高中英语定语从句详解

高中英语定语从句详解高中英语定语从句详解 定语从句主要用于修饰句子中的名词 代词或上文提到的一件事 句子 而定语从句的 位置常常是紧跟在被修饰的名词 代词或句子的后面 在被修饰的名词 代词 先行词 与定语从句之间往往有一个关系词将其前后两部分联系成一个整体 关系词与后面的句子 合称定语从句 1 three signs that indicate a person is suffering from a heart attack 三种意味着一个人患心脏病的迹象 在这个带有定语从句的短语中 signs 是 被修饰的名词 that 是 关系词 that indicate a person is suffering from a heart attack 是定语从句 2 those who drink a lot 那些大量饮酒的人 在这个带有定语从句的短语中 those 是 被修饰的代词 who 是 关系词 who drink a lot 是 定语从句 3 Do you know the name of that girl whose brother is your roommate 你知道她的哥哥与你同寝室的那位女孩的名字吗 通过上面的演示 我们可以归纳出 1 定语从句在英语中放在被修饰的词后 翻译成汉语时置于被修饰的词之前 且有汉 字 的 2 定语从句在句子中的位置 结构如下 被修饰的名词被修饰的名词 代词代词 关系词关系词 句子句子 其中 被修饰的名词 代词 在语法叫作 先行词 要点提示 1 先行词先行词 关系词关系词 所以先行词在从句中不在出现 先行词的意义以及它在从句中的语法 功能 句子成分 决定关系词的选择 定语从句中的关系词只有两类 关系代词和关系副词 关系代词和关系副词 所有关系词不但都有具体的意义而 且都在从句中担任一定的成分 1 关系代词 关系代词 who whom whose which that 等 等 who 用于代替 表示人的意义 的先行词 并且在从句中充当主语 也可充当宾语 但不能 放在介词之后 介词后的宾语用 whom whose 用于代替 表示人或物意义 的先行词 用在从句中时 后要跟一个名词 与那个名 词合起来相当于一个关系词 在从句中担当主语或宾语 Whose 常表达 先行词的 之意 which 用于代替 表示事物意义 的先行词 在从句中作主语 宾语 that 既用于代替 表示人的意义 的先行词 也用于代替 表示事物意义 的先行词 在从句 中既可以作主语 也可以作谓语动词的宾语 但是不能跟介词后作介词的宾语 介词后用 which 在一定范围内 that who whom which 要点提示 虽然要点提示 虽然 that 即可指人 也可指代物 习惯上指代人时 常用即可指人 也可指代物 习惯上指代人时 常用 who 总结 1 怎么判断定语从句 2 怎么选择关系词 当先行词指 时 如 填空 翻译 1 I have no idea about the man wrote the article 2 The little boy is singing there can recite quiet a number of Chinese poems 3 I know the girl you talked to just now 4 That was a fault could not be forgiven 5 I ve got a novel you may like to read 6 This is the book from I know the famous person 7 Who is the girl you talked to just now 8 This is the very book you are looked for yesterday 9 The books which sell well are written by him 10 The book which sells well is written by him 11 The world we live in is made of matter 12 The world in we live is made of matter 要点提示 要点提示 1 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略 避免重复 指人时 主句有 who 从句用 that 2 That 和 which 指代物时的区别 先行词本身是先行词本身是 all everything something nothing anything 等不定代词时 等不定代词时 例如 All that I have is money There must be something that happened to you 你一定出了什么事 They had nothing that could cure of his disease 他们没有一点能治愈他疾病的东西了 先行词已有序数词或形容词的最高级或先行词已有序数词或形容词的最高级或 the last the only 等作定语时等作定语时 例如 This is the most impressive TV that has never been put on show before 这是以前从未 上演过的最有感染力的电视剧 That is the only way that leads to your success 那是通向你成功的唯一之路 We have to consider the first thing that we need to do 我们必须要考虑我们需要做的第一件事 当先行词表示事物意义 并且在从句中作介词的宾语 那么就只能用当先行词表示事物意义 并且在从句中作介词的宾语 那么就只能用 which It is the second thing about which I become crazy 3 定语从句中 谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数 定语从句中 谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词的单复数 特例 1 She is one of the students who have been abroad 2 She is the only one of the students who has been abroad 2 关系副词关系副词 when 在什么时候 where 在什么地方 why 为什么原因 在英文中用哪个具体的介词 得依具体汉语意思而定了 关系代词在从句中作主语 宾语或表语 关系副词在从句中作状语 不缺主语 宾语 表关系代词在从句中作主语 宾语或表语 关系副词在从句中作状语 不缺主语 宾语 表 语 语 when 代替表示时间的名词 在从句中充当状语 例如 1 People will always remember the time Hongkong and Macao returned to our motherland 2 We don t know the exact time the English Evening will be held 3 I still remember the days we spent together where 代替表示地点的名词 在从句中充当状语 例如 1 The place we re to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet 2 He is living in a newly built house there used to be a pond 3 He has found the school his mother told him why 代替表示原因的名词 在从句中充当状语 例如 1 He didn t tell her the reason he was so happy 2 They explained the reason to us they had misunderstood us before 3 The reason he explained is not so acceptable 当名词时 way 时 关系词可以用 that in which 或省略关系词 He can t understand the way the teacher told him He can t understand the way the teacher solve problem He can t find a way really works 关系副词 介词 关系代词 而这种结构中较难解决的问题是介词的选择问题 因为这个 问题的解决取决于多种因素 A 动词与介词的搭配 B 名词与介词的搭配 C 形容词与介词的搭配 等等 总之 要 依从句的具体需要而定 例如 A 动词与介词的搭配 He has found a good job for which he is qualified qualify 名词 for 使 具有 资格 他找到了一份他能胜任的工作 The man to whom you talked just now will chair the meeting tomorrow talk to 名词 与某人谈话 你刚才与他谈话的那个人明天主持那个会议 B 名词与介词的搭配 They are still living in the little house in which they ve been living for 15 years in the house 在屋子里 他们现在还住在他们已住了 15 年的那个小房子里 He went through a hard timeduring which he lost many times C 形容词与介词的搭配 The secretary with whom the boss is not happy will be fired for her inefficiency happy with 对 表示满意 老板对其不满意的那个秘书将由于她没有工作效率而被解雇 I ve found the job for which I ve been eager for a long time eager for 渴望得到 我已找到了我渴望已久的那份工作 He is a learned man with whom we are familiar familiar with 熟悉 他是一位我们熟悉的有学识的人 D 他有三个儿子 三个都是医生 定语从句的种类定语从句的种类 在英文中 有两种定语从句 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句 这两种定语从句在其 功能和形式方面都有明显的区别 限定性定语从句 限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏 对其先行词起限定 修饰的作用 如果将其去掉 会影响句子意思的完整性 有时甚至于引起费解 误解 They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before 他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因 非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散 它与主句之间有一个逗点它与主句之间有一个逗点 隔开隔开 起补充 说明的作用 即使将其去掉 也不会影响句子意思 另外 非限定性定语从句在中文译文 里 我们往往将其作为一个分句处理 而不把它作定语翻译 The sun heats the earth which makes it possible for plants to grow 此句中 非限定 性定语从句是对全句进行补充 说明 将全句表达的意思看成 一件事情 太阳给予大地 热 这就使植物的生长成为可能 We have one earth offers us our home The old man has a son who is in the army 此句中 非限定性定语从句是对先行词 son 进行补充 说明 但本句所传达的信息是 这位老人只有一个儿子 如果将此句改 写成限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句中 代指人时 用 who 或 whom 代指人以外的名词时时 用 which 即 非限定性定语从句中不能用即 非限定性定语从句中不能用 that 充当关系词 此时 关系词一律充当主语 宾语或充当关系词 此时 关系词一律充当主语 宾语或 表语 表语 例如 The sun heats the earth which makes it possible for plants to grow 太阳给予大地热 这就使植物的生长成为可能 The most important form of energy is electrical energy which is widely used in our daily life 最重要的能源形式是电能 它广泛地运用于我们的日常生活之中 He is thirteen who comes from a middle school 若在非限定性定语从句中作状语时 关系词的选择不变 Rabbits make their homes in fields they can hide their young under bushes I will never forget the days we spent together happily I will never forget the days we worked together as 可以作为关系代词引导限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 可以作为关系代词引导限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 例如 限定性定语从句 常用于 such as as as 和 the same as 等句式中 Such points as you ve mentioned are really important in solving the problem 你提到的这些方面在解决这个问题上的确很重要 People such as you describe are rarely seen nowadays 你描述的这种人现在很少见了 This computer has the same functions as that one has 这台计算机有着和那台计算机一样的功能 as 可以作为关系代词引导非限定性定语从句时 可以作为关系代词引导非限定性定语从句时 as 是指全句 是指全句 也就是说 将整个主句看 成一件事或是一个事实 并对其进行补充 说明 这种非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句 之前 也可以放在主句之后 常翻译为常翻译为 正如正如 As I know she hasn t got married 如我所知 她还未结婚 They won the first place in the game as could be expected 可以预料 他们在比赛中得了第一 Professor Li is extremely popular among students as is known to all of us 如我们大家 所知 李教授极受学生们的欢迎 Which 常翻译为常翻译为 这这 这件事这件事 且引导的从句常放在主句之后 且引导的从句常放在主句之后 几个特殊的先行词 几个特殊的先行词 situation stage case point scene position 他们在定语从句中充当他们在定语从句中充当 先行词时 常用先行词时 常用 where 引导从句 且在从句中作状语 如 引导从句 且在从句中作状语 如 We often come across this case we need help 1 Do you still remember the day I first came to Beijing A which B that C when D where 2 I m going to visit the school my mother taught physics ten years ago A where B that C which D what 3 A paper plant is paper is made A which B where C what D in which 4 They stayed with me for three weeks they drank all the wine I had A which B which time C during which time D during which 5 How do you like the cake It s quite different from I had last month A that B which C the one D the one what 6 The Nile electricity is produced no longer destroys villages and crops A which B from which C from it D from that 7 In the 1950s blacks didn t have equal rights a lot of marches took place A when B that C which D from which 8 Bob s father spent four years in Egypt A that worked on the project B he worked on the project C who worked on the project D whom worked on the project 9 The retiring teacher made a speech she thanked the class for the gift A which B of which C in which D that 10 He has to work on Sundays he does not like A and which B which C and when D when 11 He paid the boy 10 for washing ten windows most hadn t been cleaned for years A these B those C that D of which 12 The boys could not reach the shelf went to look for something to stand on A the tall of whom B the tallest of whom C the tallest one D the tallest of them 13 Rabbits make their homes in fields hide their young under bushes or among tall grasses A can where they B where they can C where can they D where can 14 Is this the factory color TV sets are produced A that B which C in which D in that 15 Who is that comrade was there A whom B that C which D whose 16 This is Mr Smith I think has something interesting to tell you A who B whom C which D whose 17 Mother bought me a dictionary on my birthday made me very happy A what B that C who D which 仿真训练 1 She wore a heavy fur coat in such a hot day I found quite strange 1 A which B that C what D when 2 China has hundreds of islands the largest is Taiwan A in which B at which C of which D from which 3 We came to a place they had never paid a visit before A to where B to which C that D which 4 It was twelve o clock they finished the work A Since B which C that D when 5 He often helps the students he thinks are not quick at their studies A whom B Who C when D because 6 Is there a restaurant around I have something to eat A That B what C Which D where 7 In the open boat the four men was a doctor met with a storm on the sea A one of which B one of who C one of whom D one of them 8 His glasses he was like a blind man fell to the ground and broke A which B from which C with which D without which 9 The book the cover is broken is not mine A of it B for C whose D of which 10 The high building is a big hotel A we are looking at it B we looking C at that we are looking D we are looking at 11 The baby is not hers A of that she is taking good care B who she is taking good care C of who she is taking good care D whom she is taking good care of 12 The film brought the hours back to me I was taken good care of in that far away village A Until B That C when D where 13 is known to everybody the moon travels round the earth once every month A It B As C That D What 14 The weather turned out to be very good was more than we could expect A what B which C that D it 15 After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child A which B where C that D when 16 I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week Is that the reason you had a few days off A Why B When C What D that 1 His parents wouldn t let him marry anyone family was poor A of whom B whom C of whose D whose 2 All is needed is a supply of oil A the thing B that C what D which 3 She heard a terrible noise brought her heart into her mouth A it B which C this D that 4 Who is the man is standing over there A Whom B Which C That D he 5 Who is the man you just talked to A X B which C whoever D whose 6 Wang Hai is the student home caught fire last night A which B that C whom D whose 7 Is this the pen you were writing A with that B with which C to that D to which 8 Which sentence is wrong A Do you know the man that is talking with Mr Li B He did all he could to help me C This is the room that we often hold meetings in D If a person who does not do his duty he will not succeed 9 the Great Wall came into being in Qin Dynasty A It s clear B We all know C As we all know D It seemed 10 Her bag she put all her books has not been found A where B in which C which D that 11 The solider ran to the building flew a flag A on the top of which B on the top of that C on the top of it D which 12 I still remember the day we got married A that B which C in which D when 13 The factory his mother works is in the east of the city A That B which C on which D where 14 The house windows open to the south is Zhang Shan s A Which B That C whose D its 15 He tried to find a hammer he could repair the desk A through which B with which C by which D using which 16 Last night we watched the play Lei Feng was very moving A Who B whose C that D which 17 He came to the city there is a famous tower called Yellow Carne Tower A on which B in where C which D where 18 They talked for about an hour of things and persons they remembered in the school A Which B That C who D whom 19 That is the only dictionary he often turns to for help A which B that C what D one 20 All the pencils she had bought at a chap price broke A Which B That C what D those 21 Is oxygen the only gas helps fire burn A that B X C which D it 22 What about the photo It s much better than she took last week A that B which C the one D one 23 He has dropped the necklace to the drawer the money is kept A in where B in which C under which D which 24 It s the fifth time late this term A that you ve arrived B that you arrived C when you ve arrived D when you arrived 25 Each time she came to see me she would advise me to give up smoking A as B during C while D X 26 It is the playground I picked up this jacket A in which B that C from there D where 27 We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Beijing live my uncle and some relatives A which B that C where D in which 28 She must fail the exam can be seen from her eyes A that B as C who D what 29 The stadiums were already full were surrounded by a lot of football fans who had no tickets A most of that B most of which C which most D that most 30 Mr Frank everybody loves has gone to the UK A whom B that C which D X 31 His glasses he was like a blind man were missing A with which B with it C without which D without it 32 I your husband will stand by you A who is B that is C who am D that am 33 Our teacher is a man of great experience much can be learned A who B how C from which D from whom 34 He makes good use of the time he can spare A when B that C on which D who 35 Such people you refer to are rare nowadays A as B that C which D who 36 We ll never forget the days we spent together last summer A when B that C how D on which 37 The five storeyed building over there was set up three years ago is our teaching building A it B that C where D which 38 It is the best film I ve seen this year A that B which C since D and 39 I often hear from my brother works as a doctor A that B who C he D whom 40 Last year I visited the house I used to live in my thirties A which B that C in that D where 41 The old