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第四讲 汉英句子翻译 (一)第一部分:基本策略一、 主语的确定汉语中的一些句子处于句首的并非主语。例如:1. 以前的功课也许有一大部分是为了这张毕业文凭,不得已而做的,(从今以后,你们可以依自己的心愿去自由研究了。)You have perhaps finished your college courses mostly for obtaining the diploma, that is, out of sheer necessity. (However, from now on you are free to follow your personal bent in the choice of studies.)2. 这几天心里颇不宁静。I have felt quite upset recently.当然也可以译成:The last few days have found me very restless.从以上的例子可以看出,要将汉语句子译成英语时如何鉴别、确定主语是一个极为重要的问题。鉴于汉英语言之间的差别,确定主语时,应遵循以下原则:1. 必须符合英语的语言习惯和英美等国的文化习俗;2. 必须符合英美人的思维方式;3. 必须是句中应该突出的信息;4. 必须符合句中的逻辑关系。也就是说,处于句首的即使是主语,翻译成英语也不一定是主语,这样的译文才较为地道。例如:1. 我们的城市在过去的十年里经历了翻天覆地的变化。The past decade saw great changes of our city.汉语从“城市”着眼,而英语则换个角度用“时间”做主语,这样译文更生动,更符合英语表达习惯。2. 她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man.汉语原文中的主语是“她”,是行为的主体,这一句子结构反映了中国人的思维方式。在英语译文中,主语被译成“It”, 看似风马牛不相及,其实这是西方人的思维方式:这种念头从来没有闪过她的脑际。这是西方人比较重视客观事实的例证之一。同时,译文这样处理重点突出了“她”对“他为人不诚实”这一点而感到惊奇。3. 我给你打国际长途就跟给楼下的李姐打电话差不多,一拨就通。An international phone call to you is as easy as a call to Sister Li downstairs.原文的主语是“我”,而译文的主语则是“an international phone call”。因为“国际长途电话很方便”在原文中是非常重要的信息,译文中应该放在突出的位置,而且“an international phone call”作主语可以使后面的谓语更为洗炼、简洁,也更符合英美人的表达习惯。4. 宗教不得干预政治。It is impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion.宗教本身不会发出动作干预政治,是人们/团体以宗教的名义对政治进行干预。因此,若译为:Religion must not interfere with politics .就不符合原句中的逻辑意义了。5. 汉字在历史上有过不可磨灭的功绩。* Chinese characters have made indelible contributions in history. The system of Chinese characters has played an invaluable role in the history. 此例是汉语中常见的拟人法语言。拟人法的现象在汉语中常见;在英语中,多数情况下,是视为修辞上的一种毛病(不符合逻辑事实)。因此在汉英翻译中要注意这个区别,避免受汉语字面的影响而使译文有Chinglish的味道。6. 我们恢复和采取这些贸易方式的原因很简单:因为我们出口商品就是为了我们国外客户消费方面的需要。*The reason for us to restore and adopt these trade practices is very simple because our export commodities are for the use and consumption of our foreign customers. The reason why we have restored and adopted these trade practices is very simple .Our export commodities are for the use and consumption of our foreign customers.汉语“的原因是因为”,不能译成the reason is because,不符合英语逻辑。the reason why是地道的英语。所以,针对中英文逻辑上的不同,翻译时行文要及时变通。7. 笆,用竹子、柳条等编成的一种东西。Ba is something made of bamboo or willow branches.对中国人来说,该汉语句子根本不成问题,因为整体印象是对的;但是译成英语,除了要注意 “等” 此处表示 “列举后煞尾”, 而不是 “列举未完” 之外,还必须分析:“竹子”和“柳条”是并列关系,还是选择关系?换句话说,“笆”是用“竹子”和“柳条”一起编的,还是编一物时只选其一?由于只能是后者,英语就要用or;若用and 就不对了。二、 主语与谓语的习惯搭配有些动词,在汉语里只能用于人,而在英语里,既可用于人,也可用于物。如:汉语的“目睹”,我们只能说人“目睹”,不能说物“目睹”;而英语的see ,witness ,或escape,既可以用于指人,也可以用于物。例如:罗马遭遇了历史上的大事件:Rome witnessed great historic events. 再如:1. 我没注意到这个错误。The mistake escaped me (or my notice).2.这个运动首先在天津开始。Tianjin first saw the rise of the movement.但有些动词,在汉语中既可用于人也可用于物,而在英语中则只能用于物,不能用于人。遇到这种情况,在汉译英时,我们可以采取改变谓语动词或改变主语的方法。 例如:3. 蹲在池塘边苇丛中的青蛙叫得更起劲了。*The frogs that sat among the reeds by the pond were shouting more enthusiastically than before.The frogs that crouched among the reeds by the pond were croaking more vigorously than before. “蹲”“叫”、在汉语中既可用于人也可用于动物,但是英语“sat, shouting” 与主语frogs搭配不当;动词crouch (lower the body by bending the knees), croak (frog makes the deep low noise),用于指动物的行为。4. 上海港不断更新设备,这个港口的生产已经面目一新。*Now the production at this port has taken on a new look, as the workers of Shanghai port has constantly replaced old equipment with new. The workers of Shanghai port have constantly replaced old equipment with new and expanded its handling capacity.港口的装卸工作并不能“produce things ”,只是“move them”。此例说明,有时我们通过改变原文主语的方法来使译文的主语与谓语搭配。 5. 任何新生事物的成长都是要经过艰难曲折的。New things always have to experience difficulties and setbacks as they grow.此句把原文主语的定语作为译文的主语。 6. 他眼明手快。*His eyes are bright and his hands are quick .(不符合英文逻辑)He is quick of eye and deft of hand.7. 这篇文章浅显易懂。*This article is obvious and easy. (不符合英文逻辑)This article is easy to read and understand.8. 我对他敬而远之。*I stand afar from him. I stand aloof from him.英语afar(far off)表达空间上的距离;而aloof (distant in feeling) 指情感上的远离,语义更准确。三、词的增减1. 词的增补如前所述,汉语属意合语言,英语属形合语言。汉译英时须把汉语中无需用而英语中却不可少的词增补出来。1) 增补结构词:连词,介词,代词(尤其是物主代词),冠词等群众心齐了,一切事情都好办。When the masses are of one heart, everything becomes easy.我们应当逐步消灭城乡差别。We should gradually eliminate the differences between town and country.她用手蒙住脸,好像是为了保护眼睛。She covered her face with her hands, as if to protect her eyes.2) 为了使译文意思明确,增补实义词等要提倡顾全大局。We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration.结婚大办宴席,实在可以免去了。The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispersed with.三个臭皮匠赛过诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined are superior to Zhuge Liang the master mind.2词的省略1) 省略重复词:汉语结构词(虚词)用得少,但为了讲究句子的平衡、气势、韵调等,常常重复实词名词、动词、形容词等;而英语恰恰相反:一般来说,结构词不能少,实词却很少重复。生也好,死也好,我们要忠于党,忠于人民,忠于祖国。Live or die, we should be loyal to our Party, to our people, and to our motherland.2) 省略原文中表示范畴的词语,或可能影响译文修辞效果的词语前怕狼后怕虎的态度不能造就干部。“Fearing dragons ahead and tigers behind” will not produce cadres.日军所至,杀戮人民,奸淫妇女,焚毁村庄,掠夺财物,无所不用其极。Wherever the Japanese troops went, they massacred and raped, burned and looted, and stopped at nothing.四、词类转换1. 动词转换为名词汉语句子中,动词占优势。汉语动词没有什么形态变化,使用方便,且重于动态描写,所以汉语动词用得多。汉语在表达一些较复杂的思想时往往借助动词,按时间、逻辑顺序,逐步交待,层层铺开,给人以舒缓明快的感觉。英语句子主要采用主谓机制。由于英语句子中的谓语动词受动词形态变化的约束,句子中只能有一个谓语动词,作为英语句子的轴心与核心,然后要借用名词来表达其他意思。而名词与名词之间的联系却要借用介词来串通,所以英语句子中,名词与介词占优势。在汉译英时,将动词结构名物化(nominalized)是汉译英时常常使用的一种技巧。这样做可以使英语句子结构简洁:一个汉语小句被压缩成一个名词性词组。例如:1)徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。Xu Beihongs drawings of horses are exceptionally good .2)语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的,非下苦功不可。The mastery of a language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.3) 插入一条斜线便可以纠正此错误。Rectification of this fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge.“插入一条斜线”译成了一个名物化结构insertion of a wedge.4)他们片面地注重重工业,忽视农业和轻工业,因而市场上的货物不够,货币不稳定。Their lop-sided stress on heavy industry to the neglect of agriculture and light industry results in a shortage of goods on the market and a nonstable currency.原文是个表示因果关系的偏正复句,译文摆脱了原文字面结构的束缚,因而其中未出现使用带有因果连词的状语从句,而是将表达原因的分句译成名词词组使用动词短语result in作施事动词,把两个分句变成一个简单句,从而压缩了整个句子结构,使其显得简洁明快。2. 汉语中动词用得较多,英译时还可以转换为形容词、介词或介词词组获悉贵国遭受地震,我们极为关切。We are deeply concerned at the news that your country has been struck by an earthquake.他们不顾一切困难挫折,坚持战斗。They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.3. 汉语的形容词或副词转换成英语的名词空气是这样的清香,使人胸脯里感到分外凉爽、舒畅。The air was fresh and fragrant; it gave people a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort.在全国的文明礼貌月里,所有城市必须搞好卫生,清除混乱和不礼貌现象。During the National Civic and Virtues Month, all the cities must clean up, and banish disarray and discourtesy.4. 偶尔汉语的名词转换为英语的动词她在最后一幕里占了很突出的地位。She figured prominently in the last act.五、主动被动转换这里说的主动与被动是指主动语态和被动语态。 这两种语态在英汉两种语言中的使用情况是很不相同的:英语大量使用被动语态,而汉语则很少使用,即便使用;也不像英语那样有固定或比较统一的构成形式。譬如说,汉语的被动不是只用一个“被”字表示。因此,在汉译英时,要经常变换语态,以使译文符合习惯用法,显得地道而自然。例如:1. 希望你表现更多一点幽默。You are expected to show a little more good humour.2. 许多老房子拆了,新房子就在原地盖起来了。Many old houses were pulled down, and many new ones were built in their place.3. 那年偏又多雨,淅淅沥沥,打窗飘瓦,常常扰乱我看书的情绪。As it happened to be a rainy year, I was often disturbed by the pitter-patter of rain beating down against the window and roof.4. 有关原子能电站反应堆的复杂性已经谈得很多了。Much has been said about the complication of the nuclear power station reactor.5. 船舶的外壳通常涂以一层特殊的漆以抗腐蚀。The hull of a ship is often protected against corrosion with a coat of special paint.六、语序变换(与英语写作一样,该部分对不少英语学习者来说是难点)一般来说,汉语和英语的主干结构都是:主谓宾;不同的主要是定语和状语的语序。1) 定语位置的转换:短语和句子作定语英语一般要后置,这一点毋须赘言。重要的是要注意以下几种后置:A单词定语所修饰的名词是由some, any, every, no等构成的复合代词时咱们到一个安静的地方去。Lets go somewhere quiet.B通常作表语的形容词:alive, present, alone等到场的来宾中有一些外国记者。The guests present included a few foreign newsmen.C某些以-ible, -able结尾的形容词作定语,与every, the only或形容词最高级连用修饰一名词时This is the best solution imaginable.D某些分词或表示位置、方向的副词作定语那些唱歌的人大部分是妇女。Most of the people singing were women.这儿的书很好看。The books here are very interesting.这是唯一的出路。This is the only way out.E某些固定名称(平时阅读须充分注意)军事法庭Court Martial (联合国)秘书长Secretary General (of the U. N.) (世界卫生组织)总干事Director-General (of the WHO) 当选总统The president elect2) 状语位置的转换英语中短语一般或放在句首或谓语(及宾语)之后除非有时写成插入语他从口袋里取出红领巾,给了他的小女儿。He took out a red scarf from his pocket and gave it to his little daughter.中国人民正在共产党领导下,团结一致地进行着伟大的社会主义建设。Led by the Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese people, united as one, are engaged in the great task of building socialism.3) 其他句子成份和词语位置的转换A汉语的位置排列,一般是把重的、强的词语放在前面,英语恰恰相反救死扶伤,实行革命的人道主义。Heal the wounded, rescue the dying, practice revolutionary humanitarianism.B英语重逻辑,汉语英译时遇不重逻辑的应转换他手急眼快。He was quick of eye and deft of hand.C汉英的不同习惯顺序钢铁工业the iron and steel industry一定要分清敌我。We must draw a clear distinction between ourselves and the enemy.衣食住行Food, clothing, shelter and transportation新老干部应彼此尊重。Cadres, old and new, must respect each other.七、正说与反说 (肯定与否定形式互译)1) 正说反说均可他是外乡人。He is a stranger here.He is not a native.男儿有泪不轻弹,皆因未到伤心处。Men only weep when deeply hurt.Men never weep unless and until deeply hurt.2) 由于汉英语言习惯用法不同而转换油漆未干 Wet paint在我还没来得及阻拦她之前,她已跑出了教室。Before I could stop her, she had rushed out of the classroom.3)为了加强语气这个惨痛的历史教训,我们一定要永远记取,引以为鉴。No one must ever forget this bitter lesson and we must all take warning from it.4) 为了更确切地表达原文含义他这几年一直是全勤。He has never missed a days work for years.她不愿接受那笔款子。She refused to take the money. Ex

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