阅读36套分析总结.docx

阅读36套分析总结Exercise1P1 Immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized. By Fishers genetic argument that the sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted, it should pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters. Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their hostthe larva of another insectand that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably cogent analysis. Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence. Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.第一句话提到一个现象，就是the sex ratios have a large excess of females；第二句话和第三句话是辅助说明这些种群里的基本背景。到这里还只是简单地陈述，下面才提出解释。第四句话提出Fishers genetic argument，即it should pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters因为要产生最多的后代；第五句话，Hamilton offered a remarkably cogent analysis，表达了作者支持H的分析；第六句话就是H的分析；第七句话就是作者对H的评价，看上去是肯定的a step further。本文是解释说明的文章，解释为何蜂群的雌性较多，涉及到两个人的理论，即F的和H的。这两者的理论不是对立的，而是H在F的基础上走得更远。作者对H持支持肯定态度。结构上来看，先提出现象，阐述背景，提出F的理论，再提出H的分析，最后对H的分析做评价。1. The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists(A) conducted their research at approximately the same time(B) sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied(C) sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stable(D) studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the later development of strategy theory(E) studied reproduction in the same animal speciesF和H的工作相似，为什么？从第七句可以看出，looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy，A没有信息支持；B manipulate无从谈起；C虽然有个stable，但说的是sex ratios，给个不确定；D后半句错了，F的可能还为以后提供基础，H的无从谈起；E the same animal species文章没有提到F研究的是什么。综上，答案应该是C。For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply2. The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions aboutwasps?A How many eggs does the female wasp usually lay in a single host larva?B Can some species of wasp determine sex ratios among their offspring?C What is the approximate sex ratio among the offspring of parasitic wasps?本文信息和下列哪些有关？A，第六句有信息，说的是产1个雄蜂（由第二句知是不受精卵），但其他的卵多少不能确定，故A不能选；B，第二句及第六句可以看出，后代的性别是可以决定的，即是受精还是不受精，故B对；C，蜂的性别比例，由于雌蜂多少未知，所以比例也不知。综上，答案是B。3. Which of the following is NOT true of the species of parasitic wasps discussed in the passage?(A) Adult female wasps are capable of storing sperm.(B) Female wasps lay their eggs in the larvae of other insects.(C) The adult female wasp can be fertilized by a male that was hatched in the same larva as herself.(D) So few male wasps are produced that extinction is almost certain.(E) Male wasps do not emerge from their hosts until they reach sexual maturity.选不对的。A，第三句有信息；B，第六句有信息；C，第六句；D，显然不对，文章没有谈到extinction，而且almost certain也有点绝对；E，第五句有信息。E比较隐蔽，但是D错的太明显了，所以此题也不是很难。答案是D。考点总结：1题：七；2题：二、六；3题：三、五、六。重点在后半段，而且是H的理论，其实主要就是考H和F的区别及H的理论的一些内容，而H的理论恰恰是作者大力支持的。所以，本文章的阅读策略就是，一遍读下来要知道F和H这两个理论，而且知道作者赞扬的是哪个，然后就详读H的理论。另外，文章的背景即二三句，虽然简单，但是也必须要能理解。P2. Tocqueville, apparently, was wrong. Jacksonian America was not a fluid, egalitarian society where individual wealth and poverty were ephemeral conditions. At least to argues E. Pessen in his iconoclastic study of the very rich in the United States between 1825 and 1850. Pessen does present a quantity of examples, together with some refreshingly intelligible statistics, to establish the existence of an inordinately wealthy class. Though active in commerce or the professions, most of the wealthy were not self-made, but had inherited family fortunes. In no sense mercurial, these great fortunes survived the financial panics that destroyed lesser ones. Indeed, in several cities the wealthiest one percent constantly increased its share until by 1850 it owned half of the communitys wealth. Although these observations are true, Pessen overestimates their importance by concluding from them that the undoubted progress toward inequality in the late eighteenth century continued in the Jacksonian period and that the United States was a class-ridden, plutocratic society even before industrialization.第一句，开门见山，说T显然是错的。这时我们不认识Tocqueville这个词，不过不用慌，就把它读成T就是了。第二句，应该是第一句的补充说明，说JA不是个流畅的、平等的社会，个人财产不是短暂的。第三句，至少对于P的between 1825 and 1850 的反传统的美国极富之人的研究是这样的。这就是第一段，看上去作者提出了P这个人和他的初步理论介绍。来看第二段。第四句，说P举了例子。第五句，Though关键词，我们只关注后半句，就是富人大部分是继承得来的。第六句，说大财富吃小财富。第七句，说很少的人拥有很多的财富。第八句很长，但看到Although these observations are true我们就知道作者八成要批评P了。果然，作者说P过度估计了这些现象的重要性，因为不平等的过程在JA时代仍然继续，而且工业化前美国本来就是个阶级分化、富豪统治的国家。本文是驳论文，提出P的理论，然后提出质疑。第一段起到引子的作用，第二段提出P的理论的事实基础，然后驳斥之。4. According to the passage, Pessen indicates that all of the following were true of the very wealthy in the United States between 1825 and 1850 EXCEPT:(A) They formed a distinct upper class.(B) Many of them were able to increase their holdings.(C)Some of them worked as professionals or in business.(D) Most of them accumulated their own fortunes.(E) Many of them retained their wealth in spite of financial upheavals.除了哪项外都是P说的？A，第四句；B，第七句；C，第五句；D，第五句，但是原文说是继承的而不是自己的，most也有绝对的意味，其它选项都是many，所以D不对；E，第六句。综上，D错。5. Which of the following best states the authors main point?(A) Pessens study has overturned the previously established view of the social and economic structure of early nineteenth-century America.(B) Tocquevilles analysis of the United States in the Jacksonian era remains the definitive account of this period.(C) Pessens study is valuable primarily because it shows the continuity of the social system in the United States throughout the nineteenth century.(D) The social patterns and political power of the extremely wealthy in the United States between 1825 and 1850 are well documented.(E) Pessen challenges a view of the social and economic system in the United States from 1825 to 1850, but he draws conclusions that are incorrect.主旨题。A，overturned不对，原文未提到；B，T应该是错的，而且也过于片面；C，valuable不对，作者持批判态度；D，不对，选项没有涉及P的理论；E，对。答案是E。考点分析：1：四五六七；2：主旨。本文重点在后半段，即P的理论的具体分析。P的理论是作者要驳斥的主题，所以题出在这上面也就不奇怪的。值得一提的是，T是什么东西我们还是不明白，但这一点也不影响解题。阅读策略：详读P的理论基础即后半段。扩展分析：如果是我出题，首先可以考虑猜测T是个什么东西，和P的理论的联系，或者作者对T持有什么态度；然后就是为什么P的理论不对，作者提出的驳斥为什么有道理，或者什么事实能支持或者削弱作者的驳斥等等。感觉上这个文章只出两道题考的太浅了。P3. Anaerobic glycolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen, through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine tri- phosphate (ATP), the energy provider. The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen presentin all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles wet weight. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal. If, for example, some predators had attacked a 100-ton dinosaur, normally torpid, the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously, via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production.第一句，说无氧glycolysis（糖原发酵）是这样的过程，在没有氧气的条件下，分解肌肉中glycogen（糖原，淀粉，但不明白也能猜到是某种能量物质）成为乳酸和ATP，ATP就是能量提供者。第二句，无氧产生能量的量是g的存在量的函数，在脊椎动物中约0.5%的肌肉净重。第三句，thus关键词，说因此无氧能量与动物体型成正比。第四句，举例，100吨的恐龙立刻无氧产生3k个人类的最大能量。本文是说明文。先介绍无氧g过程，再说能量与体型的关系，然后举例。文章结构相当简单。6. The passages suggestion that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrates size is based on which of the following assumption?(A) larger vertebrates conserve more energy than smaller vertebrates(B) larger vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebrates(C) the ability of a vertebrate to consume food is a function of its size(D) the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size(E) the size of a vertebrate is proportional to the quantity of energy it can utilize文章的关于能量与体型的比例是基于哪个假设？这是逻辑单题。很明显，无氧能量与肌肉净重有关，那么假设就是体型与肌肉净重成正比。D对。此题太简单。P4.Pa1 Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits in misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Pa2 Difference between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeares Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power; nor is Picassos painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form. Pa3 This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozarts The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limitsthe rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bachin strikingly original ways.本文是长阅读。第一段第一句，非凡的原创活动就是革命，打传统的脸并将被人们接受。第二句，根据这个定理，高度原创的活动能超越已经存在事物的限制并创造新的规则。第三句，但是，创新高于传统在艺术上有误导性，虽然在科学上是这样。第二段，第四句，创造性的科学和艺术的区别在于它们的目的。第五句，对科学而言，创新的理论是创新行为的目的和结果。第六句，创新的科学让各种现象能更加紧密地关联。第七句，这种现象像是宝石或者筑巢的鸟，归并于数据的角色，作为形成或测试一个新理论的手段。第八句，艺术不同：现象本身就是创新行为的结果。第九句举例，哈姆莱特和格尔尼卡，我们可以预见这里会出题。第十句，艺术的原创创造的不是超越传统的新一代，而是美学的特例。第十一句，美学的特例扩展或利用传统的限制但并不超越。第三段，第十二句，这并不否认有时候原创艺术会建立新秩序，比如Monteverdi。第十三句，但更常见的是作曲家建立新秩序和美学价值没有关系。第十四句，因为有些作品比如the Florentine Camerata 创造新的组织原则而在历史上有重要价值，但没有听众认为这些作品伟大。第十五句，另一方面，Mozarts The Marriage of Figaro是伟大的作品虽然创新有限。第十六句，据说贝多芬颠覆了规则。第十七句，但更仔细的检查说他没有颠覆根本的。第十八句，或者说，他是个利用限制利用的很有创意的策略家。本文文章是驳论文，较长，但其实脉络很清楚，要表达的观点也很明确。第一段提出论点，第二段比较科学和艺术，第三段进一步对艺术的进行深入分析。For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply7. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?(A) Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?(B) Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?(C) Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?文章提到哪些？细节题。A，第一句给了解答；B，Beethoven是定位词，快速定位于最后三句，也能解答；C，Monteverdi定位第十二句，这是个少数例子，后面没有提到这样的人。因此答案是A和B。8. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with(A) deep skepticism(B) strong indignation(C) marked indifference(D) moderate amusement(E) sharp derision作者态度分析。第三句有解答，misleading。B和E过度了，C和D明显不对。答案是A。9. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that(A) is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientists(B) is accepted immediately by the scientific community(C) does not relegate particulars to the role of data(D) presents the discovery of a new scientific fact(E) introduces a new valid generalization细节推断，关于科学的，快速定位于第二段前半段。A，文章没有提到引用；B，immediately纯属臆造；C，和原文内容反了；D，a new scientific fact原文并没有提到，而且这个选项没有涉及新理论；E，是对的，和艺术形成对比。答案是E。10. Which of the following statements would most logically concluded the last paragraph of thepassage?(A) Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, didnot transcend existing musical forms.(B) In similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next generationof great European composers.(C) Thus, many of the great composers displayed the same combination of talents exhibited by Monteverdi.(D) By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits is supported in the field of literature.(E) Actually, Beethovens most original works were largely unappreciated at the time that they were first performed.哪项逻辑地推断最后一段？最后一段的意思主要就是，原创既建立新规则又本身富有美学价值的不是没有，但是很少。A，不对，因为Beethoven也没有真正超越限制；B，原文关于Beethoven最后一句的改写，next generation指的是贝多芬；C,不对，这样的人应该很少；D，不对，艺术也是这样，没有相反的对比；E，看上去没有什么问题，好像有道理，但是过于片面，最后一段不止是贝多芬。答案是B，B最概括，没有涉及具体的人物或者作品。考点总结：本文三段都有考察，第一段考作者态度，第二段是科学和艺术的创新对比，考科学的，第三段是重点考察段，考作者的根据和论证。阅读策略：第一段很重要。看清楚了后，整篇文章的结构就一目了然了。事实上，本文结构非常整齐。所以说不要被长阅读的长度吓倒。P5. Great comic art is never otherworldly, it does not seek to mystify us, and it does not deny ambiguity by branding as evil whatever differs from good. Great comic artists assume that truth may bear all lights, and thus they seek to accentuate contradictions in social action, not gloss over or transcend them by appeals to extra social symbols of divine ends, cosmic purpose, or laws of nature. The moment of transcendence in great comic art is a social moment, born out of the conviction that we are human, even though we try to be gods. The comic community to which artists address themselves is a community of reasoning, loving, joyful, compassionate beings, who are willing to assume the human risks of acting rationally. Without invoking gods or demons, great comic art arouses courage in reason, courage which grows out of trust in what human beings can do as humans.第一句，说伟大的连环画艺术不是超世俗的，不是迷惑我们，也不否认模棱两可，通过将和好的不一样的刻画为邪恶的。第二句，伟大的连环画家们认为，真理能经受任何考验，他们试图削弱社会行为的抵触，不是通过呼吁额外的神的旨意，宇宙的目的或者自然的本质的社会象征来超越它们。第三句，在伟大的连环画中，超越的时刻是社会的时刻，从我们都是人的信念而来，虽然我们试图成神。第四句，这个连环画艺术的群体，其中艺术家自认为是一个理性、关爱、欢乐和激情的人们，认定人们有理性行为的风险。第五句，没有唤醒神或者恶魔，连环画唤醒理性中的勇气，它从相信人们作为人类能做的事情的信仰而产生。整篇文章较为抽象，是艺术类的立论文。初读下来，没有发现句子之间有什么联系，也没有发现明显的主题句。而且，就算翻译了一遍，还是很难理解那些话到底是个什么意思。不过没有关系，考场上不必纠结于细节，先看题，也许题目压根没考难点。11. Select the sentence in the passage that suggests that great comic art can be characterized as optimistic about the ability of humans to act rationally.关键词定位，optimistic和act rationally，我们看到第四句里有joying还有act rationally，但是第四句话说的是comic community和artists，而不是art。紧跟着的第五句应该就是了，虽然没看出来怎么和关键词联系的。PS：GRE里面那种一看和原文一模一样的八成有问题。12. It can be inferred from the passage that the author admires great comic artists primarily for their(A) ability to understand the frequently subtle differences between good and evil(B) ability to reconcile the contradictions in human behavior(C) ability to distinguish between rational and irrational behavior(D) insistence on confronting the truth about the human condition(E) insistence on condemning human faults and weaknesses从文章可以推断，作者欣赏连环画主要因为什么？作者态度一般在后面，最后一句很明显提到了勇气。但是看选项发现没有直接和勇气挂钩的。那么这个勇气是什么勇气？最后一句话说了，是对人类能力的信任的勇气。虽然每个选项都有一个词和原文挂钩，但是总的来看还是D比较符合。13. Which of the following is the most accurate description of the organization of the passage?(A) A sequence of observations leading to a prediction(B) A list of inferences drawn from facts stated at the beginning of the passage(C) A series of assertions related to one general subject(D) A statement of the major idea, followed by specific examples(E) A succession of ideas moving from specific to general哪项最准地描述了文章组织？A，没有预测；B，第一句不能说是一个事实，后面的也不一定就是从中衍生的，至少没有看到第一句和第二句的明显联系；C，对；D，没有例子；E，没有从特殊到一半的过程。答案是C。本文比较特殊，短但是难懂。事实上不需要理解太深也能做出来，这说明对文章结构的把握比对文章的理解更加重要。Exercise2P1. By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Herring suggested that different modes of sensation, such as pain, taste, and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy. However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as common currency throughout the nervous system. According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of t