英国历史-时间轴及事件.doc

History of Britain - timeline and factsWoodlands Junior School is in the south-east corner of EnglandTimeline of theKings and QueensHistory of London History of the Union FlagThousands of years ago, Great Britain was joined to Europe and was covered with ice. About 15,000 years ago, the weather became warmer. The ice melted and the sea level rose. Great Britain became an island about 8000 years ago.Celtic people called Britons settles in Britain. They were warriors and farmers who were skilled metal workers. They built villages and hill forts, and used iron weapons and tools. Celts called Gaels lived in Ireland. Prehistoric Britain BC Roman Britain 43 AD Anglo Saxon Britain 450Viking Britain 793Medieval Britain 1066Tudor Britain 1485 Stuart Britain 1603Georgian Britain 1714 Victorian Britain 1837 Modern Britain 1902 + King and Queens of EnglandRomansSaxonsVikingsNormansTudorsVictoriansWW ll434507931066148518371939Prehistoric BritainThe first men and women came to Britain over two and a half million years ago. They were hunters and gatherers of food who used simple stone tools and weapons.BCBritainAbroad500,000People migrate to Britain from Europe. 6500The land bridge joining Britain to Europe is flooded as the sea level rises. Britain becomes an Island. 3000New Stone Age begins: farming people arrive from Europe. 3000First stone circles erected. 2100Bronze Age begins2150People learn to make bronze weapons and tools 2000Stonehenge completed 1650Trade routes begin to form1200Small Villages are first formed750Iron Age begins: iron replaces bronze as most useful metal. Population about 150,000. 500The Celtic people arrive from Central Europe.The Celts were farmers and lived in small village groups in the centre of their arable fields. They were also warlike people. The Celts fought against the people of Britain and other Celtic tribes. RomansSaxonsVikingsNormansTudorsVictoriansWW ll434507931066148518371939Roman BritainThe Romans were the first to invade us and came to Britain nearly 2000 years ago. They changed our country. The Roman Empire made its mark on Britain, and even today, the ruins of Roman buildings, forts, roads, and baths can be found all over Britain.Britain was part of the Roman Empire for almost 400 years!By the time the Roman armies left around 410 AD, they had established medical practice, a language of administration and law and had created great public buildings and roads. Many English words are derived from the latin language of the Romans. Click here to find out more about the Romans in Britain. BritainAbroad55 BCJulius Caesar heads first Roman Invasion but later withdraws44 BC44 BCJulius Caesar is murdered in Rome AD3030Jesus Crucified 43 Romans invade and Britain becomes part of the Roman Empire50London Founded 61Boadicea leads the Iceni in revolt against the Romans 70Romans conquer Wales and the North76The Emperor Hadrian is born 8080The Colosseum of Rome completed 122 - 128 Emperor Hadrian builds a wall on the Scottish Border140Romans conquer Scotland209St Alban becomes the 1st Christian martyr306Constantine the Great declared Emperor at York 350The Picts and Scots attack the border401 - 410The Romans withdraw from Britain: Anglo Saxons migrants begin to Settle Click here for Information on the Romans RomansSaxonsVikingsNormansTudorsVictoriansWW ll434507931066148518371939Anglo-Saxon BritainThe Roman army left Britain about AD 410. When they had gone there was no strong army to defend Britain, and tribes called the Angle, Saxon, and Jute (the Anglo-Saxons) invaded. They left their homelands in northern Germany, Denmark and northern Holland and rowed across the North Sea in wooden boats. The Anglo-Saxons ruled most of Britain but never conquered Cornwall in the south-west, Wales in the west, or Scotland in the north. They divided the country into kingdoms.Missionaries from Roman spread Christianity across southern Britain.Read more about the Saxons on our Homework Help pages 450 - 750Invasion of the Jutes from Jutland, Angles from South of Denmark and Saxons from Germany.Britain is divided up into the Seven Kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, Essex, Sussex and Kent. 450Saxons Hengist and Horsa settle in Kent.460St Patrick returns to convert Ireland 510The Battle of Mount Badon: British victory over the Saxons 597St Augustine brings Christianity to Britain from Rome and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury617Northumbria becomes the Supreme Kingdom779Mercia becomes the Supreme Kingdom and King Offa builds a Dyke along the Welsh BorderClick here for Information on the Saxons RomansSaxonsVikingsNormansTudorsVictoriansWW ll434507931066148518371939Viking BritainThe Viking Age in Britain began about 1,200 years ago in the 8th Century AD and lasted for 300 years. Read more . 793First invasion by the Vikings821Wessex becomes the Supreme Kingdom866 - 77 Invasion of the Great Danish (Viking) Army. 867The Vikings take Northumbria 871King Alfred defeats the Vikings but allows them to settle in Eastern England886The North subjected to the Danelaw, the rules of the Vikings 889The Anglo Saxon Chronicle starts 926Eastern England (Danelaw) is conquered by the Saxons1016King Canute of Denmark captures the English Crown1042Edward the Confessor becomes King1055Westminster Abbey is completed Click here for Information on the Vikings RomansSaxonsVikingsNormansTudorsVictoriansWW ll434507931066148518371939The Middle Ages - Medieval Britain (Normans) The Middle Ages in Britain cover a huge period. They take us from the shock of the Norman Conquest, which began in 1066, to the devasting Black Death of 1348, the Hundred Years War with France and the War of the Roses, which finally ended in 1485. The Normans built impressive castles, imposed a feudal system and carried out a census of the country. 1066The Battle of Stamford Bridge:Saxon victory over invading Vikings 1066The Battle of Hastings: The invading Normans defeat the Saxons William of Normandy defeats Harold with a lucky shot and becomes King of England - Norman Conquest1070Work starts on Canterbury Cathedral 1078Work starts on The Tower of London 1080 - 1100Great monastery and cathedral building begins1086The Domesday Book is compiled, a complete inventory of Britain1154Work starts on York Minster 1167Oxford University Founded1170Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas a Becket is murdered by the knights of Henry II1170Population of London exceeds 30,000 for the first time 1174Work starts on Wells Cathedral 1215Civil War 1215The Magna Carta is signed by King John 1220Work starts on Salisbury1282 - 1283 King Edward conquers Wales. Llewellyn ab Gruffydd, the countrys last prince is killed1296King Edward invades Scotland and takes the Stone of Destiny from Scone to Westminster 1297The Battle of Stirling BridgeThe Scots under William Wallace defeat the English 1298The Battle of Falkirk. King Edward defeats Wallace. 1306Robert Bruce crowned King of the Scots1314Scots led by Robert the Bruce defeat the English at the battle of Bannockburn1321-22Civil War 1337King Edward claims the Throne of France 1337 - 1453Hundred Years War with France1348 - 49The Black Death (bubonic plague) arrived in England and killed nearly half of the population1387Geoffrey Chaucer starts writing the Canterbury Tales1415English defeat the French at the battle of Agincourt1453The Hundred Years War against France ends1455Civil War: The War of the Roses starts Click here for Information on the Normans RomansSaxonsVikingsNormansTudorsVictoriansWW ll434507931066148518371939Tudor BritainThe Tudors were a Welsh-English family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603 - one of the most exciting periods of British history. Henry VIIIs matrimonial difficulties led to the split with Catholicism. Henry made himself head of the Church of England. Read more about Tudor Britain. 1485The War of the Roses ends at the Battle of Bosworth. Henry Vll crowned king.1497John Cabot sails from Bristol aboard the Matthew and discovers North America1509 - 1547 Henry Vlll succeeds to the throne1513English defeat the Scots at the Battle of Flodden1534Henry VIII forms the Church of England. Henry is confirmed as Supreme Head of the Church of England following a parliamentary Act of Supremacy1536Act of Union joins England and Wales1536 - 39Destruction or closure of 560 monasteries and religious houses1542Mary, Queen of Scots lays claim to the English throne1558Elizabeth I begins her 45 year reign1570Sir Francis Drake sets sail for his first voyage to the West Indies1587Queen Elizabeth I executes Mary, Queen of Scots1588The English defeat the Spanish Armada1591First performance of a play by William Shakespeare1600First British involvement in the Indian continent - East India Company formed.Population of Britain just over 4 millionClick here for Information on the Tudors Stuart BritainThe Stuarts had ruled Scotland since 1371, but James VI of Scotland was the first Stuart king of England. 1603James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England uniting the two kingdoms1605Guy Fawkes is thwarted when he tries to blow up Parliament.1606The Union Flag adopted as the National Flag 1620The Pilgrim Fathers set sail for New England from Plymouth, aboard the Mayflower1624-30War with Spain 1626-9War with France 1629Parliament dissolved by King Charles 1642 - 1651 Civil War1649King Charles executed1649-1650Cromwells conquest of Ireland 1650 - 1652 Cromwells conquest of Scotland 1652Tea arrives in Britain 1653Cromwell proclaimed Lord Protector 1660Restoration of the Monarchy under King Charles II1664-1665The Great Plague breaks out and up to 100,000 people die in London1666Great Fire of London1689English Bill of rights 1689From now on Englands monarchs would rule in partnership with Parliament. All Catholics barred from the English throne.1692William III massacres the Jacobites at Glencoe1707Act of Union between Scotland and England. The Scottish parliament was dissolved and England and Scotland became one country. Georgian BritainIn 1714 the British throne passed to a German family, the Hanoverians. 1714George of Hanover, Germany succeeds Queen Anne to the Throne1721Sir Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister1746Bonnie Prince Charlie is defeated at the Battle of Culloden1757First canal in Britain is completed1776America declares independence from Britain1780s Industrial Revolution Begins1783Steam powered cotton mill invented by Sir Richard Arkwright1788First convict ships are sent to Australia1796 Edward Jenner invented a vaccination against small pox1800Act of Union with Ireland 1801 The first census. Population of Britain 8 millionIreland made part of the United Kingdom1804 Richard Trevithick built the first steam locomotive1805Lord Nelson defeats Napoleon at the Battle of Trafalgar1807Abolition of Slave Trade1815Duke of Wellington defeats Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo1825Worlds first railway opens between Stockton and Darlington1829 Robert Peel set up the Metropolitan Police force1834 The Poor Law set up workhouses, where people without homes or jobs could live in return for doing unpaid work.RomansSaxonsVikingsNormansTudorsVictoriansWW ll434507931066148518371939Victorian BritainxThe Victorians lived over one hundred and fifty years ago during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837 to 1901) and was a time of enormous change in this country. In 1837 most people lived in villages and worked on the land; by 1901, most lived in towns and worked in offices, shops and factories. Read more . 1837Queen Victoria becomes Queen at the age of 181840 The first postage stamps (Penny Post) came into use1842Mines Act ended child labour1845 - 1849 Ireland suffered the Great Potato Famine when entire crops of potatoes, the staple Irish food, were ruined. The famine was a consequence of the appearance of blight, the potato fungus. About 800,000 people died as a result of the famine. A large number of people migrated to Britain, the United States, Canada and Australia. 1850s The first post boxes were built1851The Great ExhibitionCensus showed just over half of Britains population (of 20 million) lived in towns1854Crimean War1854 A cholera epidemic led to demands for a clean water supply and proper sewage systems in the big cities1856Britain defeats Russia in the Crimean War1860The first public flushing toilet opens1861Death of Prince Albert1863London Underground opensThe foundation of the Football Association1868 Joseph Lister discovers disinfectant1868 The last public hanging1869 The first Sainsburys shop open in Dury Lane, London1870Education Act means school for everyone1871Queen Victoria opens the Albert Hall1876 Alexander Bell invented the telephonePrimary education was made compulsory1877 The first public electric lighting in London1883First electric railway1887 The invention of the gramophone1891Free education for every child1901Population of Br