X.虚拟语气.doc

虚拟语气虚拟语气的使用主要体现在三个方面：虚拟条件句、虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用，以及虚拟语气的一些特殊用法。（一）虚拟条件句虚拟条件句就是对现实条件的一种虚拟假设，所假设的条件一般不符合事实或与事实相反或在现实中发生的可能性极小。根据时间的不同，虚拟条件句可分为三种，即与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句、与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句及与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句。具体情况请看下表：1.表示与现在事实相反If I had enough money now，I would lend it to you.If I were you，I would go to tell him the real feeling upon him.2.表示与过去事实相反If he had taken your advice，he wouldnt have made such a bad mistake.She would have come to enjoy the party if she hadnt been very busy.3.表示与将来事实相反I would go shopping with you if it were to be Sunday tomorrow.If he were to be given another chance to do it again，he could certainly achieve more.1.虚拟条件句的倒装在虚拟条件句中，为了强调所假设条件的虚拟性，或突出说话人的一种主观愿望，虚拟条件句可用倒装结构。虚拟条件句的倒装是通过去掉if，把条件从句谓语中的助动词、情态动词或系动词放在句首实现的。例如：Had I been（= If I had been ） in that situation， I would not have let the thief escape away with so much money.Should there be（= If there should be）a drought，what should we do at that time ？2.错综时间条件句有时条件从句的动作和主句的动作发生的时间并不一致，这时谓语动词的形式应根据它所要表示的具体时间来决定。例如：If we hadnt been working hard in the past few years ， things wouldnt be going so smoothly.If the Party hadnt led the Chinese people to liberate the country，Chinese people would still live a life in pain and poverty.3.含蓄条件句有时假设的情况并不以条件从句的形式表现出来，而是通过某个介词或介词短语（如：with，otherwise，without，but for，in that position）、上下文或其它方式表现出来。这种句子称为含蓄条件句。例如：But for the help from you，I would not have had the chance to go to college.I would never mind you making such loud noises， but， you see， my baby is in a deep sleep.It was so quiet；you could have heard a pin drop. 虚拟语气在某些从句中的运用在某些词或短语后接的从句中要使用虚拟语气，表示愿望、建议或命令等。根据虚拟语气的形式不同，虚拟语气可以分为“should类”和“过去时态类”。一、should类这一类的虚拟语气是通过从句中的谓语动词使用“should +动词原形”体现出来的，should可以省略。其具体运用体现在：1.在suggest，order，demand，propose，command，request，desire，insist等表示建议、命令、要求、意见的动词后接的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如：He suggests that she should leave the house at once.The leader ordered that the task（should） be finished as soon as possible.He proposed that we （should） deal with the problem by the view ofdevelopment.2.与suggest，order，demand，propose，command，request，desire，insist等动词相对应的名词suggestion，order，demand，proposal等后的表语从句或同位语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如：The general sent the order that the battle（should） be held on until the complete failure of the enemy.My proposal is that we（should） set a deadline for handing in the plan.3.在It is/was suggested (ordered，demanded，proposed，etc.) 结构以及necessary， essential，important，strange，natural等形容词后的主语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如：Its requested that we (should) keep the stability of the society for the peoples peaceful life.It is necessary that the badly wounded man（should）be treated immediately.二、过去时态类英语中，还有一些词或短语后接的从句或句子，也要使用虚拟语气，虚拟语气是通过句中的谓语使用过去的某种时态（如：一般过去时、过去完成时等）来体现的。1. wish，would rather 后的宾语从句。如：He wished he had never been involved in such affairs.I would rather you could teach me again.2. as if，as though引导的从句。如：The little boy knows so many things as if he was a man.He acted as usual as though nothing had happened.3.由if only（要是，那该多好啊！）引导的惊叹句。如：If only I had passed the test ！If only it stopped raining！4. It is（about/high）time 后的定语从句。如：It is time we went out for a walk.It was high time they had begun to prepare the experiment.虚拟语气的其它用法在英语中，一些表示建议、请求、劝告、愿望、祈祷、祝福或诅咒的句子，也需要使用虚拟语气。如：Would you mind smoking here？May you be lucky！Long live the people of China ！God save me.虚拟语气中的“四大家族”虚拟语气是英语中最复杂的语法项目之一，它涉及多种句式，时态变化复杂，掌握起来难度较大。其实，概括起来，虚拟语气主要有四大方面。 一、绝对虚拟语气 绝对虚拟语气主要用来表示一种祝愿、愿望或诅咒等等。绝对虚拟语气常见于以下几种句式： 1）祈使句 Long live world peace！世界和平万岁！ God bless you愿上帝保佑你。 All the best wishes to you祝你万事如意！ 2）may引导的独立句 May you succeed祝你成功。 May the friendship between our two peoples be everlasting祝两国人民的友谊万古长青。 3）If only引导的感叹句 If only I could see him once！要是我能见他一次就好了！ If only I were ten years younger！但愿我能年轻十岁！ 二、情态动词表虚拟的句子 一些情态动词如should，could，would，might，may， ought to等加上动词原形或动词的完成时态，表示惊奇、怀疑、担心、不满、后悔、惭愧等，在口语中，使语气更加客气委婉。如： I never expected that the problem should be so complicated（惊奇）我从来没想到问题会这样复杂。 You should have come a bit earlier（不满、责备）你应该早一点来的。 It would be a shame to stop the work halfway（委婉陈述）半途而废就太遗憾了。 三、名词性从句中的虚拟语气 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用主要有以下几种：1）wish后的宾语从句 在这类从句中，谓语动词用陈述语气中相应的过去时态或过去将来时态的形式。如： I wish I were（was）as clever as you我希望和你一样聪明。 How I wish I hadnt said that to him多么希望我没跟他说那事。 I wish he would come to our help at that time希望到时候他能来帮我们。 2）would rather，had rather，prefer后的宾语从句 在这类从句中，谓语动词和虚拟条件从句相同。如： I would（had）rather they came tomorrow我宁愿他们明天来。 We prefer that the plan should be fully discussed before being put into execution我们宁愿在计划实施前加以充分讨论。 3）与建议（suggest，advise）、命令（order，command）、要求（request，demand）、主张（insist，propose）等含义有关的名词性从句，在这类从句中，谓语动词用（should ）动词原形。如： Mr. Brown suggested that the meeting（should）be postponed。（宾语从句） It was suggested that the meeting（should）be postponed。（主语从句） Mr. Browns suggestion was that the meeting（should） be postponed（表语从句） Most of us agreed to Mr. Browns suggestion that the meeting（should）be postponed（同位语从句） 注意：当以上词汇表其它含义时，不用虚拟语气。如： His look suggested that he was very satisfied他的表情表明他很满意。 The little boy insisted that he hadnt stolen the money小男孩坚持自己没偷钱。 4）It is a pity，It is a shame，It is incredible，It is strange，It is no wonder，It is necessary等结构后，谓语动词用（should ）动词原形。如： It is a great pity that he should be so conceited真遗憾他竟会这样自高自大。 It seems incredible that he should have finished the work so soon真使人难以相信，他 这样快就完成了这项工作。 四、状语从句中的虚拟语气 虚拟语气在状语从句中的应用主要有以下几种情况： 1）If引导的条件状语从句 这类情况中，主句和从句的谓语动词根据不同时态进行相应变化。如： If I were you，I wouldnt lose heart我要是你就不会灰心。 I could have done better if I had been more careful我要是细心一点，是可以做得更好 的。 2）as if（though）引导的方式状语从句（这类从句也可用陈述语气），谓语动词用相应时态的过去时。如： He spoke to me as if I was（were）deaf他跟我说话时就像我是聋子似的。 They talked as if（though）they had been friends for years他们说起话来就