英语专业词汇学复习.doc

1. What is lexicology?13Lexico-(语素, meaning word)Lexicon(词典,字典)Lexical（(词的,词汇的)Lexicography（(词典编纂)Sociology (社会学)Psychology (心理学)Lexicology is the study of the structure, usage, origins and meanings of words.English lexicology studies English words in different aspects and from different angles.Without grammar we can express little; Without words we can express nothing.2.Define “word”A minimal free form of a language; A sound unity; A unit of meaning; A form that can function alone in a sentence.3. Origin of English WordsNative words 本族词Borrowed words / loan words 外来词Latin ，Scandinavian ，French ，Greek ，Spanish, German, Portuguese, Dutch, Arabic, Chinese, Hebrew, Persian, Japanese, Indonesian, Russian Native words: Anglo-Saxon wordsBody partshand, foot, arm, eye, boneNatureland, field, earth, hill, sun, moonTimemonth, year, dayAnimals and plantshorse, sheep, dog, lamb, oak, elm, beechAdjectivesblack, high, wide, long, smallVerbsdrive, ride, shine, choose, fly, seeAuxiliariesshall, may, will, do, be Borrowed words P.9The boy kept interrupting the government man. Native words on P.5 What features do these words have?Form the basic stock of English language most frequently used，Denote the commonest things necessary for life，Acquired earliest by children，Denote the most basic things in language Borrowingcake, knife, crop, ill, husband, Danishcoolie, litchi, dim sum, typhoon, kaolin, loquat, bureau, honor, literature, court French sauna Finnishhamburger, blitz, zinc German macaroni, sonata, spaghetti Italian sultan, roc, harem, sheik, yashmak Arabic czar, commissar, intelligentsia Russiangeometry, gymnastics, tragedy, myth Greekgenius, memorandum, formula Latin kimono, judo, Japanese Review questions (1)._ studies the structure, meanings, origins and usage of words. A. Word formation B. Lexicology C. Morphology(2).There is a logical connection between the sound and meaning of words. This is a _ view. A. naturalist B. conventionalist C. objective(3)._ is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. A. affix B. phrase C. word4. Morphemene one morpheme nationtwo morphemes nation+al three morphemes inter+nation+al four morphemes inter+nation+al+ist 5.Word formation: affixation 词缀法Affix词缀(a form that is attached to a morpheme to modify meaning or function)prefix前缀,suffix后缀) root词根(the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.)6. Word and VocabularyThe general estimate of English vocabulary is over one million words.John has a good knowledge of Middle English vocabulary.The vocabulary of Black English proved too difficult for me.The five-year-old child has acquired a vocabulary of over 2000 words.This article gives a good introduction of specialized vocabulary of nuclear physics. VocabularyThe total number of the words in a language.All the words used in a particular period.All the words of a given dialect.All the words possessed by a person.All the words of a given discipline. Basic Word Stock and Nonbasic Vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇（The common core of the language.）Rain, snow, fire, water, sun, moon, spring, summer, wind, hill;Head, foot, hand, face, father, mother, sonApple, tree, horse, cow, cat, dog, sheepCome, go, eat, beat, carry, old, youngOne, ten, hundred, I, you, who, but, as, till Characteristics of Basic Word StockAll national character 全民性，Stability 稳定性，Productivity 能产性，Polysemy 多义性 Do these belong to basic word stock?（1）Do you know what subject matter jurisdiction is?（subject matter jurisdiction诉讼标的管辖权；事物管辖权 ）（2）Due to Habeas Corpus, you and Miss Fontana had a common law marriage, which entitles her to what is legally referred to as equitable division of the assets.（Due to Habeas Corpus 人身保护法, common law marriage习惯法婚姻, 同居婚姻, equitable division of the assets 资产平均分配）（3）Due to the fact that you retained the residence, Miss Fontana is entitled to full canine property ownership. Well enforce that ownership right now. Nonbasic Vocabulary 非基本词汇Photoscanning, indigestion, algebraTerminology 术语（technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas）Hypo, buster, bargaining chipsJargon 行话(specialized words used by members of particular arts sciences, trades and professions among themselves)Dough (money), pot (drug) slang 俚语 (sub-standard words)Can-opener (all-purpose key), dip (pickpocket) argot黑话 (jargon of criminals) Review questions(1) The word limitless contains two _. A. affixes B. roots C. morphemes(2) Which of the following is not true?A. A word is the smallest form of languageB. A word is a sound unity.C.A word has a given meaning.D.A word can be used freely in a sentence.(3) According to semanticists, a word is a unit of _.A. soundsB. meaning C. form D. function(4) A word is a _ that stands for something else in the world.A. symbolB. system C. structureD. pattern(5) How many morphemes does this word have? What kind of morpheme? misleadingly7. Affixation 词缀法Prefixation 前缀法Negative prefixes表示否定意义的前缀Prefixes of degree or size (extra,hyper,mini,) 表示程度、大小等意义的前缀Prefixes of orientation and attitude 表示倾向和态度等意义的前缀 (pro, anti)Locative prefixes表示方位意义的前缀 (intra,inter,tele, sub)Prefixes of time and order 表示时间和顺序意义的前缀 (ex, fore, post, pre)Number prefixes表示数字的前缀(mono,bi,tri,penta,)Miscillaneous prefixes其他意义的前缀 (eco,auto,neo)Class-changing prefixes 改变词性的前缀 （a, en, un, de) Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to roots.The primary function of suffixes is to change the grammatical function of roots. Review questions(1) Turn the following into verbs with -en,-ify, -ize(Horror, modern, Memory, apology, False, sterile, Length, intense, Beauty, fat Sympathy, memory)He _ for interrupting her.She tried to _ her room with posters and plants.A study has been ordered into the feasibility of _ the airports main runway by 200m.However much they _ with her, they all felt it was her fault.Soya is excellent food to _ cattle.Over $40000 had been spent on _ the station._ the bottles by immersing them in boiling water for 15 minutes.If you are employed by a company, youre one of its _.A politician is someone whose job is politics.The _ in a discussion are the people who participate in it.A woman who works as a _ does the same job as a waiter.A _ is someone who earns their living by playing the piano.If someone examines you, you are the _ and he/she is the _.8.Conversion 转类法# Noun attribute Economy measure 节约措施 economic measure 经济措施 Bankruptcy lawyer处理破产诉讼的律师 bankrupt businessman破了产的商人 Riot police 防暴警察 riotous police 闹事的警察 Danger zone 危险区 Depth charge 深水炸弹 A department decision 部门作出的决定 Impulse buying 凭一时的冲动买东西Bankruptcy lawyer# Noun to verb, verb to noun The newspapers headlined his long record of accomplishments.He was admitted to the university after a three-year wait.This film is a remake. # Adjective to noun Partial conversion These books are intended for the deaf and mute.It is highly important to distinguish between the false and the true Complete conversion Many classics are now available in bookstores. The police are netting 25 illegals a day in ChicagoThey needed to get there within three days. No ifs and buts were accepted. So Tom got the plans and helicoptered to the host city, while David got visaed up in Berlin and went there by Air France. At the airport shop, he was attracted by some celebrity ashtrays and bought one of them . We cant stomach such a insult.Robert Acheson roomed right next to me.He wolfed down his lunch.Im one of his familiars.Poor innocents!The engineers ahed and ouched at the new machines.He Hamleted the chance and then regretted for it.These shoes were an excellent buy.They lifted the rifles and hit him in the small of the back. 9.Word Formation: Composition/Compounding A process of word-formation by which two or more independent words are put together to make one word.Cruise missile 巡航导弹 Laserbomb 激光炸弹 Fox-bat 狐蝠式战斗机 (米格-25)Well-balanced 平衡了的 Dog-eat-dog 狗咬狗的 Cross-question 盘问 Compound nounPoorhouse identity crisis Rainbow fox-bat pickpocket Inpatient Compound adjectiveBittersweet lifelong feelgood inbornOne-man (concert) Around-the-moon (flight)Be-kind-to-animal (campaign) The-end-justifies-the-means (philosophy)One-family-one-child family planning (policy)No-one-dared-to-walk-in-the-street (situation) Compound verbbreast-feed sleepwalk Undertake whitewash Badmouth10. The development of the English VocabularyHistorical Review of English VocabularyFirst language used in Britain: CelticThe Roman Legions(古罗马军团): Latin（55-54BC）Germanic tribes: Anglo-Saxon (450) Three periods of the English LanguageOld English (450AD1150AD) when the first Germanic tribes began to settle in England. Anglo-Saxonthe Germanic tribes Latin introduction of Christianity at the end of the 6th century. Scandinavian Norwegian and Danish vikings 5000-6000 words; highly inflected Middle English (11501500) during the Norman Conquest. French influenceNorman Conquest 1066 9000 French words continually flowed into English Dutch words entered English with the trade relation. English regained position of importance Wycliff translation of the Bible (威克利夫) Writings of Chaucer and Langland (乔叟、朗兰) English gradually came back to schoolsModern English (1450 ) Early Modern English (1500-1700) 早期现代英语 Late Modern English (1700-up to now) 后期现代英语 Early Modern English (1500-1700) 早期现代英语 The Renaissance 文艺复兴a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics 1500-1700 over 10,000 new words entered English. The Bourgeois Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, colonization absorb words from all major languages in the worldLate Modern English (1700-up to now) 后期现代英语 World wars Advances in science and technology Thousands and thousands of new words have been created through borrowing and word-formation New words in all walks of life: politics, economy, commerce, culture, entertainment, education, sports, transportation, mass media From synthetic language to analytic language Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary 当代英语词汇的发展Reasons for new words: 为什么需要新词To express new things and new changesTo arouse public attention and interestMain sources of new words: 新词所属领域Science and technologyEconomic and political changesInfluence of other cultures and languages New WordsNew Words and Changing American Culture 1990, Gozzi: 45% science and technology terms; 24% terms related to life-style 11% social and economic terms Modes of Vocabulary Development 词汇的发展方式Creation 创词 formation of new words by using existing materials such as roots, affixes and other elements.Semantic changes 旧词新义 an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.Borrowing借词absorbing words from foreign languagesReviving archaic or obsolete words古词和废弃词复活11. Word formation Encourage Affixation词缀法 Derivation派生法 Moonlight Compounding 复合法 to Pocket the money Conversion 转类法 Motel Blending拼缀法 Memo (memorandum) Clipping 截短法 UNESCO Acronymy 首字母拼写法 Babysit (from babysitter) Backformation逆构法 Sandwich Proper noun专有名词Which of the following is a compound?A. PreschoolB. school master C. At school D. schooling Blending 拼缀法Brunchbreakfast+lunch Motelmotor+hotelBotelboat+hotel Smogsmoke+fogFour structural types of BlendingBrunchbreakfast+lunch Carbecuecar+barbecueMedicaremedical +care Sitcom situational+comedyThree stylistic types of Blending Slang or make-shift words infanticipating-infant+anticipating Words for science and technology biorhythmbiological+rhythm lidarlight and radar 激光雷达 Words used in mass media dawkdove and hawk 中间立场的 Back Formation 逆构法editeditor caretakecaretaker Peevepeevish Frivolfrivolous Automateautomation Destructdestruction Sidlesidling Clipping 截短法Phonetelephone Zoozoological garden Copter-helicopterFridgerefrigerator Fluinfluenza Curtsycourtesy Initialism 首字母连接词VOA WTO YZU CCTV Acronym 首字母拼音词NASA AIDS Radar UESCO Laser12. Motivation 词的理据1. Onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据2. Semantic motivation 语义理据 （figurative sense）3. Morphological motivation 形态理据4. Etymological motivation 词源理据 Primary onomatopoeia 基本拟声 P.60 The imitation of sound by sound. Here the sound is truly “an echo to the sense”.e.g. Here it comes sparkling,And there it lies darklingSpouting and frisking,Secondary Onomatopoeia Certain sounds and sound sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.e.g. sn/-breath noise; quick separation or movement; creeping: sniff, snuff, snore, snort, snip, snap, snatch, snake, snail, sneak, snoop (窥探) Duplicated words or phrases A tall clock tick-tocked on the stair. He gave the deck a thorough riffle-shuffle and then dealt the cards. 他把牌彻底洗过一遍,然后发牌 .Metaphor They were allowed to leapfrog the long lines of traders and get immediate appointments with Chinese representatives US influence and prestige nosedived in Africa. The came up with a plan for drastic pruning of the bloated institution. Synecdoche 提喻Sailship Handman The smiling yearspring A Solomona wise man Metonymy 借代 A watched bottle never boils. He never let his heart rule his head. Analogy 类比 talkathon (马拉松式谈话或座谈节目) telethon (马拉松式电视广播节目) Color analogy 色彩类比His short play is in the white list. (批准上演的节目名单)grey list非明文查禁但仍属不合法的人或物grey-collar workers服务性行业的职工 Number analogy数字类比The Fourth World (最贫国集团)The First FamilyThe three Rs (reading, writing arithmetic) Space analogy 地点空间类比 Moonscapelandscape Marrain(火星上地形)terrain Earthrisesunrise Spacefaring(航天飞行)-seafaring 反义类比 Daylighting 白天兼职,晚上主要工作 Low-rise低层建筑 Cold line冷线Analogy 近似类比 Missile gap (美国与苏联在导弹发展上的差距) Generation gap, development gap，Production gap, credibility gap Watergate 13.The Change of Word Meaning Albatross 信天翁 -cause of worries, misfortune For it is my special albatross to be related to the guy. (p.88)Harvest-getting in the crops，crops that you get inBenchEvery time we go there, he is sitting on a park bench. （A piece of furniture for you to sit on）Here is the list of the full bench of the supreme court. （judges）He was brought before the bench. （court）Mary served on the bench and in Congress.Tom got a bench in the Parliament. (seat)This is a team with the best bench. (substitutes)They conducted the bench test successfully.（ table） Central signification : furniture Secondary meaning: judge, seat, substitute ,table She took her cat to the bench show. 动物展览评比会Toms father worked as a bench scientist for many years. 在实验室工作的科学家I am tired of being a bench warmer, nor do I want to be a bench jockey. 替补队员；在替补队员席上起哄的棒球队员（为干扰对方运动员或裁判员） Treacle 1. Pertaining to wild beast.(与野兽有关的。 Theriakon Gk. )2.Use this treacle for the snakebite. (解毒剂）3. There is no treacle for all diseases. (万灵药）4. Pudding is something made with treacle.(molasses, 糖蜜）5. Her treacle to the boss was sickening.(flattery 恭维话，过分甜蜜的声音) Central signification: pertaining to wild bestSecondary meaning: antidote Sovereign remedy syrup, molasses flattery, sugary voice polysemy一词多义polysemic 多义词(A word with more than one meaning) Radiation 词义的辐射A semantic process in which the central meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays.The meanings are independent of