Unit 2 A History of the United Kingdom.doc

Teaching Plan Instructor: Cui LuoqiangTeaching content: Unit 2 A Brief Introduction of the United Kingdom IITeaching period : 2Teaching Amis:a. to help students be familiar with the history of the United Kingdomb. to help students have a command of the basic vocabulary and useful expression;c. to help students improve their speaking competence on the history of the United Kingdom.Difficult points :a. The earliest settlers of the UK b. The different invasions by the foreigners to the UKKey points:a. The dynasties of the United Kingdom;b. The significance of Norman conquestTeaching Allotment :Period 1 :ReviewWarm-upPrehistorical BritainsEarliest settlersGiants CausewayRoman BritainPeriod 2:1. Anglo-Saxon invasion2. Viking invasion3. Norman conquest Teaching Procedure : Period 1 :ReviewT will lead the Ss to recall what theyve learned in the first class by asking them three questions :1. Whats the national anthem of the UK ?2. Where is the UK?3. Whats the landform of the UK?Warm-up :T will show some pictures of dfferernt periods of the UK , and let them guess the time of the picture.Prehistorical Britains : Prehistoric Britain was a period in the human occupation of Great Britain that extended throughout prehistory, ending with the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43. Britain has been inhabited by Homo sapiens for tens of thousands of years. During the last Ice Age (around 6000 BC) Britain was cut off from the rest of Europe. By around 4000 BC, this new island was populated by Neolithic(新石器时代的)nomads . However, none of the pre-Roman inhabitants of Britain had any written language, so their history, culture and way of life are known only through archaeological finds.Earliest Settlers (1) - The iberians The earliest settlers on the British Isles They came from the Iberian Peninsula between 3,000 and 2,000 B.C. They were dark-haired people. They raised themselves from savagery onto the first steps of the civilized life. They were users of flint. They learnt to tame the dog, the sheep, the goat, the ox and the pig, and adopted the use of bronze and began farming. They were nomadic Stone Age hunters, Their social system was a tribal society. They left no written records The only relics which gave evidence of their existence were stone monuments, the biggest of which was the Stonehenge, built by the Iberians on the Salisbury Plain about 3,500 years ago. Then T will show Ss a video of stonehenge building.Earliest Settlers (2) The Celts From 700 B.C. Celts came in several successive waves from the Upper Rhineland and began to inhabit British Isles. The fair-haired Celts imposed themselves as an aristocracy on the conquered tribes of Iberians throughout Britain and Ireland. So these people found refuge in the mountains to the north and west. At least two big waves of Celtic invasion can be distinguished: first the Gaels or Goidels, still found in Ireland and Scotland, came over as early as 600 B.C.; secondly the Cymric（威尔士的赛尔特语 ） and Brythons(布立吞人), still found in Wales, come over before 300 B.C. From the Brythons came the English name for Britain. In the end all the races mixed in blood by intermarriage. The Celts, like the Iberians before them, remained tribesmen or clansmen. They knew hunting, herding, weaving, bee keeping and the cultivation of wheat, oats and barley. There was no union among the tribes, and wars were frequent.Giants causeway (巨人之路) (1)The 8th Natural Wonder of the World (suburb of Belfast)Sixty million years ago Roman Britain Roman Britain refers to those parts of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and 410. The Romans referred to their province as Britannia. Prior to the Roman invasion, Iron Age Britain already had cultural and economic links with Continental Europe, but the invaders introduced new developments in agriculture, urbanization, industry and architecture, leaving a legacy that is still apparent today.Britannia:A province of Roman Empire Long time of communication between British Isles and the Continent. Julius Caesars two invasion of Britain in 55 and 54 BC. The conquest of Gaul and the punishment of Britain supposed to help Gaul during the war. Caesars contact was temporary. No permanent occupation. Emperor Claudius I invaded Britain in force in AD 43: A difficult job. Two decades laterthe Romans had captured Anglesey, headquarters of the feared Druids,put down the revolt of Boudicca, queen of the Iceni.won the Battle of Mons Graupius, somewhere in Scotland, but the northern tribes proved hard to subdue. In 123, Hadrians Wall, stretching 117 km from Solway Firth to the Tyne River, became the northern frontier.Hadrians WallKing Hadrian (AD76138)Period: AD 122-130Length: 117 kmWidth: 3mHeight: 5 to 6 mDefense: Physical frontierUNESCO: World Heritage Site (1987) Britain was a military outpost, taking 1/10 of the Roman army to hold it. Several towns attained a degree of Roman urban civilization, baths and amphitheaters, as well as people who spoke Latin and wore togas. Numerous villasvast estates worked by slaves and featuring sumptuous noble dwellingswere also established. Beyond these, the countryside remained Celtic. The 3d and 4th centuries witnessed the decline of the Roman Empire. In 410 Rome abandoned Britain. After nearly four centuries of occupation, it left little that was permanent, yeta network of roads, still in use for 1400 years;a number of towns: London, York, and others bearing suffix cester (Leicester, Worcester);Christianity;water and sewage systems.Period 2 ：Anglo-Saxon Invasionn People：The ethnically and linguistically related peoples living in the south and east of the island of Great Britainn Time: From around the early 5th century AD to the Norman conquest of 1066. n Language: closely related Germanic dialects.n Ethnical groups: Identified by Bede as the descendants of three powerful Germanic tribes, the Angles and the Saxons from todays northern Germany, and the Jutes from todays Denmark.Angles, Saxons and Jutes from the ContinentHeptarchy (Seven Kingdoms) (600800)n Christianization of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom began around 600 and was essentially complete in the mid 8th century. n Throughout the 7th and 8th centuries, power exchanged between the larger kingdoms. n Bede records Aethelbert of Kent as being dominant at the close of the 6th century, but power seems to have shifted northwards to the kingdom of Northumbria. n The so-called Mercian Supremacy dominated the 8th century, though again it was not constant. n The word Heptarchy arose on the basis that the seven kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, Kent, East Anglia, Essex, Sussex and Wessex were the main polities of south Britain. Heptarchy (600800)1. Northumberland 2. Mercia 3. East Anglia4. Essex5. Wessex6. Kent7. Sussex中国战国七雄：秦齐楚燕韩赵魏Viking Invasion (8001066)n In the 9th century, the Viking challenge grew to serious proportions. Alfred the Greats victory at Edington in 878 brought intermittent peace, but the Norsemen with the foundation of Jorvik gained a permanent foothold in Britain.n An important development of the 9th century was the rise of the Kingdom of Wessex, and by the end of his reign Alfred was recognized as overlord by several southern kingdoms. thelstan was the first king to achieve direct rulership of what is considered “England.”n Near the end of the 10th century, there was renewed Scandinavian interest in England, with the conquests of Sweyn of Denmark. Viking Invasion: The RouteNomadic tribes: yurtNorman ConquestIntroduction ：n The Norman conquest of England began in 1066 AD with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy), and his success at the Battle of Hastings resulted in Norman control of England.n The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history for several reasons:1. This conquest linked England more closely with continental Europe through the introduction of a Norman aristocracy, thereby lessening Scandinavian influence. 2. It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe and engendered a sophisticated governmental system. 3. The conquest changed the English language and culture and set the stage for a rivalry with France that would continue intermittently until the 20th century.Normandy: Compositionn Normandy (French: Normandie) 1. Basse-Normandie2. Haute-Normandie3. The Channel Islands a. Guernsey b. JerseyNorman Conquest: the causen What was happening in England?n Viking attacks resumed in the late 10th century, and in 991 the King of England Aethelred II agreed to marry Emma, the daughter of the Duke of Normandy, to cement a blood-tie alliance for help against the raiders.n When King Edward (son of Aethelred II ) died in 1066 with no child, and thus no direct heir to the throne, a power vacuum arose in which several competing interests laid claim to the throne of England.n One was Harald III of Norway. Another claimant was William, Duke of Normandy because of his blood ties to Aethelrad through Aethelreds wife Emma. A third was the Earl of Wessex Harold Godwinson who had been elected king by the Witenagemot of England.Power vacuum after King Edward IIPower vacuum after King Edward II(daughter of Duke of Normandy)Son (No heir)Preparation for the conquestn William had assembled an invasion fleet of approximately 600 ships and an army of 7,000 men.n William had recruited soldiers from all of northern France, the Low Countries and Germany.n Many soldiers in his army were second- and third-born sons who had little or no inheritance under the laws of primogeniture (praimdenit 长子身份).n William promised that if they brought their own horse, armour, and weapons to join him, they would be rewarded with lands and titles in the new realm.n William also gathered over 2,000 horses, transported across the channel in specially adapted horse transports.Crossing and LandingWilliam gathered his ships at Saint-Valery-sur-Sommeready to cross by 12 Augustdelayed by unfavourable weather landing at Pevensey in Sussex on 28 September, assembled a prefabricated wooden castle near HastingsA crucial delay:Just a few days after Harolds victory over the NorwegiansBad weather had done William a great favor:Had William landed in August as originally planned, Harold would have been waiting with a fresh and numerically superior force. Hasting Battlen Rushing south at the news of Williams landing, Harold paused briefly at London to gather more troops, then advanced to meet William.n They fought at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October. It was a close battle at first, but in the final hours Williams superiority in cavalry and archers proved decisive.n Harold was killed, along with his brothers Earl Gyrth and Earl Leofwine, and the English army fled.Occupation of Londonn William expected to receive the submission of the surviving English leaders, n Edgar Atheling was proclaimed king by the Witenagemot, with the support of Earls Edwin and Morcar, Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Aldred, Archbishop of York. n William, who had received reinforcements from across the English Channel, therefore advanced, marching through Kent to London.n He was unable to storm London Bridge and therefore sought to reach the capital by a more circuitous route.n He marched west to link up with another Norman force near Dorking, Surrey. The combined armies then moved up the Thames valley to cross the river at Wallingford, Oxfordshire. While there, he received the submission of Stigand. n William then travelled northeast along the Chilterns, before advancing towards London from the northwest. n Having failed to muster an effective military response, Edgars leading supporters lost their nerve, and the English leaders surrendered to William at Berkhamstead. n William was acclaimed King of England and crowned by Aldred on December 25, 1066, in Westminster Abbey.Control of Englandn Soldiers rewarded: The Normans received from William lands and titles in return for their service in the invasion.n All land was the kings: William claimed ultimate possession of virtually all the land in England and asserted the right to dispose of it as he saw fit.n Land confiscation: William confiscated the lands of all English lords who had fought and died with Harold and redistributed most of them to his Norman supporters.n These initial confiscations led to revolts, which resulted in more confiscations, in a cycle that continued virtually unbroken for five years after the Battle of Hastings.n Fort and castle building: To put down and prevent further rebellions, the Normans constructed a variety of forts and castles on an unprecedented scale.n Heir designation: If an English landholder died without issue, the King could designate the heir, and often chose a successor from Normandy.n Inheritance control: William and his barons also exercised tighter control over inheritance of property by widows and daughters, often forcing marriages to Normans.n No English in upper society: The Normans displaced the native aristocracy and took control of the upper ranks of society. By 1086, French names predominated even at the lower levels of the aristocracy.Kings of House of Norman, Anjou, Plantagenet King John and the Greater Chartern King John succeeded his nephew Richard I in 1199.1)Defeated in a war with France and lost Normandy in 1204.Demanded more feudal taxes and army service to revenge himself on France.2)The lords became angry, marched to London and forced him to sign a long document on June 17th, 1215. The document is known as the Great Charter. 3)torn up the Great Charter with the help of Pope.War broke out and finally John lost the war and died in 1216.n The Great Charter had three sets of provisions:1)that the king was not to exact extra payments from the feudal vassals (towns) without their consent;2)that laws were not to be modified by the arbitrary action of the king;3)that should the king attempt to free himself from law, the vassals had the right to force him to obey law, by civil war or otherwise.n Significances of the Great Charter1)Made in the interests of the feudal lords2)Granted to the townspeople freedom of trade and self-government.3)Political rise of merchants and craftsmen for the first timeBirth of Parliamentn Henry III (reign 1216-1272) was crowned at the age of 9. He hoped that he could defeat the lords and their Charter with the help of the Pope: (advisers, church post)n Rebellion broke out with Simon V de Montfort (6th Earl of Leicester) as the leader. n The lords forced the king to dismiss his foreign advisers and to accept their own council of advisers, instead.de Montforts new council took control of the treasury and all state officials, and then settled down to work their reforms.Simon called a parliament in 1265 after a battle in which Henry III was defeated and taken prisoner.In addition to the older group, there were two knights from each shire and two citizens from each town. It was known as the “All Estates Parliament (各级议会).”n Edward I succeeded his father, Henry III, in 1272 n Conquered Wales and engaged in a long war with Scotlandn In constant need of money. n In 1295, he summoned the “All Estates Parliament”more than 400 members in all. As that Parliament was followed as a model, it became known in history as the “Model Parliament (模范议会).”n Edward II succeeded his father in 1307 n A weak and lazy kingn Left the work of government to his household favoritesn A party of lords formed against him.n Parliament made a plan to demand the public appointment of all state officials.n Parliament forced Edward II to hand over the crown to his son in 1327Significances of Norman ConquestEstablishment of Feudalismn Feudal Hierarchy:n The king was the sole and ultimate owner of all land, which he gave to nobles and the Church in return for military and other services. n The vassals could subdivide their fiefs into smaller fiefs and bestow them upon their own followers. n The king was the lord to his vassals, who in turn were lords to their knights.n Thus a new and more elaborate hierarchy of nobility came into being.n Centralization of powern The king required not only his vassals but also the vassals of his vassals to take an oath that they would be faithful to him against all other men. n duke, marquis, viscount, earl, baronn 公爵,侯爵,伯爵,子爵,男爵Law reform and establishment of parliament n Before the arrival of Normans, Anglo-Saxon England had one of the most sophisticated governmental systems in Western Europe.n All of England had been divided into administrative units called shires of roughly uniform size and shape, which were run by officials known as “shire reeve” or “sheriff”. n The shires tended to be somewhat autonomous and lacked coordinated control. n This sophisticated form of government was handed over to the Normans and grew even stronger.n The Normans centralised the autonomous shire system.n The Domesday Book exemplifies the practical codification which enabled Norman assimilation of conquered territories through central control of a census.Language (1)n 牛的肉是“牛肉”，猪的肉就是“猪肉” n Old English Anglo-Normanpigpork (porc)oxbeef (boeuf)deervenison(venison)calf veal (veal)she