British monarchs and PMS.doc

Norman Britian 诺曼王朝（10661154年）征服者威廉登基后称一世，在位21年。王位先后传给他的两个儿子威廉二世和亨利一世。如此历经三王之后，“绝嗣断统”，也就是说这个家庭继绝了男性继承人。然而出自女系的继承人还有两系。先是威廉一世的外孙斯蒂芬登上王位。另一系不答应，结果爆发了一场夺位战。双方打得精疲力竭，议定斯蒂芬死后，由另一系继位。威廉一世King William I the Conqueror 征服王1066-1087Domesday Book was completed in 1086.威廉二世King William II Rufus 红毛王 1087-1100亨利一世 King Henry I Well-Educated, Beauclerc 儒雅王 1100-1135斯蒂芬(King Stephen) (布洛瓦王朝) 1135-1154Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, thus acquiring all western France from Normandy to the Spanish border. House of Plantagenet 金雀花王朝（11541399年）又称 House of Anjou,安茹王朝斯蒂芬命归西天后，亨利一世的外孙继位，称亨利二世。他本是法国的安茹伯爵，纹章以金雀花为图案，王朝也因而得名。英法相争的百年战争就是在这个朝代爆发的。此王朝传八世而终，其中包括约翰王。亨利二世 King Henry II Curtmantle 短斗篷王 1154-1189Thomas Becket was murdered in 1170. 理查一世 King Richard I Coeur de Lion 狮心王 1189-1199约翰 King John Lackland 无地王 1199-1216John was forced to accept Magna Carta in 1215.亨利三世 King Henry III) 1216-1272Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council to meet at Westminster in 1265, which is seen as the earliest parliament.爱德华一世 King Edward I Long Shank) 长脚王 1272-1307Wales came under the English Crown in 1284.爱德华二世 King Edward II 1307-1327爱德华三世 King Edward III 1327-1377Black Death swept through England in 1348. 理查二世 King Richard II 1377-1399The Peasant Uprisiing of 1381兰开斯特王朝（13991464年） The Lancaster金雀花王朝最后一位国王理查二世被他的堂弟策动宫廷政变废黜秘裁，演出了一幕“煮豆燃豆萁”的惨剧。新上台的亨利四世是兰开斯特公爵之子，王朝因此而得名。这个王朝历亨利四、五、六三世，被约克公爵的后裔推翻。这两个家族本是同根，兰开斯特家族以红玫瑰为徽号，约克家族以白玫瑰为标志。两家争夺王位的战争就叫作“玫瑰 之战”。 亨利四世 King Henry IV 1399-1413亨利五世 King Henry V 1413-1422亨利六世 King Henry VI 1422-1461England was defeated in the Hundred Years War in 1453. (Wars of Roses, 1455-1485)约克王朝（14611485年） The York这个朝代最短，只有25年，大部分时间都是爱德华四世在位。爱德华四世 King Edward IV 1461-1483爱德华五世 King Edward V 1413-1483理查三世 King Richard III 1483-1485Richard III was defeated by Henry Tudor in the last battle of the Wars of Roses in 1485.都铎王朝（14851603年） The Tudor这个王朝以创始者命名。都铎是兰开斯特家族一支的后代，夺得王位后称亨利七世。他与约克家族的公主结婚，两家族从此合一。这个王朝依靠新兴的工商业主和新贵族巩固了统治。亨利八世因婚姻问题与罗马教皇决裂，结果建立了英国国教。最后一位君主是伊丽莎白一世女王。亨利七世 King Henry VII 1485-1509The end of Wars of Roses in 1485 & the beginning of English Renaissance亨利八世 King Henry VIII 1509-1547Henry VIII established Church of England in 1534 and became its Supreme Head in 1535.爱德华六世 King Edward VI简格雷 Lady Jane Grey玛丽一世 Queen Mary I the Bloody 血腥玛丽 1553-1558Calais, the last British possession on the Continent was lost to France in 1558.伊丽莎白一世 Queen Elizabeth I 1558-1603The destruction the Spanish Fleet “Armada” 斯图亚特王朝（16031649年，16601714年）第一代君主詹姆斯一世是亨利八世妹妹的后人，原为苏格兰国王，因伊丽莎白一世女王死后无嗣，得以到伦敦继承大统。此王朝1649年被国会军推翻，查理一世被处死。 国会军首领克伦威尔自任护国主。1660年，王朝复辟，后来改行君主立宪制。詹姆斯一世 King James I 1603-1625Gunpowder Plot, 1605 The Authorized Version of the Bible in 1611 Pilgrim Fathers founded New Plymouth in America in 1620. 查理一世 King Charles I 1625-1649English Civil War, 1642-1649 奥利弗克伦威尔Oliver Cromwell, 1653-1658 Cromwell became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England in 1653 理查克伦威尔Richard Cromwell, 1658-1660 查理二世 King Chales II1660-1685Restoration in 1660詹姆斯二世 King James II 1685-1688Glorious Revolution, 1688 威廉三世和玛丽二世 King William III and Queen Mary II) 1689-1702They jointly accepted the Bill of Rights in 1689. Thus the age of constitutional monarchy began. 安妮女王 Queen Ann1702-1714The name Great Britain came into being when in 1707 the Act of Union united England and Scotland. 汉诺威王朝（17141901年） The Hanover斯图加特王朝的安妮女王去世时，根据“王位继承法”应由詹姆斯一世的孙女索菲亚继位。但她已死去，王位就由其子德国的汉诺威选侯继承，称乔治一世，从此开始了汉诺威王朝，一直延续到维多利亚女王。这个王朝的前四位君主都命名为乔治，即一世至四世。所以，有时也把他们在位的时期（17141830年）称为乔治时代（Georgian） 乔治一世 King George I1714-1727Sir Robert Walpole(16761745)(1721-1742)Regarded as the first Prime Minister in the modern sense; the South Sea Company bubble; criticised for Great Britains poor performance in the War of Jenkins Ear.Spencer Compton,1st Earl of Wilmington(16731743)(1742-1743)Increased tax on spirits; in poor health for much of his time as Prime Minister, the government was led de facto by John Carteret. Died in office.Henry Pelham(16941754)(1743-1754)Reorganisation of the Royal Navy; 1745 Jacobite Rebellion; adoption of the Gregorian Calendar; Marriage Act 1753; helped end the War of the Austrian Succession. Died in office.乔治二世 King George II1727-1760John Kays flying shuttle in 1733Thomas Pelham-Holles,1st Duke of Newcastle(16931768)(1754-1756)Led Great Britain into the Seven Years War with France in North America.William Cavendish,4th Duke of Devonshire(17201764)(1756-57)The government was largely run by William Pitt the Elder.Thomas Pelham-Holles,1st Duke of Newcastle(16931768)(1757-62)Great Britain gained more influence abroad in the Seven Years War; the war was largely prosecuted by Pitt the Elder as Secretary of State.乔治三世 King George III1760-1820Industrial Revolution, 1836-1848 James Watt improved the steam engine in 1765. John Stuart,3rd Earl of Bute(17131792)(1762-63)First Scottish Prime Minister. Ended the dominance of the Whigs; Treaty of Paris (1763) ending the Seven Years War; resigned after fierce criticism of Treaty of Paris concessions.George Grenville(17121770)(1763-65)Briefly lowered domestic tax at the expense of the colonies, though this was rapidly repealed; introduced the unenforceable Stamp Act 1765 (which is popularly cited as one of the causes of the American Revolution). His repealing of the taxes he rolled out were for all except that on tea, which was used as a reason for the Boston Tea Party.Charles Watson-Wentworth,2nd Marquess of Rockingham(17301782)(1765-66)Repealed the controversial Stamp Act 1765, inspired by protests from both American colonists and British manufacturers who were affected by it and its difficulty to enforce; introduced the Declaratory Act 1766.William Pitt the Elder,1st Earl of Chatham(17081778)(1766-68)The first real Imperialist; credited with the birth of the British Empire; defeated France in Canada, thereby indirectly precipitating the French Revolution.Augustus FitzRoy,3rd Duke of Grafton(17351811)(1768-70)Attempted to reconcile with the American colonies.Frederick North,Lord North(17321792)(1770-82)MP for BanburyLed Great Britain into the American Revolution; the Gordon Riots; attempted reform in Ireland; resigned after a vote of no confidence against the will of the King.Charles Watson-Wentworth,2nd Marquess of Rockingham(17301782)Acknowledged the independence of the United States; began a process of economic reform. Died in office.William Petty-FitzMaurice,2nd Earl of Shelburne(17371805)(1782-83)Planned political reform; secured peace with the United States, France and Spain.William Cavendish-Bentinck,3rd Duke of Portland(17381809)(1783-83)Titular head of the Fox-North Coalition. Attempted to reform the British East India Company, but was blocked by George III.William Pitt the Younger(17591806)(1783-1801)Youngest Prime Minister. India Act 1784; attempted to remove rotten boroughs; personally opposed to the slave trade; reduced the national debt due to the rebellion in the North American colonies; formed the Triple Alliance; Constitutional Act of 1791; the Macartney Embassy (17921794), first of its kind to China; war with France starting in 1793; Cape Colony (South Africa) taken 1795; introduced the first income tax; Act of Union 1800.Henry Addington(17571844)(1801-04)Negotiated the Treaty of Amiens with France in 1802.William Pitt the Younger(17591806)(1804-06)Alliance with Russia, Austria and Sweden against France (Third Coalition); Battle of Trafalgar; Battle of Ulm; Battle of Austerlitz. Died in office.William Wyndham Grenville,1st Lord Grenville(17591834)(1806-07)Abolition of the slave trade.William Cavendish-Bentinck,3rd Duke of Portland(17381809)(1807-09)He headed a Tory government; was old and ill, leaving the Cabinet to their own devices (largely headed by Spencer Perceval).Spencer Perceval(17621812)(1809-12)Descent of George III into madness and the outset of the Regency era; his administration was notable for the lack of senior statesmen (Perceval also served as the Chancellor of the Exchequer); Peninsular War, part of the Napoleonic Wars. The only Prime Minister to have been assassinated.Robert Banks Jenkinson,2nd Earl of Liverpool(17701828)(1812-27)Oversaw the United Kingdoms victory in the Napoleonic Wars; the Congress of Vienna; an economic recession in 1817; the Luddite movement; The War of 1812 (in Britain, the American War of 1812 to 1815); Peterloo Massacre in 1819; return to the gold standard in 1819; victory over the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1819; the Cato Street Conspiracy to assassinate Liverpool in 1820.乔治四世 King George IV1820-1830George Canning(17701827)(1827-27)Died shortly after taking office.Frederick John Robinson,1st Viscount Goderich(17821859)(1827-28)Lacked support amongst colleagues; resignedArthur Wellesley,1st Duke of Wellington(17691852)(1828-30)First Irish Prime Minister; Catholic Emancipation Bill (over which he fought a duel).威廉四世 King William IV1830-1837Chartist Movement, 1836-1848Charles Grey,2nd Earl Grey(17641845)(1830-34)Reform Act 1832; quelled Swing Riots; restriction of employment of children; reform of the Poor Laws; abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire.William Lamb,2nd Viscount Melbourne(17791848)William IVs opposition forced him to resign.Arthur Wellesley,1st Duke of Wellington(17691852)Caretaker government while Sir Robert Peel was located and returned to London. Held many of the major posts himself.Sir Robert Peel(17881850)(1834-35)Minority government. Unable to form a majority in Parliament so resigned.William Lamb,2nd Viscount Melbourne(17791848)(1835-41)A father figure to Queen Victoria; Municipal Corporations Act 1835; Bedchamber Crisis; Treaty of Waitangi.维多利亚女王 Queen Victoria1837-1901William Booth founded the Salvation Army in 1865. Queen Victoria became Empress of India in 1877. Sir Robert Peel(17881850)(1841-46)Mines Act 1842; reintroduction of income tax; Factory Act 1844; Railway Regulation Act 1844; repeal of the Corn Laws (triggered by the Great Irish Potato Famine) and other tariffs; Maynooth Grant.Lord John Russell(17921878)(1846-52)Minority government, but with the Conservatives split between Protectionists and Peelites, the Whigs held power. Education Act 1847; Don Pacifico affair; Chartist demonstrations; Australian Colonies Government Act; The Great Exhibition; improved the Poor laws; the John Russell Ministry was ended by a vote of no confidence on a militia bill.Edward Smith-Stanley,14th Earl of Derby(17991869)(1852-52)Government collapsed when his Chancellors Budget was defeated.George Hamilton-Gordon,4th Earl of Aberdeen(17841860)(1852-55)Led the country into the Crimean War; resigned after defeat in the vote for an inquiry into the conduct of the war.Henry John Temple,3rd Viscount Palmerston(17841865)(1855-58)Responded to the Indian mutiny of 1857; introduced the India Bill.Edward Smith-Stanley,14th Earl of Derby(17991869)(1858-59)Government of India Act 1858, transferring ownership of the East India Company to the Crown; Jews Relief Act, allowing Jews to become MPs.Henry John Temple,3rd Viscount Palmerston(17841865(1859-65)Between periods in office he founded the Liberal Party; term dominated by policy concerning the American Civil War; attempts to alleviate suffering caused by the Lancashire Cotton Famine. Died in office.John Russell,1st Earl Russell(17921878)(1865-66)Attempted to introduce a further Reform Bill, but was opposed by his Cabinet.Edward Smith-Stanley,14th Earl of Derby(17991869)(66-68)Reform Act 1867; considered by some to be the father of the modern Conservative Party.Benjamin Disraeli(18041881)MP for BuckinghamshireOnly ethnically Jewish Prime Minister; dissolved Parliament as the Conservatives did not have a majority.William Ewart Gladstone(18091898)(68-74)MP for GreenwichIntroduced reforms to the British Army, Civil Service and local government; made peacetime flogging illegal; Irish Church Act 1869; Irish Land Act 1870; Education Act 1870; Trade Union Act 1871; Ballot Act 1872; Licensing Act 1872; failed to prevent the Franco-Prussian War.Benjamin Disraeli(18041881)(74-80)Various social reforms including the Climbing Boys Act 1875, the Public Health Act 1875 and the Artisans and Labourers Dwellings Improvement Act 1875; purchase of shares in the Suez Canal Company; Congress of Berlin; reintroduction of Queen Victoria to public life, including bestowing the title Empress of India; Second Anglo-Afghan War; breaking up of the League of the Three Emperors; the Zulu War; start of Long Depression.William Ewart Gladstone(18091898)(80-85)First Boer War; Irish Coercion Act; Kilmainham Treaty; Phoenix Park Murders; Married Womens Property Act 1882; Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883; Reform Act 1884, Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 (sometimes known collectively as the Third Reform Act); failure to rescue General Gordon in Khartoum, Sudan.Robert Gascoyne-Cecil,3rd Marquess of Salisbury(18301903)(85-86)Minority government. Legislation providing for housing the working class.William Ewart Gladstone(18091898)First introduction of the Home Rule Bill for Ireland, which split the Liberal Party, resulting in the end of Gladstones government.Robert Gascoyne-Cecil,3rd Marquess of Salisbury(18301903)(86-92)Opposed Irish home rule; repeal of final Contagious Diseases Act; Local Government Act 1888; Partition of Africa; Prevention of Cruelty to, and Protection of, Children Act 1889; Free Education Act 1891; creation of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe); New Unionism and London Dock Strike of 1889.William Ewart Gladstone(18091898)(92-94)Minority government. Reintroduction of the Home Rule Bill, which was passed by the House of Commons but rejected by the House of Lords leading to his resignation.Archibald Primrose,5th Earl of Rosebery(18471929)(94-95)Imperialist; plans for expanding the Royal Navy caused disagreement within the Liberal Party; resigned following a vote of censure over military supplies.Robert Gascoyne-Cecil,3rd Marquess of Salisbury(18301903)(1895-1902)Workmens Compensation Act 1897; Anglo-Zanzibar War; Second Boer War and Khaki election; Anglo-Japanese Alliance. Last Prime Minister to serve entirely from the House of Lords萨克森科堡-哥达王朝House of Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha 爱德华七世 King Edward VII 1901-1910 Labour Party became a major party after the election in 1906. Arthur Balfour(18481930) （1902-05）Had poor relations with Edward VII; his cabinet was split over free trade; establishment of the Committee of Imperial Defence; Entente Cordiale; Education Act 1902; Taff Vale case.Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman(18361908)（1905-08）Restored autonomy to Transvaal and the Orange Free State; Anglo-Russian Entente; first Prime Minister to be referred to as such in Parliamentary legislation.Herbert Henry Asquith(18521928)（1908-15）Hung Parliaments. Liberal Welfare Reforms; Peoples Budget; Old Age Pensions Act 1908 and National Insurance Act 1911; Parliament Act 1911; Suffragettes and the Cat and Mouse Act; Home Rule Act 1914; World War I; Easter Rising.乔治五世 King George VDavid Lloyd George(18631945)（1916-22）Welsh-speaking: only Prime Minister whose mother tongue was not English. End of World War I; Paris Peace Conference; attempted to extend conscription to Ireland during the First World War; Chanak Crisis.Andrew Bonar Law(18581923)（1922-23）Canadian-born: only Prime Minister born outside the British Isles. Became Prime Minister following Conservative backbenchers decision at the Carlton Club meeting to withdraw from the Lloyd George Coalition. Resigned due to ill health; died six months after leaving office.Stanley Baldwin(18671947)（1923-24）Called a general election to gain a mandate for protectionist tariffs but failed to gain a majority; resigned after losing a vote of confidence.Ramsay MacDonald(18661937)（1924-24）Hung Parliament; minority government reliant on Liberal support. First Labour Prime Minister; did not have a majority so could not introduce radical legislation; settled reparations with Germany following World War I; Zinoviev letter.Stanley Baldwin(18671947)（1924-29）Treaty of Locarno; signatory of the Kellogg-Briand Pact; Pensions Act; enfranchisement of women over 21; UK General Strike of 1926.Ramsay MacDonald(18661937)（1929-35）The Labour Government split on measures to resolve a budget crisis; MacDonald resigned, but was reappointed at the head of a National Government with the support of the Conservative and Liberal parties. He was subsequently expelled from the Labour Party; the National Government fought and won the election on the basis of a Doctors Mandate. Ottawa Conference supports protectionism, after which the free trade Ministers (Liberal and Viscount Snowden) resign.Stanley Baldwin(18671947)（1935-37）Edward VIII abdication crisis; started rearmament but later criticised for failing to rearm more when Adolf Hitler broke Germanys Treaty of Versailles obligations.温莎王朝（1910年至今） The Windsor维多利亚女王去世后，其子爱德华七世登位。他以其父艾伯特在德国的封地萨克森科堡与哥达为王室名称。第一次世界大战爆发后，英国朝野反对德国，情绪激昂，迫使英王乔治五世宣布以行宫所在地温莎作为国王家族新名。温莎王朝已有五位君王：爱德华七世、乔治五世，爱德华八世，乔治六世及现在的女王伊丽莎白二世。乔治五世 King George V1910-1936The Parliament Act was passed in 1911, establishing the Commons as the supreme legislative body. The First World War, 1914-1918爱德华八世 King Edwa