考研难句 切分与转化.doc

切分与转化-考研长难复杂句的理解与翻译作者：温荣硕士研究生入学考试有个题型就是对文章中长难句进行翻译。一些考生说这些复杂的长难结构句子，常常是一个分句里同时还包含着分词短语、不定式短语、介词短语、定语从句等修饰成份。尽管这些句子里没有生词，但还是不好理解，更难翻译。其实，翻译的前提就是理解:一般地，我们对长难句子理解的手段是分析句子结构，然而有些句子靠这个手段还是解决不了理解与翻译的问题。要更好的理解，还要学会对长难句子中的修饰成份进行切分和转化。一、将非谓语动词转化为谓语动词【例1】Some delightfulfilms made by the late Dr.Arnold Gesell of Yale Universityshowlittle children who can barely talk /investigatingproblems with all the zeal and excitement of explorers, /makingdiscovers with the passion and absorbtion of dedicated scientists.（College English Book 4）切分：这里把修饰成份investigating problems with 和making discovers with 与主句切分开为三个单位。转化：先将分词investigating转化为谓语investigate，补出其逻辑主语these little children，再把整个分词短语转化为句子。即：These little children investigate problems with all the zeal and excitement of explorers.同理，把转化成句子为：Some delightfulfilms made by the late Dr.Arnold Gesell of Yale Universityshowlittle children make discoveries with the passion and absorbtion of dedicatedscientists.这样，例1就变成了三个便于理解的单句：Some delightfulfilms made by the late Dr.Arnold Gesell of Yale Universityshowthese little children who can barely talk(已故的耶鲁大学博士阿诺德格赛尔制作的一些有趣的影片表明那些几乎不会说话的小孩子)These little children investigate problems with all the zeal and excitement of explorers.(这些小孩子能用探险家们的热忱和激情去探讨问题。)These little children make discoveries with the passion and absorbtion of dedicated scientists.（这些小孩子用科学家具有的勤劳，激情和专注去发现问题。）经过理顺他们的关系，原句可译为：已故的耶鲁大学博士阿诺德格赛尔制作的一些有趣的影片表明那些几乎不会说话的小孩子能用探险家们的热忱和激情去探讨问题，用科学家具有的勤劳，激情和专注去发现问题。【例2】Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception,/distortingandalteringit in a variety of ways ,including producing hallucinations.其中中的现在分词distorting和altering可以分别转化为动词distort和alter，并补出主语Hallucinogens，即可转化为。那么原句就可切分转化为如下单句：Hallucinogens have their primary effect on perception.（幻觉剂主要是对知觉产生影响。）Hallucinogensdistorts andaltersit（这里it指的是perception:知觉）in a variety of ways ,including producing hallucinations.（幻觉剂以各种方式使知觉失真和改变，包括产生幻觉。）理顺关系译为：幻觉剂主要是对知觉产生影响，并且以各种方式使之失真和改变，包括导致幻觉。二、将定语从句的关系代词转化为先行词【例3】Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratory have described the physiological mechanisms /thatallow the seals to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation/thatoccurs during its longest dives , /whichcan extend 500 meters below the oceans surface and last for over 70 minutes.经过对原句的切分，定语从句中的关系代词that可以转化为先行词the physiological mechanisms；定语从句中的关系代词that可以转化为先行词the extreme oxygen deprivation；定语从句中的关系代词which可以转化为先行词its longest dives。那么原句可转化为如下几个较好理解的单句：Studies of the Weddell seal in the laboratoryhave described the physiological mechanisms.（在实验室里对威德尔海豹生理机制已作过描述。）The physiological mechanismsallow the seals to cope with the extreme oxygen deprivation.（这种生理机制使海豹可以适应极度缺氧。）The extreme oxygen deprivation occurs duringits longest dives.（极度缺氧是在海豹长时间潜水的情况下发生的。）Its longest divescan extend 500 meters below the oceans surface and last for over 70 minutes.（海豹长时间潜水时最深可达到水面以下500米，时间可持续70多分钟。）经过对这几个单句的意思进行整理，译为：在实验室里对威德尔海豹生理机制已作过描述：这种生理机制可以使海豹适应长时间潜水时出现的极度缺氧。海豹长时间潜水时最深可达到水面以下500米，时间可持续70多分钟。【例4】Fatory managers in the US fully realized the importance of an anouncement /madeduring the morning or the afternoon /thattakes everyone away his work.中过去分词made可以按照例1转化为；是定语从句，则把关系代词that转化为先行词the anouncement ,则有。这样经过分割转化，原句就变成三个单句：Fatory managers in the US fully realized the importance of an anouncement.（美国工厂里的经理们意识到这个通知的重要性。）The anouncement is made during the morning or the afternoon.（这个通知是在上午或下午期间拟定的。）The anouncement takes everyone away his work.（这个通知使每个工人离开他们的岗位。）经过整合理顺，则译为：美国工厂里的经理们意识到了这个在上午或下午期间拟定的通知的重要性，这些通知会使每个人（工人）离开他们的岗位（即工人由于去看通知而离开各自的岗位）。三、将名词形式转化动词形式【例5】For boys, however, there soon comes a point /when there must be arecognitionofdifference, ofseparateness, /ofotherness.这句话也很费解，单靠句法分析理解不透彻，也无法翻译，若将这些名词recognition，difference，separateness，otherness分别变为其动词形式是recognized，be different，separate，become others。且补出它们的主语，再转化为如下三个单句，则所云为何一目了然：For boys, however, there soon comes a point.（然而对于男孩子来说，不久会出现一种情况。）The point is that they must be recognized to be different and separate from the mother.（这种情况就是他们不久就长得与母亲不一样了。）（So）these boys become others.（他们（似乎）成了另为一个人。）通过整合这三个单句的语义关系，我们可以翻译得较为合理。译：然而对于男孩子来说，他们不久就长得与母亲不一样了，他们（似乎）成了另为一个人。【例6】As the girl grows, hersimilarityto the mother figureincreases英语这样说是为了强调 increase, 然而其主语部分却无法直译为汉语,能说 “她类似于母亲体态在增加”吗？其实是名词similarity不便直译的原因，理解时可将名词similarity转换为动词短语becomesimilar to，再补出相应的主语the girls（they）.即原句可变为：As the girl grows,they beccomesimilar tothe mother figureincreasely这样其意义就不言而喻了。所以翻译为：随着女孩儿们渐渐长大，她们的长得越来越象母亲了。四、将介词的转化为相关意义的词【例7】ButwithCanada due to withdraw its troops in 2010, /and Obamasayinghe was not going to Ottawa /withan “ask in my pocket”for them to stay beyond that date, /the talks are expected to focus on other ways the Canadians can help.分析：先将原句切分成如上4个单元。首先，中的with可以转化为表示原因的词beacause，变成句。其次，中的分词saying转化为谓语动词形式said,加上主语（Obama）变成Obama said he。同时，把中的with an “ask 转化成表示目的的结构to“ask in，则转化为句子。最后，加上句。这样原句就转化成了便于理解的如下3句：Beacause Canada would be due to（预期的）withdraw its troop in 2010.（加拿大预期于2010年撤军。）Obama said he was not going to Ottawa to“ask in my pocket(要求)”for them to stay beyond that date.（奥巴马表示他不会去渥太华请求他们延长驻军时间。）The talks are expected to focus on other ways the Canadians can help.（他期望把谈话焦点放在加方所