阅读技巧之一 猜词技巧.doc

常用的两种猜词策略结构法：通过单词本身的构词方法来推敲词义；语境法：通过单词所在句子及其上下文，借助语法、逻辑关系猜测含义。一 解析构词方法英语单词构词法的核心部分，在于词根，词的意义主要是由组成单词的词根体现出来的。词根可以单独构成词，也可以彼此组合成词，通过前缀后缀来改变单词的词性和意义。也就是说，单词一般由三部分组成：词根、前缀和后缀。词根决定单词意思，前缀改变单词词义，后缀决定单词词性。1. 词根：是英语单词的“根基”，也称“字根”。了解并掌握英文词根含义，将直接帮助我们进行有效推断，把握单词的含义。例1： cent来自拉丁文centum，意为hundred，百。以cent为词根的单词含义大都与“百”相关，如 Centenary 百年的；百年纪念。其中en即为“年” Centimeter厘米（一米的百分之一） Centipede 蜈蚣（一百只脚），ped意为“脚” Century 百年，一世纪 Percent 百分数（每一百） Norm=rule “规则，标准” normal, normally, subnormal scribe, script= to write “写” scribe, scribble, describe Mand, mend= to order, to entrust “命令，委托” command, demand, recommend2.派生法： 通过在词根上加前缀或后缀而构成单词。 （与中文构词法有相似之处： 跑 跳 踢 蹬 踹 / 扎 扑 扒 打 扔 托） 例1： acentric 无中心的 （a，不、无、非+ centric中心的） 例2： synchronize 同时发生 （syn 共同+chron时间+ize使动时间相同同时发生） 例3： abduct 诱拐（ab相反，离去+duct引导引走诱拐） 例4： antipathy反感（anti反对+pathy感情） 例5： inaudible 听不见的 （in不+audi听+ible能够）3.合成法：把两个或者两个以上的词组合成一个新词。 （中文：足球，验血，游泳池，候车室） 例： basket + ball=basketball Loud + speaker= loudspeaker World + famous=world-famous House + work=housework4.转换法：将一种词性换为另一种词性从而构成新词的方法。 （古汉语：使动，意动，名词作动词，动词作名词） 例： Its very cold outside; button your coat. (n.- v.) Please correct my pronunciation if I go wrong. (adj. - v.) Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. (adj-n./adj-v.) 有时，单词词性发生转化时词义也会发生一些变化。在猜测词义时，要在其根本词义基础上进行适当引申。 例： He was about the same build as his brother. (体型) Who chaired the meeting? (主持)5. 截短法： 是将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法，主要有掐头、去尾、掐头去尾等形式构成新词。 例1： telephone- phone; aero plane-plane Advertisement-ad; mathematics-math Influenza-flu; refrigerator-fridge6. 混合法：将两个词混合或者各取一部分紧缩而成一个新单词，前半部分表示属性，后半部分表示实体。例：smoke and fog: smog 烟雾 Medical care: Medicare医疗保险 Psychological warfare: psywar 心理战7. 缩写法 把几个单词的首字母缩写在一起。 例： TV = television电视 FBI = the Federal Bureau of Investigation 联邦调查局 VIP = very important person重要人物 UFO= unidentified flying object不明飞行物 radar= radio direction and ranging (无线电定向与测距)雷达二 借助语境猜词1.定义解释： 根据上下文中生词的定义猜测词义时进行阅读时最直接的一种猜词方法。定义可以通过信号词（is, that is, means, is defined, refers to, in other words, or, as）、标点符号（破折号、小括号、逗号、分号）或者语法（定语从句、同位语从句等）等进行提示。例：Trademark refers to a brand that has been given legal protection. In some countries where there is very little rain, the farmers have to irrigate, or water, their fields. Though I like steak rare, I dont like it raw; I cant eat it uncooked. The major fault in your composition is redundancy, using more words than necessary to express your idea.2. 对比和比较：比较，是指对两种或者两种以上同类的事物辨别异同； 对比，把互相矛盾对立的事物放在一起相互比较。 通过对比和比较的关系猜词就是我们在阅读理解中，通过对照上下文的意思，比较文章所提供的各类信息来猜测词义。 信号词：and, like, as if, whereas, but, yet, while, although, despite, in spite of, however, instead, rather than, on the contrary, in contrast, in the other hand 例：There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree with him. There was disagreement instead of consensus about the committees report. Jane was talking with others while Eliza remained reticent all the time.3. 逻辑关系：举例，因果，程度等逻辑关系有时也是猜测词义的有效线索。 信号词：for example, such as, because, thus, as a result, therefore 例： After a day of hunting, Harold is ravenous. Yesterday, for example, he ate two bowls of soup, salad, a large chicken, and a piece of chocolate cake before he was finally satisfied. (用例子来证明什么是ravenous，即“贪婪的，贪吃的，饿极的”) Robin is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. (从罗宾从不征求他人的意见的解释可以推测 autocratic大致是“独裁的，专制的”) Ann was so obtuse that she could not follow the teachers reasoning and asked foolish questions. (sothat句式给我们提示Ann做事到了何种程度，根据下文可以分析obtuse大致意为“迟钝的，愚钝的”)4. 背景知识：在阅读的过程中，如遇到生词，除了运用以上所介绍的猜词方法外，我们有时需要综合理解文章和背景，根据自身的经验，并结合常识来推测分析。比如当阅读材料涉及一些国家的天文地理，风俗习惯，宗教信仰，政治结构，社会制度等时，如果平常有所了解，那么也就不难猜出其中之意了。 例： The man thought that the children were defenseless, so he walked boldly up to the oldest and demanded money. Imagine his surprise when they began to pelt him with rocks.（这个孩子被认为是defenseless,然而当他大胆地去要钱时，结果却令他吃惊。因此可以推断出，结果与毫无防卫能力恰恰相。同时下文还有用石头pelt,可以联系上文分析，推测出pelt的意思大致是用石头打、扔之类。孩子不仅不是defenseless，相反，能够保护自己，甚至攻击别人。） In old days, when girls from rich families were married to their husbands, they expected to bring with themselves a large quantity of dowry. (通过常识，我们可以推断出，dowry是嫁妆)ExciseThe lorry had been ordered to arrive at the rest-house at seven-thirty for loading, and by eight-thirty we thought we should be well on the road. It was very apparent that we were new to Africa. At ten oclock we were pacing round and round our mountain of luggage on the veranda, cursing and fuming impatiently, scanning the road for the truant lorry. At eleven oclock a cloud of dust appeared on the horizon and in its midst, like a beetle in a whirlwind, was the lorry. It screeched to a halt below, and the driver dismounted.1. pacing means_a running b walking impatiently c counting our steps d sitting2. Scanning means_a walking along b standing beside c blaming d looking at every part of3. Truant means_a t