Thats why you should stop smoking before the habit takes hold.bore: vt. make (sb.) feel tired and lose interestThe speaker went on and on, and the audience grew bored by his speech.Tom Sawyer grew bored with painting the garden fence, so he thought of a way to make others paint for him.a crashing bore讨厌至极的人/事a frightful bore 讨厌得要命的家伙an insufferable bore讨厌得令人无法忍受的人an utter bore 极惹人厌烦的事associate: vt. join or connect together; connect or bring in the mindWe often associate Egypt with pyramids.I cant associate this gentle young woman with the radical political essays she has written.Jim wished to forget everything associated with his former life.anticipate: vt. expect (usu. followed by gerund or that-clause)The police had anticipated trouble from the soccer fans and were at the ground in large numbers.They anticipate that deaths from AIDS will have doubled by 2012.该动词所接的宾语可以是动名词，不可用不定式代替。We anticipate running into problems in carrying out the medical welfare reform.We anticipate hearing from you again.tedious: adj. boring and lasting for a long timeThe movie was so tedious that many viewers left before it was over.Laura found George to be tedious and decided not to see him anymore.inspire: vt. fill (sb.) with confidence, eagerness, etc.Martin Luther King, Jr.s speeches inspired people to fight for equal treatment of African Americans.The last leaf on the tree that never fell off inspired the dying patient with the will to live on.inspire sth. in sb. (= inspire sb. with sth.)使某人产生某种感情；激发某人的某种感情rigid: adj. (often disapproving) fixed in behavior; based on correct or accepted rulesIf he had been a little less rigid about things, his daughter would not have left home at such a young age.The rigid headmaster would button up his clothes even on the hottest days.severe: adj. 1) completely plainThe widow wore a severe black dress to her husbands funeral.Hemingway is known for his severe writing style.2) stern; strictOnly those who have undergone severe training can be accepted into the air force.Fu Lei was so severe with his son that even his wife would cry.3) causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, etc.The severe chest pain experienced by the Vice-President proved to be a heart attack.A factory must turn out newer and better products to win in the climate of severe business competition.severe, stern & strictsevere 作“严厉”解时，可以用来形容人（severe father 严厉的父亲），人的面貌（severe look 严厉的神色），人的态度（The teacher is severe with his students. 教师对学生很严厉。）。stern 与 severe 相近，但用途比较窄，一般用于人的容貌或态度。例如：a stern father 和 a severe father 都可以用，但含义稍有不同：a severe father指对于子女有严厉的要求，积极的意义较多；a stern father 则指对子女不含温情，要他们服从，消极的意味较多。strict 相当于汉语的 “严格的”，须先假定有一种客观的标准（如规章、纪律、定义、真理等）。例如:The teacher is strict with his students.There is a strict regulation against smoking in the auditorium.tackle: vt. deal withToshiba (东芝) recently designed a robot that can tackle almost any kinds of housework.The question set by the teacher was so difficult that the pupils did not know how to tackle it.face up to: be brave enough to accept or deal with (a problem or difficulty)Yeltsin faced up to the fact that he was no longer fit for the Russian presidency and resigned on New Years Eve.Now that your daughter was born, youll have to face up to the responsibilities of being a father.sequence: n. connected line of events, ideas, etc.A sequence of bad harvests forced some African countries to ask for foreign aid.The Fall of the Roman Empire was written in historical sequence.sequence & seriessequence 是指“先后衔接的次序”。这种次序可以是历史性的，即事态发生时的先后次序；也可以是逻辑性的，即论点先后的衔接，相当于汉语的“语无伦次”中的“伦次”。例如：I have a poor memory for dates and often mix up the sequence of events. Your argument lacks logical sequence, for your second point does not follow the first.series 是指“系列”、“组”，可以有先后衔接的次序，也可以没有，但一系列或一组的东西一定自成一个完整的单位。例如：Professor Li will give a series of lectures on the Middle East issue.The post office has issued a series of stamps commemorating the Olympic Games.in sequence 顺次，挨次in rapid sequence 紧接着，一个接着一个in regular sequence 按次序，有条不紊the sequence of events 事情的先后顺序recall: vt. bring back to the mind; remember (usu. followed by noun / gerund, or that-clause) I recognize the face but cant recall her name.I dont recall ever meeting her.She recalled that she had to see the doctor again that afternoon.recall, remember & remind 这三个词都与“记忆”有关，前两个词有时可通用。recall“想起”，把忘记的东西又想起来了，其动作包含有意识的努力，因此常与 can，could 等词连用，强调一次的回忆。例如：Try as I might, I could not recall where I had left the book.I remember her face but I cannot recall where I met her.remember “想起”，用处比较广泛，指事物自然在记忆中出现，不包含努力或意志。例如：I suddenly remembered I had left the book in the library.如果 remember 表示有意识的行动，常指“记住”。例如：You must remember this phone number.remind 指“使某人想起”，“提醒”，宾语是人。具体用法如下：1) 接宾语； 2) 接宾语+of+宾语；3) 接宾语+不定式；4) 接宾语+that-clause。 例如：1) If I forget it, please remind me. 2) This reminds me of last year. 3) Remind me to write to my Mom.4) The sight of the clock reminded me that I was late.argument: n. 1) a disagreement; a quarrelMary found that compromise was always the best policy when she had an argument with her husband.2) a reason given to support or disprove sth.There are many arguments against smoking.The famous professor can always drive home an argument. get into an argument加入/卷入争论break off an argument中断一场争论terminate an argument结束一场争论settle an argument解决一场争论a bitter / violent / heated argument激烈的争论put forward / offer an argument提出论点confute an argument驳倒一个论点put down: write downThe housekeeper puts down the daily expenses in a little notebook.Put down what you hear, please.violate: vt. act againstSpeeding in downtown areas violates traffic regulations.A country isnt respected if it violates an international pose: vt. write or create (music, poetry, etc.)The presidents speech is really brilliant. Do you think it was composed by himself or by someone else?John Lennon composed the song Beautiful Boy for his pose, consist of, comprise & constitute这组动词的一般含义为“组成”或“构成”。compose 常见于被动语态，构成 be composed of 的结构，表示“由构成”；在用于主动语态时,一般包含着“融合为一”的意思，而且主语或者是复数名词或者是集体名词。例如：Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water.England, Scotland and Wales compose the island of Great Britain. consist of 意为“由构成”，强调结果是一个统一整体。例如：New York City consists of five prise 可表示“由构成”；也可表示“构成”。例如：The committee comprises men of widely different views.Fifty states comprise the United States. constitute 的主语可以是复数名词也可以是单数名词，所“构成”的事物在属性和特征上，亦或在组织上，与组成成分是一致的。例如Seven days constitutes a mand: 1. n. orderThe commander gave the command that all prisoners of war should be well treated. The rebellious army would not obey any command from the President.2. v. give an order (to)The captain commanded his men to leave the ship immediately.If you command wisely, youll be obeyed cheerfully.He is not fit to command others that cannot command himself.像 suggest, demand 等动词一样,跟在 command后面的 that 从句中要用虚拟语气，谓语用“should+原形动词”或直接加原形动词，而不管从句中的人称或时态。例如：He commanded that all the gates (should) be shut.get command of 控制have a good command of 能自由应用have at ones command 能充分掌握take command of 开始担任指挥under (the) command of 由指挥；在指挥之下command & ordercommand 暗含“必须服从”的意思，比较正式。例如:The officer commanded his soldiers to open fire on the enemy.order 指一般的上级“命令”下级，较普通、常用。例如：He was ordered to write a full report on the matter. whats more: in addition; more importantlyMs. Stewart manages a successful business and gives a weekly TV cooking show. Whats more, she has already published three books on gardening.How can you love this man? He watches TV all day long, and whats more, he seems not to have brushed his teeth for months!hold back: 1) prevent the expression of (feelings, tears, etc.)Johnny cried bitterly in the classroom, not even attempting to hold back the tears.2) make sb. or sth. stop moving forwardThe men built banks of earth to hold back the rising flood water.3) prevent the development ofYou could become a good musician, but your lack of practice is holding you back.4) keep (sth.) secretTell me about it dont hold anything back.avoid: vt. keep or get away from (usu. followed by noun / gerund)The little boy who had broken a neighbors window ran away to avoid punishment / being punished.I crossed the street to avoid meeting him, but he saw me and came running towards me.英语中有些动词或词组后面只能跟名词或动名词，不能跟不定式，如：avoid，deny，enjoy，escape，finish，mind，miss，postpone，suggest，feel like，give up，put off 等，我们在使用中要特别注意。avoid