专业英语 Unit1 My Computer.doc

Unit 1 My Computer（35）Section A Computer Overview一、课文讲解 overview n. 纵览,总的看法give a broad overview of the present situation对当前形势作全面纵览 review 复习功课,写评论review the situation观察形势review last weeks lessons复习上周的功课review the past回顾过去review for a magazine为一本杂志写评论 viewpoint n.观点1. 动词-名词的转化计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数值数据进行计算或者对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。 电子设备- an electronic device 一套指令- receive a set of instructions 执行-perform/carry out 对数值数据进行运算-performing calculations on numerical data 对其他形式的信息进行处理manipulating other forms of informationmanipulate v.操作，处理 handle deal with operate workA computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information.2. except for-翻译The modern world of high technology could not have come about except for the development of the computer. come about-发生,产生How did it come about?那事是怎么发生的? come and go-来来去去；变来变去；转瞬消失 how come-怎么 except for-除.之外, 只是 except that-除了, 只是I would come except it rains. 翻译：要是不下雨, 我就来。翻译：如果没有计算机的发展，现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。3.使用名词短语- find usesDifferent types and sizes of computer find uses throughout society in the storage and handling of data, from secret governmental files to banking transactions to private household accounts. throughout society-在整个社会 find uses in the storage and handling of data 在数据的存储和处理中很有用处。 from.to.to banking transaction-银行交易transacton-交易，业务cash transaction-现金交易credit transaction-赊购交易agency transaction-委托交易commodity kE5mCditi transaction-商品交易 private household accounts-私人家庭账目翻译：在整个社会，不同型号和不同大小的计算机被用于存储和处理各种数据，从政府保密文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。find great satisfaction in在.中得到很大满足find money for a plan为一项计划筹措经费find sb. guilty断定某人有罪find the cubic root of求.的立方根Water finds its own level.水往低处流。A bomb found him.炸弹打中了他。4.翻译-分析句子结构在几乎每一个研究和应用技术领域，从构建宇宙模型到产生明天的气象报告，计算机无不是必要的工具，并且它们的应用本身就开辟了人们推测的新领域。(field, area)翻译：They are essential tools in almost every field of research and applied technology, from constructing models of the universe to producing tomorrows weather reports, and their use has in itself opened up new areas of conjecture kEn5dVektFE . from.to construct models of the universe 构建宇宙模型 new areas of conjecture-推测的新领域conjecture-推测，猜测 (better improve)Goldbach conjecture-【数】哥德巴赫猜想form conjectures upon推想make conjectures upon推想found a conjecture on根据. 推测venture a conjecture猜猜看 in itself-本身, 实质上, 就其本身来说of itself-自行, 自然而然地by itself-单独地; 孤零地; 独立地; 自动地5.句型选择- make it available数据库服务和计算机网络使各种各样的信息源可供利用。 Database services-数据库服务 计算机网络- computer networks 各种各样的信息源-a great variety of information sources翻译：Database services and computer networks make available a great variety of information sources.6.名词翻译为动词: invasion /invadeThe same advanced techniques tek5ni:k also make possible invasions of personal and business privacy.翻译：同样的先进技术也使侵犯个人隐私和商业秘密成为可能。 词义选择：privacypersonal and business privacy-个人隐私和商业秘密privacy-隐私, 秘密private- private classroom:专用教室 - private affair leave 事假 invasions-侵害, 侵犯 invademake an invasion upon-侵入; 袭击7.插入语、修饰语语序The first adding machine, （a precursor pri(:)5kE:sE of the digital computer）, was devised in 1964 by the French scientist, mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal.翻译：第一台加法机，数字计算机的先驱，是1642年由法国哲学家、数学家兼科学家布莱斯帕斯卡(Blaise Pascal)设计的。 加法机-adding machine precursor-先驱pre-:在.之前+cursor:光标pre-echo-n. 1.前回声 2.预兆，预示pre-tax-adj.纳税前的prepare 设计-design/devise又如：The French inventor Joseph 5dVEuzif -Marie Jacquard dVE5kB:d, in designing an automatic loom, used thin,perforated wooden boards to control the weaving of complicated designs.翻译：法国发明家约瑟夫玛丽雅卡尔(Joseph-Marie Jacquard)，在设计自动织机时，使用了穿孔的薄木板来控制复杂图案(pattern,design)的编织。 an automatic loom-自动织机 loom-n.织布机, 织机 v.隐现, 迫近boom-n.繁荣, 隆隆声 v.发隆隆声, 兴隆, 大事宣传 commodity boom-商品繁荣consumption boom-消费高涨a boom town-一个繁荣的市镇 weave n.编法, 织法, 编织 vt.编织, 组合, 编排8. ing结构运用：The device employeed a series of ten-toothed wheels, each tooth representing 7ri:pri5zent a digit from 0 to 9. 翻译：这个装置使用了一系列有10个齿的轮子，每个齿代表从0到9的一个数字。 使用- use/employ/make use of 数字- digit/number/figure9. 定语从句翻译-翻译成定语Employing a system that passed punched cards over electrical contacts, he was able to compile statistical stE5tistikEl information for the 1890 United States census.翻译：通过使用一种将穿孔卡片从电触点上移过的系统，他得以为1890年的美国人口普查汇编统计信息。 punched cards-穿孔卡片 electrical contacts-电触点 census n.人口户口调普查 形势行车量, 国情等调查 (调查)统计的数字10.词汇学习 worked out the principles-提出了原理 put forward a better plan-提出更好的计划 conceive-构想出 -r n.构想者deceive-欺诈, 欺骗 -r n. receive-接收 -r n.11.词汇学习Many historians his5tC:riEn consider Babbage and his associate, （the mathematician Augusta C:5QstE Ada Byron）, the true pioneers of the modern digital computer.翻译：许多历史学家认为巴比奇(Babbage)及其合伙人，数学家奥古斯塔埃达拜伦(Augusta Ada Byron)，是现代数字计算机的真正先驱。 associate vt.使联合vi.交往, 结交n.合作人, 同事adj.副的 associate professor-副教授 deputy chairman vice presidentvice president of sales负责销售的副经理 side productside effect(药物等到的)副作用 pioneer拓荒者,先驱,创始人 -precursor12. 翻译增词；量词翻译It had an input stream in the form of a deck of punched cards, a store for saving data, a mill for arithmetic operations, and a printer that made a permanent record5rekC:d.翻译： 它有一个以一叠穿孔卡片的形式存在的输入流、一座储存数据的“仓库”、一个进行算术运算的“工厂”和一台产生永久纪录的打印机。 a deck of punched cards-一叠穿孔卡片deck n甲板；层面；一副纸牌a deck of cards 一副扑克（poker） mill n磨坊；面粉厂；工厂；工场；纺织厂a cotton mill 棉纺厂13.词汇学习Early models calculated by means of rotating shafts FB:ft and gears. 翻译：早期型号是靠转动的轴和齿轮来进行计算的。The car industrys always producing new models. 汽车业总是不断推出新型汽车 shaft-杆状，物轴 gear-齿轮链;汽车排档; 传动装置gear case齿轮箱a car with five gears一辆有五档的汽车party gear宴舞会的衣服gear down (使汽车)挂慢档, 减低速度gear to加以调节使适合gear up挂快档, 增加速度; 促进14. 长定语后置Numerical approximations of equations i5kweiFEn （too difficult to solve in any other way） were evaluated with such machines. 翻译：用任何其他方法都难以解答的方程，可以用这样的机器来求其数值近似解。 evaluate vt.评价, 估计, 求.的值v.评价 too.to 翻译：难以.15. 词汇学习Lord Kelvin built a mechanical tide predictor pri5diktE that was a specialized analogue computer. 翻译：开尔文勋爵制造了一台机械潮汐预报器，这实际上就是一台专用模拟计算机。 Lord Kelvin-开尔文勋爵 tide 潮水，潮汐The tide is down.潮退了。 predictor n.预言者, 预报器 specialized 专用的；专门的specific spi5sifik n.特效药, 细节adj.详细而精确的, 明确的, 特殊的specification n.详述, 规格, 说明书, 规范 7spesifi5keiFEn 16. 并列结构During World Wars I and II, mechanical and, later, electrical analogue computing systems were used as torpedo tC:5pi:dEu course predictors in submarines 5sQbmEri:n, sQbmE5ri:n and as bombsight controllers in aircraft. 翻译：第一次和第二次世界大战期间，机械模拟计算系统以及后来的电动模拟计算系统，被用作潜艇上的鱼雷航线预测器和飞机上的轰炸瞄准具的控制器。 torpedo n. (pl. torpedoes)鱼雷, 水雷, 爆破 course -课程；进程; 路线radio course in English英语广播讲座a course of x-ray treatment X光治疗疗程Our course was due north.我们的路线是向正北。 bombsight n.轰炸瞄准器 submarine n.潜水艇, 潜艇adj.水下的, 海底的 subset sub class subway subtitle 副题 subtle-狡猾的，微妙的，精细的 17. 词汇学习During World War II, a team of scientists and mathematicians,（ working at Bletchley Park, north of London,） created one of the first all-electronic digital computers: Colossus kE5lRsEs. 翻译：第二次世界大战期间，以伦敦北面的布莱切利公园为工作地点的一组科学家和数学家，制造了最早的全电子数字计算机之一：“巨人”。 colossus n.巨像, 巨人 Titan 5taitEn n.希神提坦,太阳神,巨人 titanic a巨人的, 力大无比的; 极其有力的taI5tAnIk18. 翻译：英文句子的拆分It was used by the team headed by Alan Turing tjJErIN , in the largely successful attempt to crack（摧毁，使断裂） German radio messages enciphered in5saifE in the Enigma i5nimE code.翻译：它被以艾伦图灵为首的小组用于破译德国用恩尼格码加密的无线电报，他们的尝试大部分是成功的。 head vt.作为.的首领, 朝向, 前进,a clear-headed person一个头脑清醒的人a cool-headed business man头脑冷静的实业家 crack vt.摧毁，使断裂; 解决难题, 揭露(秘密等)crack a garbled message 解明电文不清的来电 radio messages-无线电报 encipher vt. 把(电文)译成密码, 编码 the Enigma code-恩尼格码enigma i5nimE n.谜, 不可思议的东西19. 词汇学习This prototype 5prEutEtaip and later research were completed kEm5pli:t quietly and later overshadowed by the development of the Electronic Numerical Integrator 5intireitE And Computer (ENIAC) in 1945.翻译：这台原型机和后来的研究工作都是悄悄完成的，而且后来因1945年电子数字积分计算机（ENIAC）的研制而显得相形见绌。 overshadow-使.相形见绌, 超过He overshadowed all his comrades.他使所有同僚都黯然失色。 Integrator 5intireitE -积分仪器 integer 5intidVE -整数 微分- differential 7difE5renFEl 20.前缀over-词汇扩充ENIAC was granted a patent 5peitEnt, 5pAtEnt , which was overturned decades 5dekeid later, in 1973, when the machine was revealed to have incorporated principles first used in the Atanasoff-Berry Computer.ENIAC计算机被授予了专利。但是，数十年后，在1973年，当该机被揭露吸收了在阿塔纳索夫贝里计算机中首次使用的原理后，这项专利被废除。 grant vt. 同意, 准予take it for granted认为理所当然grant(ing) that .(=granted that .) 假定., 即使. patent-专利patient n.病人, 患者 adj.忍耐的, 耐心的 overturn v. 打翻; (使)翻过来; n. 垮台; 瓦解; 灭亡; 毁灭=overlook vt.俯瞰,远眺, 没注意到n.眺望, 俯瞰中的景色overuse vt.使用过度n.过度使用overshadow-v 使.相形见绌, 超过overview n.纵览 总的看法overhead adj.在头顶上的;an overhead bridge天桥n.经常开支, 普通费用There were too many overheads.经常性开支太大。overhear vt.无意中听到, 偷听overview n. 纵览overshadow-使.相形见绌, 超过= reveal vt.显示, 暴露 conceal 隐藏 21. free from 不受.拘束的The instructions, like the data, were stored within a memory, freeing the computer from the speed limitations of the paper-tape reader during execution 7eksi5kju:FEn and permitting problems to be solved without rewiring the computer. free from 没有.的, 免除.的; 不受.拘束的 free sb. from 使某人摆脱., 使某人免除. paper-tape reader-纸带阅读器指令像数据一样存储在“存储器”中，使计算机在执行过程中摆脱了纸带阅读器的速度限制，并使问题在不给计算机重新接线的情况下得以解决。22. 与place相关的短语补充Late in the 1960s the integrated 5intireit circuit 5sE:kit , or IC, was introduced, making it possible for many transistors trAn5zistE to be fabricated on one silicon substrate, with interconnecting wires plated in place.翻译：20世纪60年代末，集成电路得到采用，从而有可能将许多晶体管制作在一块硅衬底上，集体管之间以覆镀在硅衬底上的导线相连接。 20世纪60年代末- Late in the 1960s 集成电路- the integrated circuit 采用- adopt/adoption introduce 使.成为可能 make it possible for 制造-fabricate/make/manufacture/produce 一块硅衬底- one silicon substratesubstrate- (半导体工艺中的)衬基底, 底层, 地层 plate n.盘子, 金属板vt.镀（金, 银等）, 电镀=in place在通常的位置，在适当的位置 out of place在错误的位置；在不适当的位置 take place发生，举行 take the place of代替，替代in place of代替=23. 学生翻译：语序的调整（中英文习惯）The microprocessormaIkrEJ5prEJsesE(r) became a reality in the mid-1970s with the introduction of the large-scale integrated (LSI) circuit and, later, the very large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuit (microchip), with many thousands of interconnected transistors etched into a single silicon substrate. 20世纪70年代中期，随着大规模集成电路和后来的超大规模集成电路（微芯片）的采用，成千上万个彼此相连的晶体管被蚀刻在一块硅衬底上，于是微处理器成为现实。 become a reality-成为现实 etched into a single silicon substrate被蚀刻在一块硅衬底上=bring into existence创造, 使产生bring into being创造, 使产生come into existence开始存在; 形成; 成立come into being开始存在; 形成; 成立cat-and-dog existence经常争吵的生活; 鸡犬不宁的日子cat-and-dog life经常争吵的生活; 鸡犬不宁的日子=24.平行结构The pattern 11010010, for example, might be binary data-in this case, the decimal 5desimEl number 210-or it might be an instruction telling the computer to compare data stored in its switches to data stored in a certain memory-chip location. 例如，11010010这个模式可能是二进制数据在这种情况下，代表210这个十进制数字或者它可能是一条指令，告诉计算机将存储在其交换设备中的数据与存储在存储芯片某个位置的数据进行比较。 binary decimal octonal 5CktEnl (八进制的),hexadecimalheksE5desIm(E)l（十六进制的） switch-交换设备 switch board-配电盘, 电键控制板; -交换台;交换机25.定语从句，词义选择：complete The complete collection of recognizable patterns-the total list of operations-of which a computer is capable is called its instruction set.一台计算机能够处理的全部可识别模式的集合操作总清单被称为其指令集。 complete- adj.全部的, 完全的, 完成的vt.完成, 使完善26.翻译：语序调整Both factors-the number of bits that can be handled at one time, and the size of instruction sets-continue to increase with the ongoing development of modern digital computers. 随着现代数字计算机的不断发展，这两个因素一次能够处理的比特数和指令集的大小在继续增长。 随着.的不断发展with the ongoing development of 因素-factor27.汉译英不论尺寸大小，现代数字计算机在概念上都是类似的。 不管，不顾- regardless of ；in spite of ； leave alone；in despite ofModern digital computers are all conceptually similar, regardless of size.28.汉译英然而，根据成本与性能，它们可分为几类：Nevertheless, they can be divided into several categories on the basis 5beisis of cost and performance: on the basis of-以.为根据, 在.基础上provide a . basis for 为.提供.根据 cost and performance-成本与性能29.词汇：mainframe supercomputerand the mainframe computer, a large, expensive machine with the capability of serving the needs of major business enterprises, government departments, scientific research establishments, or the like (the largest and fastest of these are called supercomputers). 以及大型机，一种大型的昂贵机器，具有满足大规模工商企业、政府部门、科研机构或者诸如此类机构需要的能力（其中体积最大、速度最快的称为巨型计算机）。 mainframe-大型机 serving the needs- establishment建立,创办;设置；英研究所30.词汇使用ratherA digital computer is not a single machine: rather, it is a system composed of five distinct elements: (1) a central processing unit; (2) input devices; (3) memory storage devices; (4) output devices; and (5) a communications network, called a bus, which links all the elements of the system and connects the system to the external eks5tE:nl world. 一台数字计算机不是单一的机器。确切地说，它是由5个不同的要素组成的系统：（1）中央处理器；（2）输入设备；（3）存储设备；（4）输出设备；以及（5）被称作总线的通信网络，它将系统的所有组成部分连接起来并将系统与外界连接起来。 rather-确切地 be composed of-contain include consist ofcompose a poem a speech写一首诗一篇演讲compose ones thoughts passions镇定思绪情绪Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.水是由氢与氧化合而成的。 five distinct elements- different instinct n.本能=rather用法I would rather(宁愿) you come tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。He was rather(相当) tired.他有些疲倦了。She was no better, but rather(相反地,) grew worse.她的病情不但没好转, 反而恶化了。He went home very late last night, or rather(确切地), in the early hours this morning.他是昨天深夜回家的, 或者更确切地说, 是今天凌晨。=rather than-与其.不如.; 宁可. 也不.He resigned rather than take part in such a dishonest transaction .他宁愿辞职也不愿意参加这样一种欺骗的交易。other than-除了，除之外Theres nobody here other than me. 除了我这里没别人。=31.句子结构：the software enables it to do.Once a computer has been programmed, it can do only as much or as little as the software controlling it at any given moment enables it to do.计算机一旦被编程，就只能做在任何特定时间控制它的软件所允许它做的事情。 as much or as little as as much as多达., 达到.那种程度 几乎等于, 和.差不多= 用于强调 I only touched it! 我只不过摸了它一下！ simply:The cold was simply awful.冷得真厉害。It is simply beautiful.这个的确是美。very:in the very same place就在同一个地方= at any given moment-在任何特定时间32.短语：a range of Software in widespread use includes a wide range of applications programs-instructions to tell the computer how to perform various 5vZEriEs tasks. 翻译：广泛使用的软件包括一系列各种各样的应用程序告诉计算机如何执行各种任务的指令。广泛使用的- in widespread use包括- include consist of a wide range of applications programs 一系列各种各样的应用程序a range of buildings一排楼房a range of pictures一系列画片a large range of motors for sale一长排待售的汽车a wide range of knowledge广博的知识33.翻译: 同位语Researchers are also trying to speed up circuitry functions through the use of superconductivity, the phenomenon of decreased electrical resistance observed in certain materials at very low temperatures. 研究人员也在设法利用超导性来提高电路的功能速度。超导性是在超低温条件下在某些材料中观察到的电阻减少现象。超导性- superconductivity super-sub super class sub classspeed up/slow downelectrical resistance-电阻current 水气、电流voltage 电压，伏特数34.分析句子结构The fifth-generation computer effort （to develop computers that can solve complex problems in ways that might eventually I5ventjJElI merit the description creative） is another trend in computer development, the ideal goal being true artificial intelligence.merit the description creative用“创造性的”来形容名副其实artificial intelligence-人工智能计算机发展的另一个趋势是“第五代”计算机的研制工作，亦即研制可以解决复杂问题而且其解决方法或许最终会与“创造性的”这一形容名副其实的计算机，理想的目标是真正的人工智能。35. 词汇：mimicOne important parallel-processing approach is the neural 5njuErEl network, which mimics the architecture of the nervous神经的 system.翻译：一种重要的并行处理方法是模仿神经系统结构的神经网络。approach-方法mimic-模仿mimic sb.s voice-模仿某人的声音the architecture of the nervous system神经系统结构a nervous patient-神经病人I felt very nervous when I went into his office.当我走进他的办公室时,我感到很紧张。neural network -神经网络二、练习答案I学生阅读课文，完成本题Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. Charles Babbage; Augusta Ada Byron2. input; output3. VLSI4. workstations; mainframes5. vacuum; transistors6. instructions; software7. digit; eight; byte8. microminiaturization; chipII课堂抄写Translate the following terms or ph