(Ss)句子成分,结构,基本句型,错误分析.doc

句子成分，句子结构，基本句型，错误分析句子成分 学习英语写作，首先要掌握英语句子的基本结构，而要掌握句子的基本结构，必须从句子成分入手。句子成分指的是句子的各个组成成分。在英语中，一个典型的句子，其基本成分可以分为主语部分和谓语部分。主语部分可以包括句子的主语及其限定成分，如定语；谓语部分中最基本也是最重要的成分是谓语动词，其他次要成分有表语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语和同位语。句子结构分类英语句子按其结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句，现分述如下：1简单句 只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）的句子称为简单句（simple sentence）。例如： Successful learners are learners with a purpose. 2并列句 两个或两个以上的简单句用等立连词（或用分号“；”、冒号“：”、逗号“，”等）连在一起构成的句子叫并列句（compound sentence）。常用的等立连词有： and（和），so（因此，所以），not only.but also（不仅.而且），neither.nor（既不.也不），or（或者，否则），otherwise（否则），either.or（不是.就是），but（但是）， yet（然而），still（仍然），however（然而），while（而），whereas（而，反过来），for（因为，由于）等。例如： Hurry up or you may be late for the meeting. The light was red, so I had to stop my car.3复合句 有一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句所构成的句子结构叫复合句（complex sentence），也叫主从复合句。从句有关联词（connective）引导，关联词将从句与主句联系在一起。根据其在复合句中的作用，从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。例如： We move our heads from side to side when we want to say no. 我们想说“不”的时候就左右摇头。（关联词when引导状语从句） The purpose of a test is to show what you have learned about a subject.测试的目的是了解你对某门课程学习的情况。（关联词what引导宾语从句） Most adults who are learning a foreign language would disagree with the statement. 多数正在学习外语的成年人不会同意这种说法。（关联词who引导定语从句） The reason for their success is that they can learn from their mistakes. 他们成功的原因在于他们从错误中学到东西。（关联词that引导表语从句） Who will chair the meeting is of interest to many of them.谁来主持这个会议，他们许多人对此很感兴趣。（关联词who引导主语从句）基本句型句子的主要成分是主语和谓语。构成主语的有名词或相当于名词作用的其他词、词组或从句。谓语的构成比较复杂，有时可以由谓语动词独立担当谓语，有时谓语动词需带宾语或表语，还有的谓语动词可带两个宾语或带宾语后再加补足语等。谓语动词类别的不同决定着谓语结构的不同，而不同的谓语结构又决定着不同的句型。所谓基本句型（basic sentence pattern）就是几种基本的谓语结构的格局；千变万化的句型都是由它们演变而来的。英语的基本句型有五种，即：1主系表 2主动 3主动宾 4主动宾宾5主动宾宾补常见错误我们在造英语句子时，经常会出现一些错误，常见的主要有以下几种：1. 非完整句错误前面说过，一个意思和结构都完整的句子至少有主语和谓语两个部分，当然祈使句除外。若有句子中的某一部分被当作一个句子，就会导致非完整句的错误。非完整句错误通常有以下几种情况：1 将从句当成句子例1 原句：He failed to pass the examination. Which disappointed his parents. 修改句：He failed to pass the examination. That disappointed his parents.例2 原句：I think this film is poor. Even though so many people enjoying seeing it. 修改句：I think this film is poor，even though so many people enjoying seeing it.通常纠正非完整句可以有两种方法：1 将非完整句与前面或后面的句子合并起来，连成一个句子；2 给非完整句加上主语，使之成为一个完整的句子。2. 断句错误我们在前面提到，并列句之间要要用并列词连接，或用分号断开，主句和从句之间要用从属连词连接。但是有的学生在写句子时，不管句子各部分之间的关系如何，一概用逗号连接。这种错误被称为断句错误。断句错误时中国学生常犯的错误，因为在汉语中，两个完整的句子可以直通过逗号连接，所以中国学生有时会忘记，在英语中，如果句子中没有分号，冒号或者破折号，那么除了逗号外，还必须有连词。例1 原句：The food was fine except the cake, I didnt like it. 修改句：The food was fine except the cake, which I didnt like.例2 原句：Some people like an ocean voyage in winter, they want to escape the frost and snow at home. 修改句：Some people like an ocean voyage in winter, because they want to escape the frost and snow at home.例3 原句：It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields. 修改句：It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields. Or: It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields. Or: It was raining so hard that they could not work in the fields. Or: It was raining hard. So they could not work in the fields. Or: As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.例4 原句: Foreign foods have new feature and designs. The same domestically produced goods have not got. 修改句：Foreign foods have new feature and designs which the same domestically produced goods have not got.从上面的例句可以看出，纠正这类错误的方法必须根据有关分句或者主从句之间的逻辑关系而定。3. 非连接成分错误一般情况下，当动词的非谓语形式做状语时，其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致，否则，该状语即为连接成分。例 原句：1. Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.2. Rotten in the cellar, he had to throw away the potatoes.3. To swim properly, a course of instructions is necessary.4. Returning home in a taxi, the music of the opera still seemed to sing in our ears.5. I had a summer job that year, therefore, enabling me to stay in school for another term.纠正这类错误，可以有三种方法：1 对这类句子的结构做出必要的改动，使状语的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致；2 给状语加上一个适当的逻辑主语，使之成为一个独立结构；3 将状语改成一个从句。修改句：1. Looking out of the window, one can see the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.2. The potatoes in the cellar had rotten, so he had to throw them away. As the potatoes in the cellar had rotten, he had to throw them away.He had to throw away the potatoes which had rotten in the cellar.He had to throw away the potatoes in the cellar, for they had rotten.3. To swim properly, one needs a course of instructions.If one wants to swim properly, a course of instructions is necessary.4. While we were returning home in a taxi, the music of the opera still seemed to sing in our ears.5. I had a summer job that year, which, therefore, enables me to stay in school for another term.4. 有关主谓一致的错误在英语当中，当可数名词单数或不可数名词做主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；复数名词做主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。为此，学生在造句时应注意一下几种情况：1 主语和谓语之间出现修饰词，谓语动词英语主语保持一致。例1 One of the many is missing.例2 My uncle is one of those who does not believe that a knowledge of politics is useful in a business office.例3 The bookcase full of books and magazines stands in a corner of the room.2. 主语和谓语之间插入了由with, as well as, except, in addition to, not等引导的名次词组，谓语动词仍应与主语保持一致。例1 Jane as well as the rest has agreed to come.例2 The audience in addition to all the cameramen was so excited.例3 The employees, not the manager, were asked to explain the cause of the fire.例4 The Chinese girl together with her two American friends is eating at a restaurant.3. each/everyand连接两个单数形式的主语，句中谓语动词为单数。例1 Every man and woman is treated in the same way.例2 Every word and phrase in this sentence is essential.4. 由and连接的词组做主语，谓语动词一般要用复数。例 to fight and to win were their aims.5. 由两个名词可做一个整体对待，由and连接以后谓语动词仍为单数。例1 The law and order was soon restored.例3 Time and tide waits for no man.例4 The confidence and trust is very important for me. 例5 The chairman and general secretary was selected.6. 当eitheror, neighnor, not onlybut also连接两个主语时，句中的谓语动词的数要和最接近的那个主语取得一致，即所谓的“就近原则”。例1 Either you or I am wrong.例2 Not only the students but also the teacher has doubts.例3 Neither you nor she is the lucky dog.7. 表示时间，金钱，距离，重量等单位的名词词组做主语，如果强调一定的量，或者总和，谓语动词用单数；如果侧重具体的数量，则谓语动词用复数。试比较： Ten minutes is a long time for us to wait. Ten minutes have passed since we came.8. a series of, a kind of, a portion of等短语做主语，谓语动词用单数；a number of, a variety of等短语做主语，谓语动词用复数。例1 A series of videotapes has been prepared.例2 a variety of goods are for sale.9由each, every, each one, everybody, anybody, nobody, either, neither等引导的名词词组做主语，谓语动词用单数。例1 None of her friends has called her up.例2 Nobody knows the truth.10集体名词做主语，如果表示整体概念，谓语动词用单数；如果表示成员，谓语动词用复数。例1 My family are all vegetarians.例2 My family never intends to have anything to do with business.11. 把完整的意思隔开的错误我们在写句子时，有事会把一个完整的意思隔开而破坏了句子的一致性。例1 原句：In extensive reading, our main purpose is not to learn new structure and vocabulary. But to understand as quickly and completely as possible the ideas being communicated.修改句：In extensive reading, our main purpose is not to learn new structure and vocabulary， but to understand as quickly and completely as possible the ideas being communicated.例2 原句：We naturally assumed that people had arrived there. They left several hours ago.修改句：We naturally assumed that people had arrived there for they left several hours ago.12过多堆积细节 很多人在造句时，喜欢把一些没有逻辑关系的细节和毫不相关的东西堆积在一起，看似内容丰富，实际上破坏了句子的一致性。例1 原句：As he was recalling that night, he reduced the altitude of the plane, and the steady sound of the motor seemed like music in his ears, because he knew that there was not amore dependable plane than this. 修改句：As he was recalling that night, he reduced the altitude of the plane, the steady sound of the motor seemed like music in his ears, and he knew that there was not amore dependable plane than this.二、写作常见错误分析一、语法错误（一）句子结构错误1 主从句叠置1) There are more and more students like to use the computer.2) There are still many problems should be noted and resolved.2 简单句叠置I like chatting on line very much, I go to the net bar almost every weekend.3 从句叠置As is known to all that computers play an important role in many fields of our life.4 句子成分缺失If work hard, we will surely be successful.5 语序错误1) Why college students spend more and more time on the computer?2) I often wonder where have they got their money.（二）动词错误1时态错误Many people thought that the Internet will be more useful in the future. 2语态错误1) I have excited several days at the news that you will come here.2) Most of the students satisfy with the service in the dining hall.3单复数错误 （see above）1) Wise man seek opportunities rather than wait for them.2) Someone are afraid that computer may control men in the future. 4非谓语动词错误1) Let me to represent everyone to say “hello” to you.2) Do exercise in the morning is good for ones health.3) Having studied in our school for 3 years, the canteen service has changed a lot.（三）代词错误1) We can use computers in doing everything you like.2) A college student should be able to do their washing on their own.（四）冠词错误1) Horse is an useful animal.2) The exam will be held in the December, 2004. （五）词性错误1) I wish you can consider my suggests.2) If a p