状语从句(网上搜集).doc

我的百科我的贡献草稿箱状语从句（Adverbial Clause）状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。 状语从句的时态特点一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。 I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 。 As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作，就回家。 If he comes back, please let me know. 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当。 1. Naturally , our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call . (副词)2. We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介词状短语)3. To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式)4. Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (过去分词)5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因状语从句） 1时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely whenI didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.The children ran away from the orchard(果园), the moment they saw the guard.No sooner had I arrived home, then it began to rain.Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.2地点状语从句常用引导词：where特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhereGenerally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.3原因状语从句常用引导词：because, since, as, for特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.4目的状语从句常用引导词：so that, in order that特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end thatThe boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.5结果状语从句常用引导词：so that, so that, such that,特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.To such an degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.6条件状语从句常用引导词：if, unless,特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition thatWell start our project if the president agrees.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.7让步状语从句常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal. The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.He wont listen whatever you may say.8比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词：the more the more ; just as ， so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as BShe is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。9方式状语从句常用引导词：as, as if, how特殊引导词：the wayWhen in Rome, do as the Roman do.She behaved as if she were the boss.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.10. 状语从句的简化 状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：When (the museum is) completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.Hell go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is) possible.另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如：Im taller than he (is tall).The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is). 状语从句的简化现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句;由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。 (1)当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。例如:If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty. You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you. 当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用独立主格结构来表达。 When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room. 。(=The meeting over) 一、时间状语从句 连词引导：when while as after before as soon as（一就） since till /until by the time【到为止(所在句子的主句应用完成时)】。一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。 when, while和as的区别when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。When she came in, I stopped eating. (瞬时动词) When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。 While引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如： While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. I like playing football while you like playing basketball. As表示“一边一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如： We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（as表示“一边一边”） As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间） as when while的辨析as when while都表示主、从句动作同时发生，三者差异如下：表示“一边。一边的意思，as 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时，用于发生时间较短时；when，1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作之前或之后发生。2、whenand then; at that moment (正在那个时候)While，1、用于时间较长时2、 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时。有时这三个连词可以互换，有时不可以。It was raining hard when (as) I got there.我到那里时，正在下大雨。 ( 动作同时发生，when可换为as, 但不能换为while，因为get是点动词.)When I had read the article, he called me.我看完这篇文章之后，她给我打了电话。( 从句动作发生在主句之前，注意时态表达，只能用when )When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.(当)我到了电影院时，电影已经开演了。(从句的动作发生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意时态)He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.他正要离开，忽然电话响了。( 此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达 “正在” “即将”.while, as不能代替 She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.他以为我在谈她女儿，然而，实际上在谈论我女儿。(表转折，对比，when, as都不能代替它) While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.外星人买纪念品时，那女孩给警察打了电话。(表示主句，从句的动作同时发生，while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词，因为它表示较长时间)Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away. 妈妈担心，因为小爱丽丝病了，特别是他父亲不在家的时候。(此时as ,when, while可通用)2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语，并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后，有时译成“就，才”。当主句用将来时，从句总是用现在时；如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时，则主句动词多用过去完成时，这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如： It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。 Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me. My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。 After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.After we had finished the work, we went home.（从句用过去完成时，主句用一般过去时） 3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如： I didnt go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。 It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。 I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。 I didnt work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。 Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。 4.由since引导的时间状语从句。since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is 时间since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如： I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。 Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？ It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。 It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。 since作连词引导时间状语从句的用法：一、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时，则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自从他来到我们学校，他学习就非常努力。这种情况比较常见二、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去时时，则从句表示的时间是“从那持续动作或状态结束时算起”I havent heard any noise since I slept. Sleep 为持续性动词，sleep的动作结束时，即“醒来”时，这句应译为“我醒后还未听到任何声音”。 比较：He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自从我病愈以来，他屡次给我写信。（从句谓语为状态动词） He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自从我生病以来，他就屡次给我写信。（从句谓语为终止性动词） 三、若since引导的状语从句的谓语为持续性动词的现在完成时，则表示动作和状态延续到现在（说话时刻），其表示的时间的起点应从动作发生之时算起。I havent heard from him since he has lived there。这里has lived表示动作的持续性，时间的起点应从：“开始居住”时算起。因此此句可理解为“自从他（开始）住在那儿起，我就一直没收到他的来信”。知识扩展1. It is since从。以来多长时间了(因为since +从句或名词，表示一段时间)It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。2. It is +before(。才)It was a long time before I went to sleep again.过了很长时间我才睡着。It was an hour before(until) the police arrived.过了一个小时，警察才来。5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一就”。例如： I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭，我立即到那里去。 The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息，马上赶到了出事地点。 As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大，就给你来电话。 【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)when / before, no soonerthan相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时，主句应用倒装语序。例如： He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家，就被邀请开始另一旅程。 No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起，他就起床劳动去了。 Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下，他就进来了。 He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化：在一般情况下，如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用过去完成时；如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时，主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如： By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时，我已经写完这本书了。 By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候，我将已经完成此工作了。7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。： Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨，总是来看我。 Whenever that man says” To tell the truth”, I suspect that hes about to tell a lie.You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你，见你更年轻了。 8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久就多久”，通常译为“只要”。例如： You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark.I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存，我就要反对这种境况。 二 地点状语从句(adverbial clause of place)要点: 由连接副词where和复合关系词wherever (=no matter where )引导.句型1：Where地点从句，（there）主句。 【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里哪里就”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如： Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。 They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。 You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。 Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党，哪里人民得解放。 句型2：Anywhere/ wherever地点从句，主句。 【注意】anywhere本身是个副词，但是，常可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。例如： Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。 知识扩展1. Where there is a will , there is a way. 有志者事竟成。(谚语)2. It will be mixed school where not all the children are disabled.他将是一所混合式学校，那里的儿童并不都是残疾。(在限定性定语从句中对限先行词起限定作用。)2. Wherever you go , I go too. 无论你到什么地方，我都去。(wherever=no matter where)3. Wherever there is smoke , there is fire. 无风不起浪。(谚语)4. While she was wondering where to go , she met a policeman. 疑问副词where后跟不定式,构成不定式短语. 三、条件状语从句要点： 表示状语从句由连词if, unless (=if not) 引导。1. If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.如果明天不下雨, 我们就去远足.2. You will get good grades if you study hard.如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩.3. I will go to the party unless he goes there too.我不会去参加聚会的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我也不去.)4. You will be late unless you leave immediately.如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的.(=If you dont leave immediately, you will be late.)难点提示：用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时.He will not leave if it isnt fine tomorrow. 一般将来时， 一般现在时They are going to have a picnic if it doesnt rain next week. 一般将来时, 一般现在时 四、原因状语从句要点: 由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导1. I didnt go to school yesterday because I was ill.2. Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting.3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late.4. I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her.难点because , since , as , for,辨析1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didnt go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.3)as和for的区别：通常情况下，as引导的从句在主句前，for引导的从句在主句后。例：As the weather is cold, I stay at home.（同义句）I stay at home, for the weather is cold. 五、目的状语从句要点：目的状语从句由连词that, so that, sothat , in order that 引导。1.so that 以至, 以便Ill run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的)I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的)2.in order that=so that:为了We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements.六、结果状语从句要点：结果状语从句由连词( so )that, sothat, suchthat, so much/manythat引导。1. sothat 如此以至于The scientists report was so instructive that we were all very excited.He always studied so hard that he made great progress.2. suchthat 如此。以至Its such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.3.比较：so和 such 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little(这四个形容词表多或表少时)连用，形成固定搭配。 so foolishsuch a foolso nice a flowersuch a nice flowerso many / few flowerssuch nice flowersso much / little money. such rapid progressso many peoplesuch a lot of people（so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。） sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he cant go to school. He is such a young boy that he cant go to school 难点+形容词或副词+形+a(an)+单数可数名词so +many 或few+复数可数名词 +that+much或 little+不可数名词 so +adj或adv.+ that，such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后接形容词，副词原型，当可数名词前有many, few；不可数名词前有much, little修饰时，应采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n.。such为形容词, 后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的，也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数,单数,则必须在名词前加冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people. 1. Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.2. there are so few notebooks that I cant give you any.3. It is such nice weather that Id like to take a walk.4. Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him.(=Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.) 5. The weather is so nice that Id like to take a walk. 七、让步状语从句要点: 表示让步的状语从句由连词 though, although引导.though, although不能和but连用，可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以though (although)yet(still)的格式是正确的.Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy.Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.Right : Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children.Right : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.although, though 辨析although 不能though 那样用作副词, 放在句末表示强调时要用even though.1。He is looking fit, though.2。Even though I didnt under a word, I kept smiling.3。He is quite experienced, he is young, though.典型例题 1） _she is young, she knows quite a lot.A. WhenB. HoweverC. AlthoughD. Unless 答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。 2)as, though 引导的倒装句 as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。 Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do. 注意： a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。 b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. = Though he tries hard, he never seems 3) ever if, even though.即使 Well make a trip even though the weather is bad. 4) whetheror-不管都 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 5)no matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀ever No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 注意：no matter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 （错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句) （错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given, （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。 八、比较状语从句比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级，比较级及最高级的句子之中。 原级1. asas 和。一样Jack is as tall as Bob.2. not so (as)as 和不一样She is not so (as)outgoing as her sister.比较级morethan (更)This book is more instructive than that one.最高级1. The mostin/ofThis book is the most interesting of the three.2. the + 形容词+estof/inThis road is the busiest street in our city. 知识扩展no more than只不过(嫌少的意思)1. I have no more than two pens. 我只有两支笔。2. Its no more than a mile to the shops. 去商店不过一英里。not more than不如。；(前者不如后者)1. Jack is not more diligent than John. 捷克不如约翰勤奋。2. one of the + 名词(复数).之一(用于最高级)Han Mei is one of the best students in our school. 九、方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导。 1） as, (just) asso引导的方式