专题八 主谓一致.doc

专题八 主谓一致、情态动词考点分析与突破主谓一致考点概要分析主谓一致是中学英语的一项重要语法内容, 也是学习难点和高考考点之一。在英语中，句子的主语与谓语动词要保持人称和数上的一致，这种现象叫主谓一致。主谓一致的关系可表现为三种形式或原则，即语法一致原则；意义一致原则和就近原则。主谓一致一般不是高考主要考查的知识点，但会作为附属的考点出现。这种知识的交叉性加大了考查语法知识的力度，更能考查考生综合运用语法知识的能力。下表呈现了湖北高考近年来对主谓一致的考查内容:年份考 点2008and连接不同名词作主语，谓语动词用复数形式2009times作主语时的主谓一致2013together with连接两个名词作主语时的主谓一致高考真题展示1. （2008）At present, lots of food, water, tents and medicine (正在运往) from all over China and other parts of the world to the earthquake-stricken areas in Sichuan. （transport）目前，大量的食物、水、帐篷和药品正从全中国和世界其他地区运往四川地震灾区。2. （2009）If times (变了)，have our ways of thinking changed too? (change)如果时代变了，我们的思考方式也会改变吗？3. （2013）The chief engineer together with his colleagues_ new scientific methods of farming since five years ago. (look)五年以来，总工程师和他的同事们一起一直在寻找新的科学农耕方法。考点知识扫描历届高考英语试题对主谓一致的考查着重于以下内容：热点清单1. 语法一致原则2. 意义一致原则3. 就近原则考点1. 语法一致原则语法一致原则是指主语中名词、代词的单复数形式决定谓语的单复数形式。句中作主语的词若是单数形式，谓语动词则用单数形式；若主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。常见规则如下：1. 单数可数名词以及不可数名词、动名词、动词不定式、从句等作主语时，谓语通常用单数。Reading aloud is very important in learning English. 大声朗读对于英语学习非常重要。Nodding ones head means agreement. 点头表示同意。What they said is true. 他们说的是真的。2. 主语中有and 连接主语时，谓语动词多用复数。但如果主语表示抽象整体概念或表示一个单一的概念时，谓语动词则要用单数。常见的由and 连接两个名词指一个概念的形式有： the needle and thread (针线) ，the fork and knife（刀叉），soap and water（肥皂水），iron and steel （钢铁），bread and butter（涂有奶油的面包）等。Mary and Catherine are close friends. 玛丽和凯瑟琳是亲密的朋友。Bread and butter is served for breakfast in this hotel. 这家旅馆提供黄油面包作为早餐。注意：用and连接的两个名词若被 no，each，every，many a 修饰做主语时，谓语用单数。有时可将第二个every / each / no省略。Each man and (each) woman has a chance to be raised in our company. 在我们公司，每个男女都有提升的机会。No boy and (no) girl doesnt go to school at the age of six in this village because of the Hope Project. 由于希望工程，这个村所有6岁的男孩女孩都能去读书。3. as well as, rather than, including, like, with, together with, along with, but, except, besides, including, no less than等连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语与最前面的主语保持一致。The teacher together with the students is discussing Reading Skills that was newly published in America. 老师和学生们都在讨论美国新出版的“阅读技巧”。 The father as well as his three children goes skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. 冬天，父亲和他的三个孩子每周日下午都去结冰的河上滑冰。 4. “either / neither / each / every / no + 单数名词”以及由some, any, no, every与one, body, thing构成的复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Neither book is interesting to me. 在我看来，这两本书都没什么趣味。Someone has come to see you. 有人来看你。5. 由“a lot of / lots of / plenty of / the rest of / a large quantity of +名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语后面名词的数而定。As a result of destroying the forests, a large quantity of desert has covered the land. 由于森林被大量破坏导致沙漠覆盖了地面。About three-fourths of the earths surface is covered with water. 地球四分之三的表面被水覆盖着。 注意： “quantities of / amounts of +不可数名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词均用复数形式。The lake smells terrible because large quantities of water have been polluted. 这个湖非常难闻，因为有大量的水已被污染。6. 在“one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”中，复数名词为先行词。当关系代词作主语引导定语从句时，定语从句谓语动词用复数形式；在“the only one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，the only one是先行词，定语从句谓语动词用单数形式。He was one of the boys who were praised. 他是受表扬的男孩之一。 He was the only one of the boys who was praised. 他是男孩中唯一受到表扬的。 即时巩固1. To get up early and to go to bed early your health. (good)早睡早起对你健康有益。2. All the employers except the manager online at home. (encourage)除了经理所有的雇员都被鼓励在家上网工作。3. E-mail, as well as telephone, in daily communication now. (play)电子邮件和电话一样，正在日常交际中扮演重要角色。4. When and where to go for the on-salary holiday yet. (decide)什么时候去什么地方带薪度假还没有决定。考点2. 意义一致原则意义一致原则就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致。这是因为有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数。主要有以下几种情况：1. 当表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor. 一百美元对于穷人来说是一大笔钱。Two kilometers is a long way to go on foot. 步行两千米是一段很长的路程。 2. 当 “ the + 形容词（或过去分词）” 指一类人当作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。常用词有rich，poor，living，dead，young，old，blind，sick，wounded，aged，disabled等。What a life the poor were living! 穷人们过着多么贫穷的生活！The wounded have been sent to hospital. 伤者已被送往医院。注意：如果该形容词指抽象概念，谓语动词则用单数形式。 The true is to be distinguished from the false. 真假必须辨明。The unexpected has happened. 出乎意料的事发生了。3. 以-ics结尾的学科名词，如mathematics，politics，physics，economics以及news等，作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 Mathematics is my favourite subject. 数学是我最喜欢的科目。4. 复数名词用作书、电影、戏剧、报刊、国家等名称时，谓语动词用单数。The Arabian Nights is a very interesting book.天方夜谭是一本很有趣的书。The United States is a developed country. 美国是发达国家。5. equipment，furniture，clothing，luggage，advice，information等不可数集合名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数；但army, committee, team, family, group, government, class, population, audience, public等集合名词作主语时，若强调名词的整体概念，则谓语用单数形式；若强调名词的个体组成部分，则谓语动词用复数形式。 His family isnt very large. 他的家庭不算很大。His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。6. trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors, spectacles, pants等名词没有单数形式，作主语时，谓语只能用复数，但如果这些名词前有a（the）pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数；而有的名词则是单、复数形式相同，如 sheep，deer，aircraft，means等，作主语时，就必须根据意思来确定其谓语的单、复数形式。 My glasses are broken. 我的眼镜坏了。A pair of glasses costs quite a lot now. 现今一副眼镜费用挺高。Every possible means has been used to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. 用尽了所有方法阻止大气污染，天空却依然不晴朗。7. 含有算术运算的句子中，谓语多用单数，也可用复数。Eight plus four is / are twelve. 8加4等于12。即时巩固1. Its 7 oclock now. The whole family the evening news. (watch) 现在七点了。全家人正在看晚间新闻。2. All possible means , but we cant persuade him to change his mind. (try)所有方法都已用尽，但仍不能说服他改变主意。3. With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth each year. (wash)随着更多的森林正被破坏，每年都有大量的沃土在流失。4. So far a series of problems by this decision. (bring)截至目前，此决定已引起一系列问题。考点3. 就近原则就近原则也叫临近原则，即谓语动词的数与最靠近它的那部分主语一致。一般用于下列常见结构之中：1由or，either.or，neither.nor，not only.but also，not.but等连接多个主语，其谓语与其相邻的那个主语的数保持一致。2 在there be句型中，如果主语不只一个，谓语通常和邻近的（即第一个）主语保持一致。There is a dictionary and some magazines on the desk. 书桌上有一本字典和许多杂志。即时巩固1. Not only I but also Jane and Mary having one examination after another. (tired)不仅我还有简和玛丽都厌倦了一场考试接着一场考试。2. Not you but your father . (blame)不是你，而是你父亲该受责备。情态动词考点概要分析从近5年湖北高考英语试卷对情态动词的考查来看，涉及的考点主要句括下面这些内容：第一是常用情态动词的基本用法，比如must, have to, should, may, can 等情态动词的用法。第二是“情态动词 + 完成式”表示对过去动作或情况的判断、推测的用法，考查的要点包括对情态动词的选择，谓语动词的完成式，动词与介词或名词的搭配等，这是湖北考查情态动词用法的命题热点。预计今后情态动词表示判断、推测的用法仍将是考查的重点和难点。第三是将情态动词置于虚拟语气中的用法。在对情态动词考查的同时也涉及对动词短语、动词的语态等相关知识的考查。因此备考时应掌握每个情态动词的用法特征；注意利用语境判断情态动词的选用以及后面动词的形式。下表呈现了湖北高考近年来对情态动词的考查内容:年份考 点2007考查should (ought to/must)的用法2010考查cant/ couldnt have done的用法2013考查would/could have played的用法1. (2007) He believes that children (应允许学习) at their own pace. (allow)他认为应允许孩子们用自己的节奏学习。2. ( 2010 ) Its said that they have swum to the island from the continent, but they （不可能做到）because the ocean in between is too wide. (do)据说他们是从大陆游到岛屿上的，但他们不可能做到，因为中间相隔的海洋太宽了。3. (2013) Most believe he for England last week, but for a serious injury which put him out of football. (play)多数人认为，要不是受了重伤而告别足球，上周他本会为英格兰踢球的。考点知识扫描热点清单1. 考查”情态动词 + have done”结构的用法2. 考查固定句型：cant / couldnt.too考点1. 考查 “情态动词 + have done” 结构的用法表推测时，用must表示非常肯定，用may / might（用于肯定句）或can / could（用于否定句、疑问句）表示可能，用should表示根据事实或常理作出的较有把握的推测；后面加动词原形表示对现在情况做出的推测，加be doing表示对正在进行的事情进行推测，加have done表示对过去情况做出的推测。“could / might / should / would + 动词原形 / be + v.-ing / have + 过去分词”还可表虚拟语气。情态动词的完成式含义may / might (not) have done sth.表示对过去情况的肯定（否定）推测，“可能（没）做过某事”must have done sth.表示对过去情况的一种肯定推测，“一定已做某事”can have done sth.表示相对于现在可能已做某事，用于疑问句cant / couldnt have done sth.表示对过去情况的否定推测，“不可能做过某事”could have done sth.表示（过去）能够做某事却没有做should / ought to have done sth.表示（过去）本该做某事却没有做shouldnt/oughtnt have done sth.表示（过去）本来不应该做某事但实际上却做了neednt have done sth.表示（过去）没有必要做某事但实际上却做了I saw him just now. He cant have gone to Beijing. 刚才我还见过他，他不可能去了北京。You couldnt have seen the play last week. 上周你不可能看了这部戏。You must have seen the play last week. 上周你一定看了这部戏。He must have waited here for a long time. 他一定在这儿等了很长时间。They may have finished the work. 他们也许已完成了工作。He cant have written this letter because it is German and he doesnt know German. 这封信不可能是他写的，因为这是用德语写的，而他不懂德语。考点2. 考查固定句型cant / couldnt.toocant / couldnt.too加形容词或副词的原级表示最高级的含义。常用的表达方式还有：cant / couldnt.enough.，cant / couldnt.比较级.，cant / couldnt.so / such.(as)等。如：I couldnt agree more.（我非常赞同）。即时巩固1. （2013湖北八市）As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally. (dress)其结果不过是一个小型的家庭聚会，我们本不必要穿得如此正式的。2. （2013武汉市部分中学起点联考）After graduating from university, he in Wuhan, but he chose to teach in a school of a mountain village. （work）大学毕业后，他本可以在武汉工作，但他选择了在一所山村学校教书。3. （2013襄阳五中2月统考）When you are taking the entrance examination, you . (careful)当你参加入学考试时，再仔细都不为过。4. （2013荆州中学质量检查）He taught us during the lunch breaks and the evenings when he . (asleep)他在午餐后的休息时间及晚上本该睡觉的时间教我们学习。能力强化训练1. The League secretary and monitor a speech at the meeting held yesterday. (ask