第八章 冠词.doc

第八章 冠词一、不定冠词a/an的基本用法1不定冠词a/an，当紧跟着冠词的第一个音素为辅音音素（注意：不是辅音字母）时用a;当紧跟着冠词的第一个音素为元音音素（注意：不是元音字母）时用an。如：A university,a useful book,a one-eye dog,a European car,an hour,an honest boy,an x-ray,an ugly man,an honour等。2.表示one,the same,a certain,every的意思。如：They are of an age.(=the same)I will return in a day or two.(=one or two days)Hi,John.A Mr.Smith is waiting for you.(=a certain)注意:a+姓用于表示“一个人”3. 不定冠词的特殊位置1）“so/as/too/how/however+adj+a/an+单数名词”。如：However clever a man is,he cant learn English well without enough practice.Her father was as goog a fellow as ever lived.她父亲是一个再正直不过的人啦。This is so interesting a film that we all want to see it.2)rather,quite修饰的名词短语中，不定冠词的位置比较灵活。如：A quite/rather cosy day或quite/rather a cosy day或quite/rather cosy a day“相当/非常温暖舒适的一天”。注意：名词前没有形容词修饰时，不定冠词只能置于quite后。如：Quite an effort很大努力；quite a time很长一段时间3）“no/much/far/all+形容词比较级+a+单数可数名词”。The tutor was no better a scholar than a fifth grade boy.这位家教并不比五年级学生强多少。He is far more a clever boy.4)what/such/half+a/an+单数名词 Many a+单数名词:很多 Not a/an +单数名词:不止一个三、定冠词的基本用法1.用在表示特指的人或物的名词前，尤其指上文提到过的（第二次提到的人或物的名词）或谈话双方都明确的人或物，也指上文未提到，但谈话双方都知道的人或物。如：The book on the desk is mine.Would you mind turning down the radio a little?The baby is sleeping.2.用在表示世界上独一无二的事物或被认为是唯一东西的名词前，但当这些名词前有描述性定语时，可用不定冠词。The sun is shining brightly.The universeThe worldA blue skyA new moon3.用在形容词或副词最高级以及序数词前。Eg:He was first to speak against slavery. He is the tallest one in our class. He runs (the)fastest in his class.4.定冠词的特殊位置：在名词词组前，定冠词一般放在最前面，但名词词组中如果有exactly,just,half,double,twice,all,both等修饰时，定冠词要放在这些词的后面。如：Exactly the same colorJust the right placeHalf the storyDouble the amount四、零冠词的用法1.不可数名词、复数名词表泛指，用零冠词。如：Father went to his doctor for advice about his heart trouble.Horses are useful animals.2.名词前已有this,that,my,your,some,each,no,any,kind of,type of等指示代词、不定代词以及名词所有格等限定词作定语时不用冠词。如：She is not my type of woman.His heart was beating wildly with fear.He went to some place in France.Each student must hand in his exercise book.3.牢记以下用零冠词的口诀：月，季，星期，节假，洲，称呼，头衔，职务；三餐，球类，惯用语，学科，棋类名词前。如：A year can be divided into four seasonsspring,summer,autumn,and winter.He has no lessons on Sundays.特别注意表示称呼、头衔的名词作表语、同位语、补足语用零冠词。如：Mr.Li is chairman of the meeting.Mr.Li, chairman of the meeting,is from America.We made Mr.Li chairman of the meeting.4.牢记高考中常见的纯不可数名词，它们是：baggage(luggage),furniture,health,weather,fun,space,advice,word(=news),progress,information,news,以上不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用。如：Beyond the stars,the astronaut saw nothing but space.冠词的习惯用法一、 不定冠词的习惯用法Have a knowledge/command of掌握的知识a knowledge/command of的知识Have a collection of有对收藏Have an understanding of有对理解Have a coldHave a good/happy time/have fun/enjoy oneself doing sth.愉快地做某事Have difficulty/a hard time/problems/trouble doing sth.做有困难Have a gift for有对的天赋Have a tendency to有对的倾向Have a/an attitude to/towards有一个对什么样的态度Have an appitite for有对的胃口Have a desire for有对渴望Have a word with与谈话 have words with与吵架Have a population of 有人口Have/take a rest/breakHave a holidayMake a living=earn a livingGet a lift/ride搭便车 give sb. a lift/ride给某人搭便车Go on a diet进行节食 be on a diet处于节食之中 keep a balanced diet保持平衡饮食As a result因此，结果 as a matter of fact=in fact As a rule通常，惯例 after a while一会儿后 in a hurry匆忙地In a sense在某种意义上 in a way从某种意义上说in a word=all in all=in conclusion总而言之in a moment立刻 once in a while=from time to time=now and then=at times=sometimessb. be at a loss某人不知所措 sth.be in a mess某物处于混乱之中at a blow一下子 an act of一个行为at a distance保持一定距离 keep sb. at a distanc与某人保持距离 in the distance在远处once upon a time=long long agoall of a sudden=suddenly=all at oncewith a score of以分数it is a waste of那是浪费 it is a matter of那是一件的事情 what a pity!真遗憾eg:This picture looks beautiful at a distance. Tom,I want to have a talk with you.注意通常成对出现的名词（被视为一套或一体），一般只用一个不定冠词。如：A knife and fork一副刀叉二、 定冠词的习惯用法1.用在姓氏复数前，表示一家人。如：The Greens are at table.The Chens are going to move to Beijing.1. 用在年代、朝代名词及逢十的数词（表示某个年代）前。如：The Tang DynastyThe Spring and Autumn Period春秋时期In the 1990s/1990s在20世纪90年代2. 用于表示具体计量的结构，意思是“按/以计算”，如：By the hour/day/week/month/year/dozen/yard/ton/kilo/thousand注意by size/weight/time中不加the.Eg:We got paid by the month. Meat is sold by weight.3. 句型“动词+sb.+介词+身体某一部位”中的the不可用人称、物主代词代替。如：Take sb. by the armHit sb. on the head/backHit sb. in the face/stomatch此外，在be red in the face(脸红)，be lame in the right leg(右腿瘸)，be blind in the eye(眼瞎)等结构中，名词前也要用the。4. 用在某些固定短语中。如：Make the most/best of=make full/good use of=take full advantage of充分利用In the day time in the end=at last=finally=eventuallyGet into/form/develop the habit of doing sth.养成做的习惯Break the habit of doing st.打破做习惯Not in the least=not at all=not a bit一点也不 not a little=very非常In the way挡路的 in ones way挡某人的路 on the/ones way to在去的路上By the way顺便说/问一下 in a way从某种意义上说On the whole=as a whole=all in all=in a word=in conclusion总而言之On the right/left On the one hand=for one thing一方面 on the other hand=for another thing另一方面At the same time=meanwhile同时At the moment=at present=now此时此刻，目前For the moment=for the time being眼下，暂时Go to the cinema/film/theatreGo to the doctorThe other day=a few days ago前几天On the radio/phone通过无线电、电话 on the spot当场 To tell you the truth=to be honest老实说To the public向大众三、 零冠词的习惯用法1. 系动词turn（变成）后加单数名词作表语时，用零冠词。如：Has he turned scientist?Nothing can make me turn traitor(叛徒)against my country.2.“零冠词+单数名词+as/though+主语+谓语，主句”，意为“虽然/尽管,但是”。如：Hero as/though he is,he has many shortcomings.=Although/Though he a hero, he has many shortcomings.Child as/though he is,he is knowledgeable.=Although/though he is a child, he is knowledgeable.3.在独立主格结构的某一形式中。如：The teacher came in,book in hand(=with a book in his hand/holding a book in his hand/a book held in his hand).= The teacher came in,and a book was in his hand.= The teacher came in,who held a book in his hand= The teacher came in,and a book was held in his hand.4.用在某些固定短语中。如：Day and night日日夜夜 husband and wife夫妻 father and son父子 sun and moon日月At noon/dawn/dusk/night/midnight in case of万一，以防 on second thoughts三思Out of work/order/date/style/fashion/patience/reach/breath/danger/season 够不着 不再旺季 Put sth. in order把某物有序的摆放 put sth. out of order使某物出故障 Sth.be in order某物处于有序之中 in use/danger/public in debt负债Ahead of time=in advance提前，预先 under repair/development/construction/controlSide by side=shoulder to shoulder肩并肩 hand in hand手拉手 face to face面对面 Arm in arm臂挽臂 by weight/size/time by mistake/accident错误地/偶然地In place of sb=take the place of sb.=take ones place=replace sb取代某人By law根据法律 by air/land/water on board在船（火车、飞机等）上At war/home/school/work在交战/家/上学/工作 for certain/sure=certainly肯定地From morning to/till night从早到晚 no such boy没有这样的男孩 come to light真相大白Come to power=take office就职 be in power=be in office处于执政之中Out of powet=out of office不当权 lose power失去权力 come/rank first名列第一Give birth to 生（孩子），产（仔） every few days每几天 every other day每隔一天Every two/threedays每隔天 make room/places for为腾出空间 do harm to sb.=do sb. harm=be harmful to sb.对某人有危害Do sb. good=do good to sb.=be good for sb.易混点辨析一、 普通名词前使用冠词的泛指用法1. 在“the+单数名词”，“a/an+单数名词”，“零冠词+复数名词/不可数名词”中，所用冠词都可表示泛指，但也有细微区别。（1）“the+单数名词”指的是整个类别，这个类别是可以区别于另一个列类别的。如：The car runs faster than the bike.(2) “a/an+单数名词”侧重于指类别中任何一个的特点。如：A tiger is a type of very fierce wild cat that has yellow fur with black bands across.老虎是一种皮毛为黄色、全身长满黑色条纹、形体很大的凶猛的野生猫科动物。（3）“零冠词+复数名词/不可数名词”侧重指类别中的许多个体。如：Father went to his doctor for advice about his heart trouble.Horses are useful animals.Farmers are busy in autumn.(4)在使用冠词时要根据所表达内容的具体情况而定。如：The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.(不能说a tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.因为濒临灭绝指的是整个老虎的种群，而不是某一个老虎面临灭绝的危险。)2. the+形容词或分词有时也可表示泛指。如：the wounded伤员 the dying垂死之人 the unknown未知的事物 the deaf聋子the young年轻人 the old老人 the living生者 the dead死者3. 民族词汇前的冠词泛指用法是在复数民族词汇前加the.如：The Chinese are hard-working.有些民族词汇有两种复数形式，如：English,Englishman;French,Frenchman等，在这种情况下，the English表示泛指，the Englishmen既可表示泛指，又可以表示特指。如：The Fench/Frenchmen are romantic.The Frenchmen are playing football.二、 抽象名词具体化时，被具体化的名词前可能会与a/an连用。如：A heavy rain一场大雨 a surprise一件意外的事 a pleasure一件乐事 a pressure一件有压力的事/一种压力 a concern一件令人关切的事 an experience一个经历 a success泛指一个成功的人/一件成功的事a time指一段时间 a failure泛指一件失败的事或一个失败的人三、 形容词比较级前的冠词活用形容词比较级前用定冠词表示“两者当中较的”，而形容词比较级前用不定冠词，表示“再/更”。Most前用定冠词表示“三者或三者以上中最的”，most前用不定冠词，并无比较含义，most等于very。如：Which is the larger country,Canada or Australia?His English is better than mine.This pair of shoes is not fit for me.Would you show me a bigger pair?It is a most(=very) useful book.四、 序数词前的冠词活用五、 “the+序数词”表示排序，“a/an+序数词”表示“又一，再一”； 序数词修饰动词时，已成为副词，不必与冠词连用。如：Can you give me a second chance?He has failed twice,but he can have a third try.He was only 5 years old when I first saw him.五、零冠词的口诀：月，季，星期，节假，洲，称呼，头衔，职务；三餐，球类，惯用语，学科，棋类名词前。但是这种用法是相对而言的，在不同的句子中，可能会用到不定冠词或定冠词。因此，用哪种冠词要视情况而定。如：A year can be divided into four seasonsspring,summer,autumn,and winter.He has no lessons on Sundays.The organization was founded in the spring of the year 2001.They are celebrating the Spring Festival.John couldnt remember when he first met Mary,but he was sure it was a Sunday because everybody at church.特别注意表示称呼、头衔的名词作表语、同位语、补足语用零冠词。如：Mr.Li is chairman of the meeting.Mr.Li, chairman of the meeting,is from America.We made Mr.Li chairman of the meeting.六、 西洋乐器名称前往往用定冠词，但是当此类名词用作普通名词时，可以与不定冠词连用。此外，中国乐器前不用冠词。如：Play the piano/violin/guitarPlay erhu拉二胡He is playing a borrowed violin.七、 专有名词前冠词的用法比较复杂，但一般情况下，不含普通名词的纯专有名词前不用冠词，如：Beijing,New York。但是：1. 在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾、运河前用the。如：the Changjiang Riverthe Hudson River哈得逊河the West Lake2. 由普通名词构成的专有名词前一般要加the.如：the Great Wallthe Summer Palace颐和园3. 有一些地名，如果是以纯专有名词开头的，一般不用冠词，但如果是以普通名词开头的，一般用定冠词。如：Beijing University或the university of Beijing特别注意：如果在翻译时，必须翻译成“一”才通顺或符合情理时，一般要选a/an。如：_Excuse me,but could you tell me the way to the Science Museum?_Sorry.There isnt a Science Museum nearby.八、