比较和对照的英语写作方法(2012).doc

Comparison and Contrast比较和对照的写作方法一目标、重点和难点目标：掌握英语作文中比较和对照的写作方法（比较着重相似点，而对照强调不同之处）；重点：熟悉比较和对照写作方法的特点、模式及相关写作语块（词组、结构及句子）；难点：训练学生对作文主题的思维拓展以及相关语言表达的总结。二A Brief Introduction 1. Definitions of comparison and contrastComparison: You are asked to explain how two or more things are alike.Contrast: You are asked to explain how two or more things are different. 2. Two methods to organize a comparison and contrast essay使用比较和对照写作方法的一般是说明文与论说文，常见的比较对照有两种方式1）逐点比较方式Point-by-point method (or alternating arrangement): You alternate points about A (one thing) with comparable points about B (another thing). AB交错，即A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3.。2）块状比较方式Item-by-item method (or block arrangement): You discuss all of A, then all of B. 先A后B，即A1, A2, A3.；B1，B2，B3.。3. structureUsually, comparison and contrast essay writing consists of three parts: Introduction, Body and Conclusion. Introduction often begins with a sentence that will catch the readers interest. Then name the two subjects and state that they are very similar or quite different, having many important (or interesting) similarities or differences. Body discusses how both subjects are different or similar with the two methods (alternating or block arrangement). Conclusion gives a brief, general summary of the most important similarities and differences. End with a personal statement, or a prediction. 4SamplesSample1 Country Life and City LifeIt is really hard to say which is better than the other, city life or rural life. Both have their merits and shortcomings. Living in the city has a great many advantages. First, you can enjoy various kinds of foods, both foreign and domestic. Second, there are more cultural activities in the city you can go to the concert, the theatre, the movies or the disco club after a days hard work. But city life has many problems, too. The overcrowded population, traffic jam, industrial pollution, and the lack of understanding between people may result in disease and unhappiness. Living in the country, however, you can watch the magnificent sunrise and sunset and listen to the bird singing in the tree. If you want, you can certainly have a huge garden when a small green space seems a luxury in the city. In the country, you dont have so mucn worries. You can enjoy the pleasure of work by planting seeds in the earth and watching them grow into flowers and finally into fruits or food. But rural life may not be that perfect. Things are going so slowly that sometimes you may feel that you are absolute left behind in some remote corners of the world. You may again miss the parties, friends and movies in the city. Like anything else, country life and city life have their advantages and disadvantages. The best solution may be that you enjoy pleasures of both lives and get rid of their inconveniences.Sample2 Middle School Life and College LifeThere are many differences between middle school and the college. First，in middle school，we have to listen to what the teacher says in class, to understand the content of the text. But in college，we must study by ourselves before class. If not，we couldnt follow the teacher. Second，there are lots of rules in middle school. For example，we should wear the uniform，the girls must have their hair cut short， and we are not allowed to make boy-orgirlfriends. However，in college，we have more freedom. We can wear the clothes we like. And the girls could have long beautiful hair. We are also free to make boyorgirlfriends. The third，in the middle school，we must study first. That means we could do nothing but study. In contrast，we have to do everything by ourselves in college. That means we must plan our time carefully. There are also other differences between our school life and our college life. We have to learn to adapt ourselves to college life.Sample3 The Senate and the House of RepresentativesIntroductionAs we all know, in the USA, Congress is responsible for making laws. Congress is made up of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. In this essay, you will learn the differences between the two houses of Congress. BodyThere are many differences between the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Vice President of the United States is the head of the Senate. He must vote in the Senate if there is a tie (平局). On the other hand, the head of the House of Representatives is called the Speaker of the House, who is elected by representatives. Another difference is that the Senate is made up of 100 senators, two from each state. The House of Representatives, however, is made up of 435 representatives. The number of representatives from each state is determined by that states population. A third difference is that senators are elected to serve six-year terms, while representatives are elected to serve two-year terms. ConclusionAlthough Congress is made up of two types of lawmakers, they must work together for the benefit of all Americans.三写作步骤1. 写前阶段：写作提纲 1) 对两个对象或一个对象的两个方面进行比较与对照分析，找出相似点/不同之处。如分析Online shoping or in-store shopping（网络购物还是店内购AdvantagesDisadvantagesOnline shoppingConvenient;Cheap;A lot of selectionsCheated;Cannot see the items in person;In-store shoppingPersonal, talk;Know the quality;Good for healthExpensive;Time-consuming;tiring2. 写作阶段：利用相关资料，组织结构与内容1) Useful words and phrases:（1）Similarity: like, similar to, also, similarly, in the same way, likewise, again, in like manner，in the same manner, equally （2）Difference: unlike, compared to, in contrast, by contrast，contrasted with, on the contrary, conversely，different from, instead, but,（3）Other:yet, still, but, nevertheless, at the same time, regardless, despite, while, whereas, however, otherwise, on the one hand on the other hand 2）Useful expressions Just like a coin has two sides, everyting has its advantages and disadvantages, and is no exception. The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages. The advantages of A are much greater than those of B. A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that. For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages. Like anything else, it has its faults. A and B has several points in common. A bears some resemblances to B. However, the same is not applicable to B. A and B differ in several ways. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects. The same is true of B. Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks. It is true that A . , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are . 比较型作文常用句型）首段It is widely accepted / an undeniable fact thatThere used to be a heated discussion over Nowadays, there are two ways to, such as A and B.Some people prefer ., while others insist thatThose who are in favor of A argue thatBut I am in favor of / But I prefer to do/But I agree with the former/latter one 中立的观点：As for me, I m in favor of a combination of A and B./ I prefer to combine A and B. Personally, I prefer to strike a balance between A and B.主体部分First and foremost,Whats more,Last but not least,First of all,Moreover,Most importantly,It is true that A is,but BThere are several strong points of A.The advantages of A are much greater than those of BHowever, the advantages of A outweigh it disadvantages.(利大于弊)结尾段For this reason, I like doing. Of course, A has its own merits. But Im still in favor of B.中立的观点：Therefore, we need both A and B. The former, the latter.Therefore, A and B are of equal importance. The former helps to,and the latter contributes to .The secret of lies in the combination of both A and B.3）Useful Writing Patterns（1）块状比较模板：模板一It is really hard to say which is better than the other, A or B. Both have their merits and shortcomings. A has a great many advantages. First, . Second, . Third, . Wondering as A is , it has its drawbacks. First of all, . Besides, . B is quite different from B in many ways. Its positive sides are as follows. Firstly, . Sencondly, . Like anyting else, B has its faults, such as. Evidently, both A and B have their positive and negative aspects.The best solution may be that you enjoy pleasures of the both and get rid of their inconveniences.模板二The topic of _ (主题) is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say _A_ is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of _(A理由一). Whats more, _(A理由二). Moreover, _(A理由三). While others think that _B_ is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,_ (B理由一).Secondly/Besides, _ (B理由二). Thirdly/ Finally, _(B理由三). For my point of view, I think _(我的观点). The reason is that _ (原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reason to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice. 模板三 There is a heated debate over _(主题). It is commonly accepted that _A_ . In contrast, others think that _B_ . Those who hold the first opinion suggest that _(A理由一). In their view, _ (A理由二). However, others think _(B理由一).They argue that _(B理由二) .Considering one after another, I stand on the side of _A/B_ . First of all, _(原因一). Furthermore, _(原因二). Thirdly, _(原因三). Therefore, I am in favor of the idea _ (我的观点). （2）逐点比较框架： Both A and B are very popular in todays society. Just like a coin has two sides, everyting has its advantages and disadvantages, and A and B are no exception. There are many differences between A and B. In the first place, A. On the contrary, B. In the second place，A . Unlike A, B. Last but by no means the least, A . By contrast, B. Both A and B have their strong points and weak points respectively. People can choose which way to use according to their own likes and dislikes.3. 写作后阶段：检查与修改 1）词汇、结构、句型、时态、语法（方面的错误减到最低）； 2）句子之间的连接、段落之间的衔接（流畅； 3）整篇文章的内容（重点突出）、结构与层次（清晰、分明）；四You are required to write a composition with the method of comparison and contrast. You can choose one of the following topics.写作练习：请根据自己的能力和兴趣，用比较和对照写作方法完成一篇英语作文，题目如下： 1. By Car or By Bike 2. By E-mail or By Letter 3. Live On Campus or Off Campus 4. Package Tour or Travelling On Your Own 5. College Lectures or Discussion 6. Study Abroad or At Home7. Beijing and Shanghai 8. My College Life and Middle School Life五范文Where to Livein the Country or in the CityWhere to livein the country or in the city? Different people have different opinions. Some people enjoy the convenience of the city. First, there are many public places of entertainment, such as parks, cinemas, exhibitions, nightclubs and so on. And there ale also quite a number of schools, universities and scientific research institutions that provide good education. Second, the public transportation facilities are very convenient. Taxicabs, buses, trolley buses, and subways can quickly take people anyplace in the city. And third, shops and department stores are well stocked with goods of all kinds, high in quality and low in price.Some people like the rural scenery in the country. First, with the fresh air, the green trees and the singing birds, country people are close to nature and live a quiet life. Second, it is free from the noise and air pollution and traffic jams of the city. Third, gardening and fishing here are pleasant pastimes. But the city and country have their own disadvantages. For examples, the city has many problems, such as heavy traffic, air pollution, great noise and poor housing conditions. And the country life is relatively backward. In the country, educational facilities, medical services and transportation systems are still not fully developed. As far as Im concerned, I hate the terrible dirt and noise in the city. So, given the chance, I would prefer to live peacefully in the country.E-mail or Letter Writing Today more and more people are turning from letter writing to e-mail. They believe that e-mail is much more convenient and far faster than regular letters. This is certainly true. Within a few minutes, the friend or colleague can read the letter without having to wait for days to receive it. But many people still prefer writing letters on real paper, using real envelops. They say that letter writing on paper offers a tangible feeling of the senders emotions, a way of really reaching out and recovering treasured moments of the past. By touching that piece of paper, your heart will beat faster. By reading the words on the paper, you will step into a rich inner world, which you cannot reach through a monitor. In my opinion, people can make use of the advantages of both e-mail and letter writing. For business they can employ e-mail while for private business, they can turn to letter writing. Whats more, e-mail is not accessible to everyone, so letter writing will still be an important means of communication for many years. But for those who are able to take advantage of e-mail, writing letters via the computer is convenient and fast. Going to Work by Bus or by Bicycle? The climate becomes more and more changeable and uncertain. One of the most important reasons is that large amounts of waste gas has been poured off by buses or cars, which has an effect on the climate. So some people refuse to go to work by bus. In their opinion, wed better go to work by bicycle. Moreover, they also think that it is a great advantage over the lack of oil. As we all know, the oil problem will be one of the most serious problems in the years to come. Nevertheless, some other people just regard it as impossibility to go to work by bicycle. They hold that every person should keep the efficiency with their work nowadays. As a result, it is unacceptable to go to work by bicycle. In large cities, lots of time would be wasted on the way if there is a long distance to their destination. As for me, I agree with the latter because the science and technology is developing faster and faster and varieties of environment-protecting resources have been discovered. Even though many a bus are running on the streets, they go good to the environment and be convenient for our work. How can we refuse to take a bus with so many benefits? Go to Work by Bicycle or by BusBoth the bicycle and the bus play an important role in todays society and make it convenient for us to go to work. However there do exist some differences between going to