高中英语非谓语动词详细比较分析例句表格.doc

非谓语动词句法功能比较不定式（to+动词原形）动词-ing形式动词过去分词*有名、形、副、动词作用和特征，*有一般、进行、完成和完成进行时态，主动和被动语态。*在句中做主、宾、宾补、定、状、表、， *有去做、将来意味，指具体的或一次性的行为。*有名、形、副、动词作用和特征，*有一般和完成时态，主动和被动语态。*在句中做主、宾、宾补、定、状、表、同位语。*有主动、现在、进行、意味，指概念、习惯经验；经常、习惯性的动作或状态。*有形、副、动词作用和特征，*无时态和语态的形式变化。*在句中做定、状、表、宾补，不能做主、宾*有被动和完成的意味。或没有时间性，只表被动；或没有被动意味，只表完成。falling leaves, fallen leaves.主语*相当于名词和代词。*常用it做形式主语。To save time is to lengthen life. It calls for hard work to succeed. How to use the machine is a question.*表示概念、习惯或经验。有时用it做形式主语。 Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. It is no use (no good) crying over spilt milk.不能做主语宾语*不定式做宾语指具体的或一次性的行为。Like, love, hatebegin, prefer等动词*常用不定式做宾语的动词：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, ask, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, choose, decideThey decided to begin the experiment at once.*介词也可跟不定式做宾语。而且不定式前常加疑问词。I have no choice but to stay here. He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. He gave us some advice on how to learn English.*主+谓+宾+宾补的句型，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面。Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.*want, require, need做需要时，后接不定式被动式表被动。The windows need to be cleaned.*try to do sth, remember to do mean to do, stop to do, forget to*there+不定式。We didnt expect there to be so many people there.*动词-ing做宾语指经常性、习惯性的动作或状态。I like reading/to read China Daily*常用动词-ing形式做宾语的动词：admit, advise, allow, avoid, cannot help, suggest, cant stand, delay, put off, finish, give up, imagine, mind, include, enjoy, keep, keep on, miss, permit, practice, resist, consider*动词-ing形式可以做动、介、形容词的宾语。I crossed the street to avoid meeting herShall we get down to doing our work? The music is well worth listening to.*下列短语以介词结尾，后跟动词-ing做宾语，其中的to是介词，不是不定式符号。add up to, admit to, object to, be equal to, pay attention to get down to, look forward tostick to, take to, see to, lead todevote to, be/get used to*want, require, need做需要时，后接动词-ing表被动。The windows need cleaning.*try doing, remember doing, mean doing, stop doing, forget不能做宾语宾语*只能接不定式做宾语的动词：happen, offer, promise, agree, refuse, decide, determine, pretend, fail, learn, wish, hope, expect, afford*接动词-ing、不定式均可，意义相近：like, love, dislike, hate, begin, start, continue, prefer, cant bear/ endure, cease.*接动词-ing、不定式均可，意义不同：stop, forget, go on, mean, remember, regret, try, *只能接动词-ing做宾语的动词：admit, advise, risk, appreciate, envy, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, forgive, understand, give up, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, put off, resist, suggest, cant help, cant stand, devote to, look forward to, stick to, be used to, object to, be busy, feel like, be surprised at, be proud of, succeed in, be afraid of宾语补足语*主+谓+宾+宾补-不定式可做宾补，如下动词常接这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, show, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for. His new book has shown him to be a good writer.*一些动词不能接不定式做宾补。Hope, demand, agree, suggest, insist.*表见解、看法的动词可用动词+宾语+ to be 结构。We consider Tom to be one of the best students. The book is believed to be useful*有些动词需要as短语做补语regard, think, believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. Mary took him as her father.*有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have后跟省略了to的不定式做宾补。改为被动语态时，不定式要加to。I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road.*help 后面做宾补的不定式，可以带to,也可不带。I often help him (to)clean the room.如下动词后跟动词-ing作宾语补足语，宾语是宾补动词-ing动作的发出者： see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如： Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？ He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。如下动词后可跟动词-ed作宾语补足语，有被动意味，宾语是宾补动词-ed动作的承受者。 see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see_the next year. A. carry outB. carrying outC. carried outD. to carry outIf you want to make yourself respected, you are above all to respect others.The song is often heard sung everywhere in China. I have had the rule explained often enough.表语*不定式做表语常表示主语的职业、职责、性质等。含有将来意义。Her ambition is to be an actress. The most important purpose of first aid is to save ones life. *当主语是不定式，表语不用动词-ing, 而用不定式。动词-ing 形式做表语时，句子主语通常是无生命事物或what引导的名词性从句。表示主语的内容、性质或特征。Your task is cleaning the door.此时表语和主语可以调换位置。表示主语的状态。We were amazed at the beauty of the lake. 在被动语态形式中表动作。The window is broken.（系表） The window was broken by the boy.（被动）定语*不定式只能做后置定语*不定式和其修饰的词之间有逻辑上的主谓、动宾、动状、同位关系。 I have a meeting to attend. （动宾）He is the first person to think of the idea (主谓)He is look for a room to live in. (动状) He has got a chance to go abroad.(同位，说明所修饰名词的内容)*不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如： He found a good house to live in. The child has nothing to worry about. Ive got lots of things to deal with. 但如果不定式修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词： He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. *如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，而不定式的逻辑主语就是句子主语时，不定式用主动式表被动。但如果不定式逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，用被动式。Have you got anything to send? Have you got anything to be sent?* There is a lot of work to do.(强调需要人去做)There is a lot of work to be done.（强调工作被做）If there is a lot of work to do, Im happy to just keep on until it is finished. *作定语：单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是短语做定语放在名词后。 In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。 The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。 *修饰不定代词，后置。Something interesting.*表所修饰词语的用途或性质，可改成一个for的短语，不存在逻辑上的主谓关系：a walking stick, a washing machine, a reading room*表所修饰词的状态或动作，有逻辑上的主谓关系，可改写为定语从句（正进行的动作，或经常性的动作和状态）a rolling stone gathers no moss. a sleeping boy. 动词-ing完成式一般用作状语，不做定语。若要表达完成意义的定语用定语从句*单个动词-ed做前置定语表示被动或完成意义。the changed situationa retired teacher过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表被动，只表完成。boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶） newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）*动词-ed前加un-, 或某些副、名、形构成复合词做前置定语：untold suffering,newly laid eggs, blue-eyed,kind-hearted, warm-hearted,cold-blooded, three-legged,a fifteen-storeyed building.*单个动词-ed做后置定语较少见。give, left等。This is the question given. Things seen are mightier than things heard.Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.*动词-ed短语做后置定语。The story written by a boy is popular in schools. 相当于被动语态的定语从句状语表目的He worked day and night to get the money. She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： wrong：To save money, every means has been tried. right：To save money, he has tried every means. 可用in order to, so as to, 强调目的。so as to 不用在句首。表结果： He arrived late to find the train gone. 常用only放在不定式前表示强调未曾预料的结果： I visited him only to find him out. 表原因：在某些表喜怒哀乐的形容词后做原因状语。They were very sad to hear the news. 表程度：在有enough, too 的句子里做状语，表程度。Its too dark for us to see anything. He was too excited not to say a few words. He is old enough to go to school.表评论：表示说话者的态度、语气。也称为独立成分。To tell you the truth, we dont want to include you. You should turn a real life into a piece of literature, to be frank.to be honest, to speak frankly, to sum up, to cap it all, to begin with, to start with, to put it briefly.介词with+名词+不定式：With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema作目的状语： He went swimming the other day. 作结果状语： He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 作原因,Not realizing that was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest.作时间状语： (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.作方式状语，表示伴随： He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.作条件状语(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.让步状语Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. Taking more care, I still made quite a few mistakes. 与逻辑主语构成独立主格： I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heardAll the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 表评论，独立成分Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. generally/strictly/roughly /broadly/narrowly/speaking, considering, allowing for有时也用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+动词-ing With the lights burning, he fell asleep. Praised by the neighbors, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因） Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间） Given more time, Ill be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件） Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步） Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. The hunter walked slowly in the forest, followed by his wolf dog.（表伴随）心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。Viewed from a distance, the island looked like a cloud. (表方式)表评论，意思上的主语并不是句子主语。all things considered介词with+名词+过去分词With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了作同位语： The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。 His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged非谓语动词形式比较不定式（to+动词原形）动词-ing形式过去分词时态（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动作后， He wants to be an artist. The patient asked to be operated on at once. The teacher ordered the work to be done. We want to visit an advanced worker. How I wish to travel around the world! The shop expects to make a small profit this year.（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，正在进行例如： The boy pretended to be working hard. He seems to be reading in his room. They seemed to be talking about something important.（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如： He is pleased to have met his friend. Im sorry to have kept you waiting.Gary is said to have explored on the Amazon River. (4) 完成进行时：不定式的完成进行时表示动作在谓语动词之前已经发生，并且一直持续进行着。He is said to have been working in that factory for twelve years.（1）一般式：I wish you would quit complaining.一般性动作)Chatting with each other, we enjoyed our dinner.同时发生）Most doctors strongly insist on giving up smoking and taking plenty of exercise.谓语动作后（2）完成式：发生在谓语动作之前。 I am very pleased at your having been honored with a medal. Having failed to reach him on the phone, we sent an email instead.有完成的意味复合结构不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，用不定式复合结构for + 名/代 + to do; 可做主、表、宾、定、状. The poem is too hard for me to understand.For him to get there on time is possible. Their hope is for Mary to live with them.I found it hard for them to finish the work in such a short time.There will be a lot of difficulties for them to overcome. of + 名/代 + to do. 当句中的形容词(如：kind, wise, nice, honest, polite, selfish, stupid)是描述不定式逻辑主语人的性质、身份、特征时，用of 引导逻辑主语。It is unwise of parents to occupy most of their childrens free time.*动词-ing形式的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致时，前加上形容物主代词或名词所有格。His not knowing English troubled him a lot. (主语) Whats troubling us is their not doing away with so many cigarette ads. （做表语）He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。 （做宾语）*-ing形式复合结构做宾语时，形容物代常用人代宾格，名词所有格常用普通格代替。 Would you mind my / me using your telescope? The father insist on his sons / his son going to college.主动被动语态一般来说，不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时用被动式，反之，用主动式。但有一些情况用主动形式表被动。（1）不定式做定语时，与所修饰的词构成动宾关系，句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，也是不定式动作的发出者时，用主动形式表被动。I have a big family to provide for. He said he had an important meeting to attend. He had nothing to take home that day.（2）be + 性质形容词 +不定式 的主动形式表被动 He is hard (for me) to talk to.The book is difficult (for me) to understand. The morning air is so good to breathe.（3）不定式与疑问代词连用，用主动形式表被动。I must think what to do. They waited and wondered what to do.（4）在be to do结构中的不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent, blame, let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire? The house is to rent.（5）不定式做状语时，句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。是不定式动作的承受者时，用被动形式，反之用主动形式。（做状语） To be shown around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest. I feel honored to be welcomed into their society.（在某些表示喜怒哀乐的形容词后做原因状语）（6）不定式做定语时，与所修饰的词构成动宾关系，但不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语。不定式动作的发出者不出现，而只是暗示指出，或无法确定。用被动形式。 Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( you不是post动作的执行者。)（7）在there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在说话人（第一人称），用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）（1）-ing形式的逻辑主语是其动作的实施者，用主动语态We remembered having seen the film.（2）被动式： being done. 动词-ing形式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者。He came to the party without being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。 （3）完成被动式： having been done He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 多数情况避免使用-ing形式被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替。（4）在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理。 形容词worth后面跟动词-ing的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）*本身就表被动*过去分词的逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致。*不强调动作时间的区分时，过去分词可与动词-ing互换：（Being）Used for a long time, the book looks old. *有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如： boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶） newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳） the changed world（变了的世界） 这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等省略* 省略 to 形式：（1）感观动词后省略to feel/ hear, listen to/ make let have/ look at, watch, see, observe/ discover, notice, find The wind is making my eyes water. Jack saw the car drive up outside the police station.The director had her assistant pick up some hot dogs for the meeting.（2）一些常用结构后省略to would, rather than, than I know better than do such a thing. He insisted on going back to his work rather than stay in hospital. （ought to 不省略）（3）介词后省略to 介词but, except, besides后接不定式，这些介词前有实义动词do，后面不定式省略to. I have no choice but to accept the fact. What do you like to do besides swim? 在cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but后省略to. I cannot but admire his courage.（4）主语部分含有实义动词do的某种形式时，做表语的不定式可省略to. All you need to do is (to) press the button.（5）不定式的并列,由and, or,than连接，避免重复，不定式可省略to . I am really puzzled what to think or say. He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.（6）why/why not后省略to Why not try going by boat for a change?* 单独使用不定式符号to（1）避免与已经出现动词重复，可以用不定式符号to代替整个不定式。The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to. (2) need, like, want, wish, prefer等动词在由if, unless, when 等引导的从句中。 You can do whatever you want to. I shall go if you wish me to. If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.否定（1）在to前面加not. She decided not to be late again. I regretted not to have started earlier.（2）用never表强调否定。He promises never to make such a stupid mistake. Mrs. Smith warned her daughter never to drive after drinking.否定形式-动词-ing前加not，例如：Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help.重复需注意的要点1 动词不定式一般式表示的动作可能与谓语动词的动作同时发生,也可能在其之后发生。例如：I saw the young man enter the house.（同时发生） I hope to go there next time.（之后发生）2不定式完成式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生。例如：Im sorry to have broken your glasses.3不定式进行式表示不定式的动作，与谓语动词同时发生。例如：When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table.4不定式的被动式有两种形式：to be done表示将要被做，to have been done表示已被做。例如：The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large.The cinema is said to have been built last year.5. 在表示情绪的动词，如like, love, hate, prefer等后，用动名词作宾语表示一般倾向，用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式 例如：I hate eating the same food every day. Would you like to watch TV in the evening?6. 在动词need, want, require后用动名词表示被动含义，相当于动词不定式的被动式；而用动词不定式的主动式表示主动含义。 例如：The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be cleaned. He needs to clean the house first.7. 在介词后一般用动名词作宾语，但在少数介词，如but, except后用动词不定式作宾语，但要注意“to”的省略，如but前有“do”则省去“to”。 例如：I have done nothing but help him with his luggage. I have no choice but to wait for him at the bus stop.8. 动词-ing的完成式一般不用来作定语，因此，要表示完成主动的意思常用定语从句。例如：The accident which happened yesterday was very serious.9. 如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子不是相同的，则要用从句或分词独立主格结构来表示。 例如：Weather permitting, we will go to the Center Park.10. 动词-ing和动词-ed(过去分词)作状语时， 的逻辑主语要与句子的主语相一致。若它们之间的关系是主谓关系，用动词-ing，而动宾关系则用过去分词。如果动词-ing的动作先于谓语，要用完成时。 例如：Having finished his composition, he went home. While looking through the paper, he found some errors.高考试题分析例1、The discovery of new evidence led to _.A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught答案为C。【解析】 lead to这个词组中to是介词，后面跟名词，于是B被排除，the thief是动名词逻辑上的主语，构成动名词的复合结构，与catch之间应是被动关系，故排除A。常见的带介词to的短语有：(get) be used to, look forward to，look up to, stick to, object to, be devoted to, pay attention to等。例2、Though _money, his parents managed to send him to university.A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in答案为C。 【解析】 lack是及物动词，后接宾语money。his parents与lack是逻辑上的主谓关系，要用现在分词作状语。译文：虽然缺钱，他的父母亲还是设法让他上了大学。 例3、He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity.A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost答案：B【解析】 risk后面只能带动