MLA格式说明.docx

A Simplified MLA Manual for English Majors of Donghua University东华大学外语学院英语本科论文MLA格式指南2015-9-1公司名称公司地址ContentsPART ONE How to Define Plagiarism 1PART TWO The Mechanics of Writing 12.1. Titles of Works in the Research Paper 12.1.1. Capitalization and Punctuation 12.1.2. Italicized Titles 22.1.3. Titles in Quotation Marks 22.1.4. Titles and Quotations within Titles 32.1.5. Exceptions 32.2. Quotations 32.2.1. Prose 32.2.2. Poetry 42.2.3. Drama 52.2.4. Ellipsis 52.2.5. Other Alterations of Sources 62.2.6. Punctuations with Quotations 62.2.7. Translations of Quotations 7PART THREE Documentation: Preparing the List of Works Cited 83.1. The List of Works Cited 83.1.1. MLA Style 83.1.2. Arrangement of Entries 93.1.3. Two or More Works by the Same Author 103.1.4. Two or More Works by the Same Authors 113.1.5. Cross-References 113.2. Citing Periodical Print Publications 113.2.1. An Article in a Scholarly Journal 113.2.2. An Article in a Newspaper 123.2.3. An Article in a Magazine 123.3. Citing Nonperiodical Print Publications 123.3.1. A Book by a Single Author 123.3.2. An Anthology or a Compilation 123.3.3. A Book by Two or More Authors 133.3.4. A Book by a Corporate Author 133.3.5. A Work in an Anthology 133.3.6. An Article in a Reference Book 133.3.7. An Introduction, a Preface, a Foreword, or an Afterword 133.3.8. A Scholarly Edition 143.3.9. A Translation 143.3.10. A Multivolume Work 143.3.11. An Unpublished Dissertation 143.4. Citing Web Publications 153.4.1. A Nonperiodical Publication 153.4.2. A Scholarly Journal 153.5. Citing a Film or a Video Recording 15PART FOUR Documentation: Citing Sources in the Text 164.1. Readability 164.2. Citing an Entire Work 164.3. Citing Part of a Work 164.4. Citing Two or More Works by the Same Author or Authors 174.5. Citing Indirect Sources 17INDEX 18PART ONE How to Define Plagiarism 如何定义剽窃？To use other another persons ideas or expressions in your writing without acknowledging the source is to plagiarize. Plagiarism constitutes intellectual theft. It is a moral and ethical offense which may result in heavy penalties.Example Original sourceSome of Dickinsons most powerful poems express her firmly held conviction that life cannot be fully comprehended without an understanding of death.PlagiarismEmily Dickinson strongly believed that we cannot understand life fully unless we also comprehend death.以上文字采用了原文献的观点，但没有给出原文献的作者信息，所以属于剽窃。Non-plagiarismAs Wendy Martin has suggested, Emily Dickinson strongly believed that we cannot understand life fully unless we also comprehend death (625).同时在论文末尾的Works Cited中给出完整信息：Martin, Wendy. “Emily Dickinson.” Columbia Literary History of the United States. Emory Elliott, gen. ed. New York: Columbia UP, 1988. 609-26.In writing your research paper, you should document everything that you borrownot only direct quotations and paraphrases but also information and ideas.无论是直接引用（使用引号原封不动地引用别人的话）还是间接引用（不使用引号，对别人的话进行概括和释义）都必须注明出处。即使你的观点与他人不谋而合，只要他人先于你发表，你就必须注明出处。将汉语文章翻译成英语而不注明出处，是剽窃。将几篇文章拼贴成一篇文章，也是剽窃。采用他人的观点和框架，只是用自己的语言来表达，同样是剽窃。无论是故意剽窃，还是非故意剽窃，都是学术不端行为，后果同样严重。我们对剽窃的态度是零容忍！PART TWO The Mechanics of Writing 写作的基本规范2.1. Titles of Works in the Research Paper论文和文献的标题2.1.1. Capitalization and Punctuation 关于首字母大写的规则The rules for capitalizing titles are strict. In both titles and subtitles, capitalize the first words, the last words, and all principal words, including those that follow hyphens in compound terms. Therefore, capitalize the following parts of speech: Nouns (e.g., The Flowers of Europe) Pronouns (e.g., Save Our Children) Verbs (e.g., America Watches Television) Adjectives (e.g., The Ugly Duckling) Adverbs (e.g., Go Down, Moses) Subordinating conjunctions (e.g., after, although, as if, as soon as, because, before, if, that, unless, until, when, where, while)Do not capitalize the following parts of speech when they fall in the middle of a title: Articles (a, an, the) Prepositions (e.g., against, between, in, of, to) Coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet) The to in infinitivesExamples 1-4The Teaching of Spanish in English-Speaking Countries (连字符之后的单词首字母大写)Life As I Find It (as是主从连词)The Artist as Critic (as是介词)Whose Music? A Sociology of Musical Language (副标题作为独立的单位，起首单词a大写)2.1.2. Italicized Titles斜体标题In general, italicize the titles of works published independently. Titles to be italicized include the names of books, plays, long poems published as books, pamphlets, periodicals, films, radio and television programs, CDs, ballets, operas, paintings, works of sculpture, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft.Examples 1-7The Awakening (书)The Waste Land (作为单行本出版的长诗)Wall Street Journal (报纸)Time (杂志)The Sound of Music (电影)HMS Vanguard (船只)Challenger (航天飞机)2.1.3. Titles in Quotation Marks加引号的标题Use quotation marks for the titles of works published within larger works. Such titles include the names of articles, essays, short stories, short poems, chapters of books, and individual episodes of television and radio programs. Also use quotation marks for unpublished works, such as lectures and speeches.Examples 1-5“Araby” (短篇小说)“Ode to the Nightingale” (诗集中的一首诗)“The Fiction of Langston Hughes” (文集中的一篇文章)“Sources of Energy in the Next Century” (杂志文章)“Strawberry Fields Forever” (歌曲)2.1.4. Titles and Quotations within Titles题目中的题目当题目中出现另一个题目时，以上规则可以叠加或抵消。Examples 1-3“Language and Childbirth in The Awakening” (文章名中出现一个书名)“The Uncanny Theology of A Good Man Is Hard to Find” (文章名中出现一个短篇小说名)From The Lodger to The Lady Vanishes: Hitchcocks Classic British Thrillers (书名中出现两个电影名，斜体抵消)2.1.5. Exceptions例外The convention of using italics and quotation marks to indicate titles does not apply to the names of sacred writings; of laws, acts, and similar political documents; of series, societies, buildings, and monuments; and of conferences, seminars, workshops, and courses.Examples 1-7BibleGospelsOld TestamentGenesisMagna CartaDeclaration of IndependenceBill of Rights2.2. Quotations直接引用Quotations are effective to research papers when used selectively. Quote only words, phrases, lines, and passages that are particularly interesting, vivid, unusual, or apt, and keep all quotations as brief as possible. Overquotation can bore your readers and might lead them to conclude that you are neither an original thinker nor a skillful writer.Quotations must reproduce the original sources exactly. Unless indicated in brackets or parentheses, changes must not be made in the spelling, capitalization, or interior punctuation of the source. You must construct a clear, grammatically correct sentence that allows you to introduce or incorporate a quotation with complete accuracy. Alternatively, you may paraphrase the original and quote only fragments, which may be easier to integrate into the text.引用应尽量简短，点到即止。所有直接引用（quotation）和间接引用（paraphrase）的总合不能超过全文的30%。直接引用的内容必须与原文相符，如有改动必须注明。无论是直接引用，还是间接引用，必须使用完整的句子，与上下文保持连贯。2.2.1. Prose如果引用的内容不超过四行，并且不需要特别强调，可以放在文中，用引号标记出来。Examples 1-2“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,” wrote Charles Dickens of the eighteenth century (35).For Charles Dickens the eighteenth century was both “the best of times” and “the worst of times” (35).注：可以引用完整的句子，也可以引用关键词和短语。括号说明原文在原著中的页码。在这种情况下，括号在引号之外、句点之内。四行以上的大段引用需要单列出来，左缩进1英寸（相当于5个中文字符，或10个英文字符），不加引号，上下不空行。如果引用的内容不超过一个自然段，不需要首行缩进。Example 3At the conclusion of Lord of the Flies, Ralph and the other boys realize the horror of their actions:The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. (186)注：大段引用时，括号放在句点之外。如果引用两个以上的自然段，每段都需要首行缩进。但是，如果所引用的第一句话不是原文中的段首，则该段不需要首行缩进，其余自然段仍需要首行缩进。Example 4In Moll Flanders Defoe maintains the pseudoautobiographical narration typical of the picaresque tradition:My true name is so well known in the records, or registers, at Newgate and in the Old Bailey, and there are some things of such consequence still depending there relating to my particular conduct, that it is not to be expected I should set my name or the account of my family to this work . . . .It is enough to tell you, that . . . some of my worst comrades, who are out of the way of doing me harm . . . know me by the name of Moll Flanders . . . . (1)2.2.2. Poetry引用诗歌时，如果不超过三行，且不需要特别强调，可以放在文中，用引号隔开。诗行之间用斜杠隔开，前后各空一格。Example 1Reflecting on the “incident” in Baltimore, Cullen concludes, “Of all the things that happened there / Thats all that I remember” (11-12).注：此处括号中的数字不表示页码，而表示行号。如果引用诗歌三行以上，或者不超过三行但是需要特别强调，应该单列出来，左缩进1英寸，左对齐（除非原诗有特殊的排版形式）。Example 2Elizabeth Bishops “In the Waiting Room” is rich in evocative detail:It was winter. It got darkearly. The waiting roomwas full of grown-up people,arctics and overcoats,lamps and magazines. (6-10)如果引用诗歌的第一行在原文中位于某一行的后部，必须忠实呈现该行在原文诗行中的位置，不能向左对齐。Example 3In a poem on Thomas Hardy (“T. H.”), Moll Holden recalls her encounter with a “young dog fox” one morning: I rememberHe glanced at me in just that way, independentand unabashed, the handsome sidelong lookthat went round and about but never directlymet my eyes, for that would betray his soul.He was not being sly, only careful. (43-48)2.2.3. Drama引用两个以上的戏剧人物对话时，必须另起一行，左缩进1英寸。人物名全部大写，后面跟一个句点。人物台词悬挂缩进1/4英寸。Example 1Marguerite Durass screenplay for Hiroshima mon amour suggests at the outset the profound difference between observation and experience:HE. You saw nothing in Hiroshima. Nothing.SHE. I saw everything. Everything. . . . The hospital, for instance, I saw it. Im sure I did. There is a hospital in Hiroshima. How could I help seeing it?HE. You did not see the hospital in Hiroshima. You saw nothing in Hiroshima. (2505-06)2.2.4Ellipsis省略在直接引用时，如果需要省略原文中的部分语句，必须遵循两个原则：1）不曲解原文，不断章取义；2）包含引文的句子必须语法完整。如果省略后的引文读起来仍然像一个句子，或者一系列句子，必须用三个中间有空格隔开的句点代替省略的部分。Example 1In surveying various responses to plagues in the Middle Ages, Barbara W. Tuchman writes, “Medical thinking, trapped in the theory of astral influences, stressed air as the communicator of disease . . .” (101-02).注：每个点的前后都有空格。当省略号在句末时，原文的句号不可省略。如果需要省略诗歌中的某一行或某几行，可以用一连串有空格隔开的句点来代替省略的部分，长度与诗行的长度相近。Example 2Elizabeth Bishops “In the Waiting Room” is rich in evocative detail:In Worcester, Massachusetts,I went with Aunt Consueloto keep her dentists appointment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .It was winter. It got darkearly. (1-3, 6-7)2.2.5. Other Alterations of Sources其他对文献的改动在直接引用时，应尽量保持原文的原貌。如果确实需要改动，必须在引文后用圆括号注明，或者在引文中用方括号注明。Example 1Shaw admitted, “Nothing can extinguish my interest in Shakespear” (sic).注：sic表示“原文如此”。此处虽然Shakespear的拼写不符合常规（Shakespeare），但是原文如此，不宜改动。Example 2Lincoln specifically advocated a government “for the people” (emphasis added).注：此处斜体是论文作者所加，而不是原文所有。相反，如果斜体是原文所有，应该注明“emphasis in orig.”。Example 3In the first act he soliloquizes, “Why she would hang on him Hamlets father / As if increase of appetite had grown / By what it fed on . . .” (ellipsis added).注：此处为了说明代词him的指代对象而用了方括号。如果省略号是原文所有，应该注明“ellipsis in orig.”。2.2.6. Punctuation with Quotations引文中的标点无论是句内引用还是大段引用，如果引文需要正式引出，可以用冒号；如果引文是句子结构的一部分，可以用逗号，或者不加标点。如下所示：Examples 1-3Shelley held a bold view: “Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the World” (794).Shelley thought poets “the unacknowledged legislators of the World” (794).“Poets,” according to Shelley, “are the unacknowledged legislators of the World” (794).如果引文以问号或感叹号结束，应保留原标点，不用加入逗号或句号（例4，例6）。如果以问号或感叹号结束的引文恰好出现在句末，而且需要用括号注明页码，这时，保留原来的问号或感叹号，括号在引号外，括号外需要再加一个句号（例5，例7）。Examples 4-7“How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to form?” wonders the doctor in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein (42).In Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, the doctor wonders, “How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to form?” (42).“What a wonderful little almanac you are, Celia!” Dorothea Brooke responds to her sister (7).Dorothea Brooke responds to her sister, “What a wonderful little almanac you are, Celia!” (7).如果一句话以引号结束，句号应放在引号内（包括单引号和双引号）。如果需要用括号注明引文页码，则句号放在括号之外。如下所示：Example 8“The poem alludes to Stevens Sunday Morning,” notes Miller.注：逗号在双引号和单引号之内。Example 9N. Scott Momadays House Made of Dawn begins with an image that also concludes the novel: “Abel was running” (7).注：句号在括号之外。2.2.7. Translations of Quotations引文的翻译如果需要引用中文典籍，或者研究英汉互译，请参考以下做法：Example 1In this first portion of the ode, the merits of the orange are enumerated to compare to the poets own qualities: “not to be moved” (不迁) means he is unfit to go to other states; “immovable” (难徙) means he does not throng with the madding crowd; by “leaves” and “blossoms” (花叶) his arts and letters are meant; by “brambles” and “twigs” (枝棘) his square conduct and firm intents are meant.注：本段内容并非讨论翻译问题，而是对原诗的解释，括号说明了译文与原文之间的对应关系。因为论文用英语写成，为了保持全文的完整性和可读性，应该将相应的中文放在括号内。以下做法是不合适的：In this first portion of the ode, the merits of the orange are enumerated to compare to the poets own qualities: “不迁” (not to be moved) means he is unfit to go to other states; “难徙” (immovable) means he does not throng with the madding crowd; by “花叶” (leaves and blossoms) his arts and letters are meant; by “枝棘” (brambles and twigs) his square conduct and firm intents are meant.Example 2Paronomasia is the use of words that sound similar to other words but with different meanings, for example, “民国万税，天下太贫。” In the use of similar sounds of “税” (shui) and “岁” (sui), and “贫” (pin) and “平” (ping), the writer sharply criticizes the governments incompetence.注：本段内容讨论的是汉英翻译中谐音现象的处理方式。此处可以直接引用中文，并在括号中注出谐音字的拼音。请注意：引号内的引文使用中文全角标点符号，其余部分（包括引号）仍然使用英文半角标点符号。Example 3In her novel, Mrs. Stowe often cuts in between the plots and gives comments on the slavery system. Most of these discussions are deleted in Lin and Weis translation, for example:He was possessed of a handsome person and pleasing manners, and was a general favorite in the factory. Nevertheless, as this young man was in the eye of the law not a man, but a thing, all these superior qualifications were subject to the control of a vulgar, narrow-minded, tyrannical master. (55; emphasis added)哲而治躯干面貌均佳，为是人人爱昵，咸与交契，不复计其出生，威立森亦穷极恩礼。特其原买之主人百般凌践，仍以兽畜之，未尝少假颜色。(7; emphasis added)注：研究英汉互译时，如需举例，应先给出原文，而后给出译文。因为作者和译者的名字在上文中已经交待清楚，所以括号中不需要再注明，只要注明页码即可。可以用斜体强调部分词句的对应。如果需要大量列举，可以用表格形式。Example 4In treatment of the poetic rhythm, Xu tries to capture the lamenting pause of each line faithfully, while Sun neglects the sigh in the middle of each line in favor of overall gracefulness, for example:The bamboo grove, oh! obscures the day;I come too late, oh! hard is the way.Standing alone, oh! on mountain proud,I see below, oh! a sea of cloud. (Xu 44)Biding in bamboo groves, I see not the sky;The way is difficult, hence I come so late.I stand upright atop of a mountain high;Clouds are floating about in the dale below. (Sun 263)余处幽篁兮终不见天；路险难兮独后来。表独立兮山之上，云容容兮而在下。(山鬼，9-12)注：在比较不同的译本时，为了突出译本的差别，将译文置于前，原文置于后。PART THREE Documentation: Preparing the List of Works Cited如何编写引用书目3.1. The List of Works Cited引用书目3.1.1. MLA Style 基本格式规范In an MLA-style entry, the authors name appears as given in the work (normally in full), every important word of the title is capitalized, some words in the publishers name are abbreviated, the publication date follows the publishers name.Example 1Anderson, Iain. This Is Our Music: Free Jazz,