粮食作物对化肥的需求分析.doc

磷肥与复肥编辑部2006【论 坛】粮食作物对化肥的需求分析金继运,李家康,李书田(中国农业科学院土壤肥料研究所，北京 100081)摘 要根据相关文献资料，综述化肥在保障我国粮食安全中的作用与贡献，分析与预测实现2010年、2015年、2020年粮食总产目标所需新增化肥的数量。根据近5年来我国粮食生产中出现的问题，指出要保障我国粮食安全，除了继续发展化肥工业，增加化肥用量之外，国家应采取其他相应措施，包括稳定粮食作物的种植面积（至少应维持在11 000万hm2水平）；调整粮食价格，保护农民种粮积极性；改善农田基本生产条件，推行节水灌溉技术，促进粮食均衡增产；适度提高粮食净进口份额等等。单纯依靠增加化肥的投入，实现国内粮食供需平衡，不仅代价太大（包括资源、环境和成本代价），市场和农民也不一定能够接受。关键词化肥贡献率;化肥需求量;粮食安全中图分类号S 143；S51 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-6220(2006)03-0001-06Chemical fertilizer and food safetythe demand of chemical fertilizer for cereal cropsJIN Ji-yun, LI Jia-kang, LI Shu-tian(Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China)Abstract: The roles and contributions of chemical fertilizer for food safety are reviewed, and the increments of chemical fertilizer by the years 2010, 2015 and 2020 are analyzed and predicted for the goals of grain production respectively, based on the information concerned. In view of some problems existing in grain production in the past 5 years, the view-points are presented, i.e. enhancing the dosage of fertilizer by intensive development of chemical fertilizer industry, as well as the measures to be taken by Chinas center government such as maintaining the present planting area of grain production (at least 0.11 billion hm2), adjusting the grain price, protecting the farmers interest, improving the basic conditions of farmland, implementing the water-saving irrigation technique, promoting the balanced yield growth of grain production, and raising the net grain imported share properly, aimed at Chinas food safety and supply/demand balance of grain. Single consideration limited on the intensive input and development of chemical fertilizer industry will result in high costs in resource, environment and production, and be unacceptable in farmer and market.Key words: contribution of chemical fertilizer; demand of chemical fertilizer; food safety【研究与开发】田间土壤硝态氮快速测定方法的研究与应用前景Urs Schmidhalter,胡云才(慕尼黑工业大学 生命科学研究中心 植物营养研究所,德国)摘 要对田间土壤硝态氮（NO3-N）快速测定方法的研究，包括土壤水分快速测定方法、快速提取技术（经济、易于获得的提取剂和简易、快捷的提取方法）、温度校正系数以及合理使用试纸-反射仪的研究。大量的试验结果表明，田间土壤硝态氮快速测定方法所得的土壤硝态氮含量与实验室标准方法所得结果有着良好的线性相关关系。本研究所提出的田间土壤硝态氮快速测定方法具有经济、操作简单、便于农民掌握等特点。目前中国存在着施肥不合理的现象，亟须简易可靠的田间测土技术，因此，田间土壤硝态氮快速测定方法在中国将有着广阔的应用前景。关键词硝态氮；有效氮素；田间试验；试纸-反射仪法；土壤水分含量中图分类号S151.9+5 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-6220(2006)03-0007-04Development of quick on-farm test to determine nitrate level and its potential use in ChinaUrs Schmidhalter, HU Yun-cai(Institute of Plant Nutrition, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany)Abstract: The quick on-farm test methods are studied to determine nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) in soil, including the quick determination of soil moisture content, the fast extraction technique (economical and available extractant, as well as simple and fast extraction method), the correction coefficient of temperature and the rational application of indicator paper-reflecting apparatus. The trial results show that there is a good linear correlation between the value of nitrate nitrogen in soil by the quick on-farm test method and the value by the standard determination method in lab. The quick on-farm test method is economical, simple and easy for farmers, so it has a largely potential application in China to eliminate the irrational fertilization at present.Key words: nitrate nitrogen; available nitrogen; on-farm test; indicator paper-reflecting apparatus method; moisture in soil沸石氮肥在水中和土壤中的释放动力学钟付琴，王国庆，陈 实，吴 锋(北京理工大学 化工与环境学院，北京 100081)摘 要通过沸石与硝酸铵熔融盐反应制得沸石氮肥，研究在水冲洗和土壤模拟耕层下铵态氮和硝态氮的释放情况。结果表明，在水冲洗条件下硝酸根和铵根的释放质量浓度呈一阶指数方程降低；在土壤模拟耕层下，硝酸根氮和铵根氮释放分别满足控释肥料养分释放模型，即SUGIHARA模型和SUGIHARA改进模型，表现出一定的控释特征。关键词沸石；硝酸铵熔融盐；沸石氮肥；氮释放模型中图分类号TQ 449+1 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-6220(2006)03-0011-04Kinetics of nutrient release from nitrogen fertilizer adsorbed on zeolite under the condition of water and soilZHONG Fu-qin, WANG Guo-qing, CHEN Shi, WU Feng(School of Chemical Engineering and Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)Abstract: A nitrogen fertilizer adsorbed on zeolite is prepared from the reaction between zeolite and ammonium nitrate melting salt, and its release courses of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen are studied under the conditions of water washing and soil. The results show that the releases of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen lower in exponential model, under the conditions of water washing; meanwhile the releases of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen agree with the SUGIHARA and the advanced SUGIHARA models, under the conditions of soil, which reflect some slow and controlled release characteristics of the nitrogen fertilizer adsorbed on zeolite.Key words: zeolite; ammonium nitrate melting salt; nitrogen fertilizer adsorbed on zeolite; nitrogen release model磷酸脲生产中的相平衡研究谢 萍，李 军，陈 亮(四川大学 化工学院，四川 成都610065)摘 要采用湿渣法与X射线衍射相结合的方法，在20和40下对尿素-磷酸-水三元体系进行研究，得到尿素和磷酸在水中的溶解度数据，确定了磷酸脲CO（NH2）2H3PO4的结晶区，为磷酸脲工业化生产提供理论依据。关键词磷酸脲；尿素；湿渣法；X射线衍射中图分类号TQ 126.3+9 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-6220(2006)03-0015-02Research on the phase equilibrium in the production of urea phosphateXIE Ping, LI Jun, CHEN Liang(School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China)Abstract: The ternary system of urea-phosphoric acid-water at 20 and 40 is investigated by the wet slag method with XRD, thus the solubility data of urea and phosphoric acid in water are obtained and the crystal area of urea phosphateCO（NH2）2H3PO4is determined for the theory guidance of industrial production of urea phosphate.Key words: urea phosphate; urea; wet slag method; X-ray diffraction (XRD)【钙镁磷肥】钙镁磷肥发展前景综述许秀成(郑州大学，河南 郑州 450002)摘 要我国主要磷资源形成于距今6.5亿至5.5亿年前，1亿年内在扬子古海沉积了105亿t以中、低品位为主的胶磷矿。这类磷矿中的大多数含镁高，是制造钙镁磷肥的最佳原料。利用玻璃结构因子配料法可充分利用磷矿开采过程中废弃的低品位磷矿及顶板剥离层生产钙镁磷肥。并介绍中国的钙镁磷肥与日本、韩国熔成磷肥的生产现况及对比3国的售价，提出中国钙镁磷肥应与世界熔成磷肥的标准与价格接轨，有利于我国磷资源的合理利用。关键词钙镁磷肥；熔成磷肥；磷资源；低品位磷矿利用中图分类号TQ 442.33 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-6220(2006)03-0017-06Prospects for the development of fused calcium magnesium phosphateXU Xiu-cheng(Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China)Abstract: The major phosphorus resources in China were formed 0.65 billion 0.55 billion years ago. With medium or low-grade phosphorus but high magnesium contents, the colloidal phosphate rock of 10.5 billion tons was deposited in the ancient Yangtze sea valley during the period of 0.1 billion years. They are considered optimum raw material for FCMP production. Based on the burden method of the glass structure factor, the raw materials can also be made full use in the production of FCMP, such as low-grade phosphate rock discarded or the upper stripping layer part in the mining rock. The comparisons on the current situation and marketing price are made among FCMP in China and FMP in Japan and South Korea. The viewpoint is stated that the standard and price of FCMP in China should accord with those of FMP in the world to adopt the phosphorus resource in China reasonably.Key words: fused calcium magnesium phosphate (FCMP); fused magnesium phosphate (FMP); phosphorus resource; utilization of low-grade phosphate rock【磷酸 磷铵】大型磷酸浓缩装置设计的优化孙国超，胡珊珊(中国石化集团 南京设计院,江苏 南京 210048)摘 要过去十多年间，我国新建了十几套大型磷酸浓缩装置，均采用单级蒸发浓缩工艺，而国外大多采用两级或多级蒸发工艺。全面分析了两级浓缩技术经济上的先进性(降低投资，设备国产化难度降低)，并提出了我国今后新建磷酸浓缩装置的优化方案应是两级或多级浓缩。关键词湿法磷酸；两级浓缩；设计优化中图分类号TQ 442.14 文献标识码 A 文章编号1007-6220(2006)03-0023-03Optimizing the design of large-scale WPA concentration unitSUN Guo-chao, HU Shan-shan(Nanjing Design Institute, SINOPEC， Nanjing, Jiangsu 210048, China)Abstract: With single-stage evaporation, the facilities of more than 10 sets were built in China for phosphoric acid concentration in the past decade, while the multi-stage evaporation, especially two stage evaporation, is widely adopted abroad. The advantages of two stage evaporation in tech-economy are described, such as lower investment and the more convenient domestic manufacture to equipment. So the multi-stage or two stage evaporation is recommended as an optimized design scheme for future construction of phosphoric acid concentration facilities in China.Key words: wet-process phosphoric acid (WPA); two-stage concentration; optimized design宜昌磷矿生产粒状磷铵由30 kt/a扩能达100 kt/a的技改综述霍云飞(湖北宜化集团 楚星化工股份有限公司, 湖北 宜都 443311)摘 要介绍湖北楚星化工股份有限公司1994年至2004年用宜昌磷矿，在小磷铵装置萃取槽、过滤机、喷浆造粒干燥机不变的情况下，实现了粒状磷铵由30 kt/a扩能达100 kt/a的技改。综述了配套工艺、设备材料改造情况及生产实践中发展的一些新观点。关键词宜昌磷矿；30 kt/a磷铵；扩能技改中图分类号TQ 442.14 文献标识码 A 文章编号1007-6220(2006)03-0026-06A summary of expansion revamp of granular AP plant from 30 kt/a to 100 kt/a by use of Yichang phosphoriteHUO Yun-fei(Chuxing Chemical Co., Ltd, Hubei Yihua Group Corp., Yidu, Hubei 443311, China)Abstract: In Chuxing Chemical Co., Ltd., granular ammonium phosphate are produced by Yichang phosphate rock, and its capacity was increased from 30kt/a to the present 100 kt/a in the past 10 years (19942004), whilst the main equipment such as extraction tank, filter and spray-granulator kept unchanged. The improvement is presented in the technology, equipment and materials.Key words: Yichang phosphate rock; 30 kt/a ammonium phosphate; capacity expansion and process improvement单槽多桨磷酸萃取槽内中心筒结构改进陈慧卿(中国石化集团南化有限公司,江苏 南京 210048)中图分类号TQ 126.3+5；TQ440.5+2 文献标识码B 文章编号 1007-6220(2006)03-0032-02沉降室的除尘效果季保德(临泉化工股份有限公司，安徽 临泉 236400)【磷 酸 盐】我国磷酸二氢钾现状及前景展望樊 蕾，赵建国(云南省化工研究院，云南 昆明 650228)摘 要阐述磷酸二氢钾的用途、生产方法和我国生产及消费情况，展望磷酸二氢钾的发展前景。关键词磷酸二氢钾；生产；消费；发展前景中图分类号TQ 126.3+5 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-6220(2006)03-0034-04The current status and prospect of potassium dihydrogen phosphate in ChinaFAN Lei, ZHAO Jian-guo(Yunnan Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Kunming, Yunnan 650228, China)Abstract: The usage, manufacture technique, as well as the production and consumption of potassium dihydrogen phosphate in China are reviewed, its prospect is also predicted.Key words: potassium dihydrogen phosphate; production; consumption; prospect饲料级磷酸氢钙装置运行基本情况金春花，帅永康(自贡鸿鹤化工（集团）有限责任公司,四川 自贡 643000)中图分类号TQ 442.31 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1007-6220(2006)03-0038-01【硫 酸】ARH800E罗茨鼓风机齿轮断裂故障分析何文旭(云浮市宝利硫酸有限责任公司，广东 云浮 527500)摘 要简述ARH800E罗茨鼓风机齿轮断裂故障的全过程，剖析事故原因，提出解决方法，并总结几点设备安装、运行、管理、监测中应注意的问题。关键词罗茨鼓风机；齿轮断裂；故障分析中图分类号TQ 111.16 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-6220(2006)03-0039-02Fault analysis of gear breaking in ARH800E Roots blowerHE Wen-xu(Baoli Sulfuric Acid Co., Ltd, Yunfu, Guangdong 527500, China)Abstract: The whole course of gear breaking in ARH800E Roots Blower is described, meanwhile the causes of the fault are analyzed, the countermeasures are presented, some problems in installation, operation, management and monitor are also summarized.Key words: Roots blower; gear breaking; fault analysis【黄 磷】我国制磷电炉炉渣的综合利用陈善继(中国石化集团 南京设计院，江苏 南京 210048)摘 要分析制磷炉渣的特性，介绍磷渣综合利用途径：制水泥掺合料，作硅肥，生产白炭黑，生产保温材料、炉渣砖、釉面瓷砖，制SUF微细粉等，并对磷炉渣的利用提出了几点建议。关键词制磷；磷炉渣；综合利用中图分类号TQ 126.3+16；X781 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-6220(2006)03-0041-04Comprehensive utilization of phosphorus furnace slag in ChinaCHEN Shan-ji(Nanjing Design Institute, SINOPEC， Nanjing, Jiangsu 210048, China)Abstract: The properties of phosphorus slag and its applications are presented, such as cement raw material, silica fertilizer, white carbon black manufacture, heat insulator, slag brick, ceramic tile with glaze surface, and SUF fine powder raw material etc, and a few suggestions are given.Key words: phosphorus manufacture; phosphorus slag; comprehensive utilization【复 混 肥】生产有机-无机复混肥原料腐植酸的选择及质量指标的确定徐传忠(黑龙江省腐植酸资源开发利用办公室，黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001)摘 要当用腐植酸(HA)生产有机-无机肥时，并非任何腐植酸均可用，如要保证其刺激作物生长和改良土壤等作用，对腐植酸的速效成分黄腐酸(FA)和棕腐酸(HyA)的含量、盐基交换量、酚羟基含量均有一定要求。根据国外和企业10多年的研究成果，讨论了肥料用腐植酸选用的标准。关键词腐植酸；质量指标；盐基交换量；黄腐酸；棕腐酸；有机-无机肥中图分类号TQ 444.6 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-6220(2006)03-0045-02Selection of humic acid as raw material of organic-inorganic compound fertilizer and determination of its quality specificationXU Chuan-zhong(Humic Acid Resource Exploiting & Imposing Office, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China)Abstract: Not all the humic acids are fit for the production of organic-inorganic fertilizer. If such effects as stimulating the growth of plants, improving the soil condition are to be guaranteed, the content of fulvic acid and hymatomelanic acid, which are the available component of humic acid, as well as the base exchange and phenolic hydroxyl amount are required. Based on the research results of domestic enterprises and abroad in the past over 10 years, the selection standard of fertilizer using humic acid are discussed.Key words: humic acid；quality index；base exchange; fulvic acid; hymatomelanic acid; organic-inorganic fertilizer复合肥结块原因及解决方法王宝安，梁红江，苏晓明(中国-阿拉伯化肥有限公司，河北 秦皇岛 066003)摘 要阐述复合肥结块的机理；讨论影响复合肥结块的内在因素和外部因素；提出防止复合肥结块的8项措施。认为今后防结块的研究应该从保证防结块剂成膜的坚固性和保证复合肥颗粒的稳定性入手。关键词复合肥；结块机理；结块原因；防结块措施中图分类号TQ 444 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-6220(2006)03-0047-03Caking cause of compound fertilizer and measures for anti-cakingWANG Bao-an, LIANG Hong-jiang, SU Xiao-ming(Sino-Arab Chemical Fertilizer Co., Ltd (SACF), Qinhuangdao， Hebei 066003, China)Abstract: The caking mechanism of compound fertilizer is described, meanwhile the inner and outer factors of compound fertilizer caking and eight measures of anti-caking are discussed. The suggestion presented that the study of anti-caking in future should begin at the consistency of the film formed by anti-caking agent and keeping the stability of compound fertilizer granule.Key words: compound fertilizer; caking mechanism; caking cause; measures of anti-caking尿基复合肥K-T工艺技术分析耿 建(河南省中原大化集团 复合肥厂，河南 濮阳 457000)摘 要介绍尿基复合肥K-T技术工艺流程；通过造粒、系统温度控制、缩二脲含量控制、重钙的氨化、除尘洗涤系统、配料系统等方面的技术特点、操作控制要点的分析，指出K-T工艺生产高氮复合肥的突出优势。关键词尿基复合肥；K-T工艺；工艺流程；技术特点中图分类号TQ 444 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-6220(2006)03-0050-03The discussion on K-T technology for production of urea-based compound fertilizerGENG Jian(Compound Fertilizer Plant of Zhongyuan Dahua Group Crop., Puyang, Henan 457000, China)Abstract: The K-T process of urea-based compound fertilizer is presented. Through analysis on the technology characteristic and the main operating point in the different parts of process, such as granulation system temperature control, biuret concentration control, aminated triple superphosphate, dedusting and washing system, raw material distribution system and so on, the advantage of high-nitrogen compound fertilizer produced by K-T process is remarkable.Key words: urea-based compound fertilizer; K-T technology; process; technology characteristic300 kt/a高浓度复合肥生产中的几点改进王 磊，邢晓东(中国石油 宁夏石化公司,宁夏 银川 750026)摘 要对五环科技有限公司设计的尿基复合肥工艺在宁夏石化公司复合肥生产中出现的原料计量系统不稳定，造粒机进口溜槽堵料，造粒机尾气管线倒料，干燥系统水平衡等问题进行分析，并提出改进措施。关键词尿基复合肥工艺；原料计量系统；造粒机进口溜槽；尾气管线；干燥机水平衡中图分类号TQ 444 文献标识码 B 文章编号1007-6220(2006)03-0053-02Some improvement in production of 300 kt/a high-analysis compound fertilizer plantWANG Lei，XING Xiao-dong(Ningxia Petro Chemical Company, CNPC, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750026, China) Abstract: The unstable measuring system of raw material, the jam of granulator entry trough, return material of off-gas pipeline, water balance in drying system and so on in urea-based compound fertilizer process designed by Wuhuan Science & Technology Co., Ltd, and operated in the company, are described and analyzed. The improving measures are also proposed.Key words: urea-based compound fertilizer technology; measuring system of raw material; entry chute of granulator; off-gaspipeline; water balance in drier硅肥的研究现状及展望武艳菊，宋祥伟，刘振学(山东科技大学，山东 济南 250031)摘 要介绍硅肥的性质，并从硅肥的生产工艺、施用功效及施用技术三个方面对硅肥的研究现状作了综述，最后对硅肥的前景做了展望。关键词硅肥；生产工艺；施用功效；施用技术；研究现状与前景中图分类号TQ 445.9 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-6220(2006)03-0055-02The present research situation and prospect of silicon fertilizerWU Yan-ju, SONG Xiang-wei, LIU Zhen-xue(Shandong University of Science and Technology, Jinan, Shandong 250031, China)Abstract: The characteristics of silicon fertilizer are described, and the present status for silicon fertilizer research is reviewed from such 3 aspects as the productive technology of silicon fertilizer, its efficacy and applying method. Further the development prospect of silicon fertilizer is also predicted.Key words: silicon fertilizer; productive technology; efficacy; applying method; present research situation and prospect花生的追肥唐国昌，王大华，张振威(南阳德润化工有限公司，河南 内乡 474350)中图分类号TQ 444 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1007-6220(2006)03-0057-01【副产品综合利用】瓮福氟化铝装置煅烧系统油改煤技术改造陈少平，李鉴明(贵州宏福实业开发有限总公司 瓮福磷肥厂，贵州 福泉 550501)摘 要介绍瓮福氟化铝装置产品煅烧/冷却系统由燃油改为燃煤的技术改造。改造采用燃煤间接加热回转窑煅烧工艺，同时为了有效防止热水解反应的发生，将干燥与煅烧过程分开进行。改造后的产品质量与改造前相比未有下降，每吨产品成本下降648元，获得很好的经济效益。关键词氟化铝；煅烧系统；燃油改燃煤；热水解；回转煅烧窑中图分类号X 786；TQ038.1 文献标识码 A 文章编号 1007-6220(2006)03-0058-03Revamping calcining system of Wengfu aluminum fluoride plant by changing oil-burning into coal-burningCHEN Shao-ping， LI Jian-ming(Wengfu Phosphate Plant, Hongfu Industrial & Commercial Development General Company, Fuquan, Guizhou 550501, China)Abstract: The technique improvement of oil to coal burning system in aluminum fluoride burning/cooling section is presented. The rotary kiln is indirectly heated by flue gas. In preventing the occurrence of hot hydrolytic decomposition, drying and burning are carried out respectively. The quality is kept same to that before the improvement, while the cost is decreased by 648 RMB Yuan/ton product.Key words: aluminum fluoride; burning system; oil to coal burning; hot hydrolytic decomposition; rotary kiln【设 备】磷石膏双螺旋输送机的性能和技术改造邢爱新(中国石化集团 南化有限公司,江苏 南京 210048)摘 要由于S-NPK装置扩能，使磷酸生产的副产品磷石膏增加，致使输送磷石膏的双螺旋输送机常发生故障。该文对该厂双螺旋输送机的输送能力及所需功率进行了核算，并介绍螺旋旋芯磨损严重、螺旋轴弯曲、串轴等故障进行技改的情况。关键词磷酸；磷石膏；双螺旋输送机；技改中图分类号TQ126.3+5；TQ 440.5 文献标识码 B 文章编号 1007-6220