四级作文辅导09.10.doc

四步作文法1. 审题 （列写提纲）2. 写主题句3. 段落的写作4. 修改完善审题（02年6月）1. 上图所示为1990年、1995年、2002年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化； 2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）； 3. 你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。 这类作文是就一种现象进行分析之后提出观点，前面一部分要求把这种现象讲述清楚，属说明性质，后面一部分要求作者表明态度，属议论性质。两段轻重关系平等，字数分配可均匀，图表型作文首段还应根据数据对图表趋势进行描写。l1这是一所大学里学生所购书籍的结构变化2. 你对于学生选择书籍类别变化的评论3 你哪类书籍卖得多？ 说明原因198519952005Philosophy and Society45%23%13%Novels33%17%5%Foreign Languages11%31%39%Computer Science2%19%30%Others9%10%13%第一段在描述图表的时候，应该做些简单的数学换算，而不是将图表中的数字原原本本照抄，因为读者自己在图表中可以看数字，无需作者再重新列出。这种图表文章常要用到的词有increase, decrease, go up, come, down, decline, drop, fluctuate, rise等。第一段引入具体数据描述大学生购书类别的变化。第二段评述引起这种变化的原因，如学生未来工作极需要外语和计算机知识，因特网的存在使许多流行小说能够在网上阅读。第三段评述个人选择的具体原因并作解释。 The table shows the changes of students choices of various kinds of books from 1985 to 2005. Obviously enough, the number of novels and books of philosophy and society has declined gradually, while foreign languages books and computer science ones enjoy much more popularity. Though different readers have their own particular taste, this phenomenon involves several complicated factors. Firstly, nowadays, most of the college students tend to buy more books concerning foreign language learning and computer science, mainly because there is a pressing need of foreign languages and computer skills for their future employment. Secondly, novels are still popular though the sales decreased thanks to the availability of the Internet. Most of popular books could be read online. I always buy books of computer science, firstly because it is my major. Secondly, it is well known that computer science often witnesses the fastest changes, thus in order to keep up with the pace, I have to constantly arm myself with new information.（99年6月）Reading Selectively or Extensively?1.有人认为读书要有选择2. 有人认为应当博览群书3. 我的看法这类文章要求前两段分别陈述两种不同的观点，最后一段说明作者的观点。在词汇的使用上，最常用的有 some people holdwhile others think/ some people are in favor of , others insist / some people claim, but others think/ in my opinion/ as far as Im concerned/ as I see it/ as for me 等。仔细看这种类型的中文提纲，可知其要求陈述两种完全相反的观点，然后再提出作者自己的立场。在说明两种相反观点的时候，重点应该强调两种观点各自的内容、所持的理由，即所谓的“公说公有理，婆说婆有理”，内容应该稍微详细。第三段明确表示倾向于何种观点，可提供前面没有的、作者本人的特别信息，再补充前面两段已提过的某一观点，这些观点可写得简略一点。这类论说文可根据个人的主观看法写成中立型论说文或倾向型论说文。此范文以中立性比较论说文为例。第一段可以陈述有选择地阅读的原因，如时间有限，有害书籍的存在。第二段说明博览群书的原因，如各类知识关系密切，触类旁通，可以开阔眼界。最后一段提出自己的观点，得出中立的结论。Some people think we should read selectively when we read. That is to say, we should select books that are beneficial for us or that we are interested in. First, reading selectively can help us concentrate our limited time and attention on those selected books. Second, without careful selection, we may encounter harmful books which do harm to our minds.Others think we should read selectively. No matter what kind of book it is, we should look it over. We should read various kinds of books, whether we are interested in them or not. They maintain that reading extensively can help to enlarge our view and grasp the general knowledge in different fields.In my opinion, the two reading ways have their roles respectively in our reading. However, if we only read the books we select or prefer, the framework of our knowledge may not be complete. And if we read without selection, we may not have so much time and energy to be specialized in one particular field. Therefore, the combination of the two methods is more reasonable.（03年6月）假设你在某日某时目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点：1. 车祸发生的时间及地点2. 你所见到的车祸情况3. 你对车祸原因的分析An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident（03年9月）1.简单叙述一下这位同学生病（或受伤）的情况 2.同学、老师和我是如何帮助他/她的 3.人与人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是 The Day My Classmate Fell Ill (or Got Injured)（04年1月）1建议报考的专业及理由 2报考该专业的基本条件 3应当如何备考 A Letter in Reply to a Friend December 27th, 2003 Dear （05年1月）For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a campaign speech in support of your election to the post of chairman of the student union. You should write at least 120 words. Following the outline given below in Chinese:1. 你认为自己具备了什么条件 (能力，性格，爱好等) 可以胜任学生会主席的工作 2. 如果当选，你将会为本校同学做什么A Campaign speechToday I am very glad to run for the president of the students union. I am a junior in Chemical Department. Since I came into the university, I have always been the monitor of my class. I have done a very good job for my classmates. All my classmates and teachers gave me a good praise. I am good at communication and organizing. And I like to help others. Moreover, I have a variety of hobbies, such as, basketball, football, ping-pong, etc. I am sure that I am qualified for this position. If I become the president, I will try my best to do well. I will organize some suitable activities for you. I will do many things for you to reach your demands as well. I sincerely hope you will give me a chance. Please believe me that I will be a good president. Thank you.（05年6月）1、 向老师致以节日祝贺 2、 从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献 3、 我如何回报老师的关爱（06年1月）1. 名校校园正成为旅游新热点2校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同3我认为Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?（07年6月）欢迎辞，欢迎加入俱乐部。标题：Welcome to our club书写提纲：1. 表达你的欢迎；2. 对你们俱乐部作一个简要介绍。（08年6月）1.娱乐活动多种多样2.娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性3.作为大学生，我的看法。（08年12月）1. 一次性塑料袋的使用2. 使用一次性塑料袋带来的问题3. 限制一次性塑料袋的意义Disposable plastic bags were once widely used in China. When we went shopping at supermarkets and departments stores, shopping assistants often provided free plastic bags for our convenience. For a while, life without them seemed unimaginable for most of us.However, disposable plastic bags do bring severe damage to our environment. Costumers usually threw them away after use, and because they are thin and hard to decompose, these plastic products will exist for a long time. This is an immediate threat to our earth and water. Nowadays, the government has passed relevant regulations for limiting the use of disposable plastic bags: they are not free any more. In some shopping places, in order to invoke the public awareness of environmental protection, plastic bags are offered in a much higher price. As a result, people are changing their behavior: paper and clothing bags that vanished for a long time come back to our daily life. It is true that by limiting its usage, everyone in this society contributes some effort to the improvement of the environment. Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bagl 分析现象问题，提出作者观点（00年1月）1. 大学的费用（tuition fees）可以通过多种途径解决。2. 哪种途径适合我（说明原因）第一段直奔主题，提出学生关注的解决学费上涨的问题。第二段分析解决途径最后一段先做出选择，再分析选择的原因How I Finance My College Education? In the past decade the university tuition fees have increased steadily and now students care more about how to finance their college education. To this problem, there are at least three possible approaches. First of all, some students get money from parents and other family members. Secondly, students can borrow money from the bank to support their college study, which has become convenient and popular especially in recent years. Finally, it is wise for students to take part-time jobs, for in this way they can not only earn money, but also put textbook knowledge into practice. I support myself and take a part-time job as a tutor. In this way I make money, and relieve my parents burden. More importantly, in this way, I get out of the ivory tower, and succeed in combining textbook knowledge with social experience and make more progress in my study.l 分析问题，提出建议这类短文要求分析某个问题的成因、危害性，某个事情的目的等，提出根除问题或办好事情的建议。1. 假冒伪劣商品的危害2. 怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品第一段提出主题，市场上充斥着很多假货。第二段说明假冒伪劣商品的危害，如损害消费者的利益等。第三段提出消灭假冒伪劣商品的建议，如健全法律法规等。My View on Fake commoditiesNowadays, there are a lot of fake commodities on the market. They range from daily commodities to expensive goods. They have caused much harm in society.First, fake commodities damage the consumers interests. In addition, fake commodities badly affect the reputation of businessmen and manufacturers, too. Those who have been deceived will be reluctant to consume, which will make business slack. Worst of all, some fake commodities such as medicine, gas cylinders and electric devices will endanger peoples lives and social security. There are many ways to eliminate fake commodities but the following ones may be more effective. First, the laws of the protection of consumers should be enforced to severely punish those who produce or sell fake commodities. Second, consumers should be taught how to tell good commodities from fake ones. Third, they should be advised to protect their interests and not to be led astray by false advertisements. In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of fake commodities and launch a campaign against them. Only in this way will fake commodities be possibly eliminated from the market in the future.二 写主题句主题句的作用举足轻重，它决定着段落内容、材料的取舍。1. 主题句应包括两个部分，即主题和观点。如：Smoking cigarettes (主题) is a hazard to your health. （观点） 2. 如果题目中给了主题句，那么可以将其翻译过来，放置于断首、段中或断尾。如中文主题句“上大学的费用可以通过多种途径解决”可以这样处理。 Nowadays, nearly all universities expand their enrollment, which enables more and more young people to enter universities. But higher tuition fees become a burden to some families. How to finance the college education has been an issue widely discussed. Actually there are many ways to handle the college tuition problem. You can depend on your parents and get the necessary money from them. You can take full advantage of the loan from the bank, which is offered to students with low interests. You can earn money by yourself by doing a part-time job during summer and winter vacations. 3. 如果写作要求中没有确定主题句，那么自己写的主题句就要求不能太含糊，范围不能太大，否则重点不突出，让人看得一头雾水。主题句也不能太细微，否则很难继续阐述或讨论下去，所以应选择合宜的范围以便展开话题，表明态度是要直截了当。 段落的主题句对主题的限定主要通过句中的关键词来实现。关键词要求尽量具体。对“具体”的要求包括两个方面: 一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展；二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。以下例子中划线部分为关键词。 1） Exercise is good for people. (范围太大) Aerobic exercise is good for people. (合适) Jogging in fresh air is good for people. （太细微） 2） Driving a car can be dangerous sometimes. (范围太大) Drunk driving is dangerous. （合适） Alcohol influences drivers judgment and makes their driving dangerous. （太细微） 在写“（大学费用的解决）哪种途径适合我”这一段的主题句时，要明确指出“适合我的途径”，并且范围要适中。比较一下三个主题句。Id like to raise money by working. （范围太大）Id like to raise the tuition by doing a part-time job.（合适）Id like to earn the tuition f or next term by being a tutor of an 11-year-old girl. （太细微）英语基本句型1. 主语+ 谓语 They listened carefully.2. 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语 Advertisements cheat people.3. 主语+ 谓语+ 主语补足语 John was elected president of the company.4. 主语+ 谓语+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语The assistant showed the customer several items on the shelf.5. 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语A few people consider businessman to be honest.这些基本结构看似简单，却可作为检查句子是否正确的一种标准。在实际写作时并非总是使用这样简单的句型，而是将加以变化、扩展或补充各类修饰成分，来表达丰富的思想，同时增强文章的可读性。英语基本句型的扩展扩展句型指增加某些修饰或限定成分，加大句子的信息量，避免使用干巴巴的句子组织文章。适当增加某些修饰或限定成分，可以使句子结构严谨，语义连贯，表意清晰，逻辑性强。例如：1. Many people are not honest. Many people living in modern cities are not honest.Many people living and working in modern cities are less honest than countrymen.2. Advertisements cheat people. Advertisements sometimes cheat people.Advertisements sometimes cheat people who dont know much about the products.3. This is for us to decide. How to use it is for us to decide.How to use it is for us, not for the computer, to decide.4. Do not leave the building. Do not leave the building until instructed to do so. Do not leave the building in dangerous circumstance until instructed to do so.句子的扩展是为了表达思想，要有目的地扩展，决不是为了扩展而扩展，造成句子冗长，啰嗦，破坏了句子的严谨性。句子的语法要求1. 句法结构要完整英语句子中各个成分互相约束，意义相互衔接。写一个句子的时候，要考虑各个成分之间的关系。I analyze that there are three reasons bring aboutBringing the changes.2. 词性的使用要正确Many young couples pursuit pursuetheir own world.3. 主谓关系要一致句子的一致性包括主谓一致，代词与先行词一致以及分词、动名词、不定式的逻辑主语与句子的语法主语一致等。句子意义的要求句子的意义要靠词汇和结构成分来表达。句子的意义必须“简意赅”。如何使用词汇和句子成分要靠平时的学习和积累，很多时候要经过仔细的推敲，才能找到准确表达出意思的方法。避免意义不全的句子In fact, these changes influence us not only individually.一个句子当中如果有词组not only, 后面应该有 but (also).尽量用最少的语言表达最大的信息量。They would never enjoy the idea of putting as much money as possible in the bank, 划线部分 the idea of 可以省略而不影响句子意思。用较具体、精确的词汇代替抽象词汇。People will live in comfortable circumstances and lead happy lives.Comfortable 可用well-furnished and soothing 代替，happy 可用contented and joyful 代替。句子的不同形态句子的不同形态对文章的表意和美感能起到很大作用，写作时这些不同句型的替代使用可使文章句式变化多样，避免一成不变，单调乏味。1 以主语开头Honesty is considered as virtue not only in China but also in any other cultures.2. 以介词词组开头With the development of technology, computers become much cheaper now than ten years ago.3。以副词开头Slowly the proportion of the private-owned houses rises4. 以动名词开头Telling lies in commercials is especially a serious problem.5. 以不定式开头To protect our future on Planet Earth we must protect our environment.6. 以现在分词开头Skimming the newspaper, he earnestly searched for a job opportunity.7. 以过去式开头Satisfied with the real estate market, many businessmen start to invest in it.8. 以状语开头When students graduate form universities, they have to face fierce competition on the job market.9. 使用同位语Computers, the most essential equipment for many people today, are getting cheaper and cheaper.10. 提问Who wouldnt prefer a house with total ownership?常见写作错误一、主语错误1. 主语缺失1) In our country feels very free. People feel free in our country.2) In my hometown arent very busy. People in my hometown arent very busy.2. 非名词主语1) Rich doesnt ensure a happy life. Being rich doesnt mean a happy life. / Wealth doesnt ensure a happy life.2) Keep two full-time jobs is simply impossible. Keeping two full-time jobs is simply impossible.3. 主谓错位1 ) Reading books can acquire knowledge. People can acquire knowledge from books.2) Now peoples lives cant leave TV. Now people cant do without TV.二 谓语错误1. 多重谓语1) In our modern society, there are many examples around us show that many people are cheated. In our modern society, many examples around us show that many people are cheated. / A large number of people have fallen victim to various tricks.2) Poverty makes many people cant study abroad. Poverty makes many people unable to study abroad. / Poverty makes it impossible for many people to study abroad. / Poverty prevents many people from studying abroad. / Many people cant study abroad because of poverty.2. 非动词谓语1) Some people firmly agree, but others against it. Some people firmly agree, but others are against it.2) It is said that the place worths touring.It is said that the place is worth touring.3. 主谓不一致1) I have to visit the teacher who teach me College English. I have to visit the teacher who teaches me College English.2) I use a disk because it hold plenty of data. I use a disk because it holds plenty of data.4. 误用词组1) They insist on post-graduate study is very important for them. They insist that post-graduate study very important for them.2) I am afraid of that its going to rain. I am afraid that its going to rain.三、冠词错误1) In my opinion, the future of bicycle is very promising. In my opinion, the future of the bicycle is very promising.2) They suggest that we should choose only the good books to read and never touch the bad ones. They suggest that we should choose only good books to read and never touch bad ones.四 代词错误1. 偷梁换柱1) An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize.An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, he should not plagiarize.2) If we cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone.If we cheat others, friends will never believe us and they will leave us alone. / If you cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone.2. 指代不明1) He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, which nobody believed. He gave a reason, which nobody believed, for not attending the meeting. / He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, a reason which nobody believed.2) Sometimes teachers have to inform the students of the heavy burden they have to bear. Sometimes teachers have to inform the students of the heavy burden students have to bear.五、形容词、副词错误1) What is more, the change of the weather will make the place look differently. What is more, the change of the weather will make the place look different.2) Surprising enough, he faces the failure very bravely. Surprisingly enough, he faces the failure very bravely.六、分词误用1) Comparing with other countries, China pays little attention to the energy problem. Compared with other countries, China pays little attention to the energy problem.2) Those spirits were just like an indispensable part of the whole picture when viewing through my camera. Those spirits were just like an indispensable part of the whole picture when viewed through my camera.七 修饰词误置1) Spoken English is an important part for learning English people. Spoken English is an important part for people learning English.2) To keep the air clean, we must move the factories which give off poisonous gases to the countryside. To keep the air clean, we must move to the countryside the factories which give off poisonous gases to the countryside.八、垂悬修饰语1) Having carried out economic reforms in our country, peoples living standard has been greatly improved. Having carried out economic reforms in our country, people have greatly improved their living standard.2) To tell my friend the good news, the letter was posted at once. To tell my friend the good news, I posted the letter at