虚拟语气完成稿.doc

新乡市一中高一年级英语辅导配套学案 （内部资料，注意保存，版权所有，翻印必究）语法专题：虚拟语气英语有三种语气陈述语气、虚拟语气和祈使语气。陈述语气表示事实上发生的事情或客观存在的情况。虚拟语气表示假定、想象、愿望等非事实观念。祈使语气用来表示请求、邀请。命令、警告和劝告等。虚拟语气一直都被认为是英语学习中的一个难点，因此也便成为了各类考试的热点。现就虚拟语气的一些问题归纳如下，以帮助解决虚拟语气这个语法难点。考点一、 动词wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气, 其后接从句常用过去时态表虚拟语气。接一般过去时表示与现在相反，接过去完成时或情态动词加完成时表示与过去相反。如：I wish we had more money. I wish I had never met him. I wish I could have attended the meeting yesterday.1 用wish表示现在的祝愿和报歉。 其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例：I wish she were at home this time. 2 用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。 其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时或could+现在完成时。例：I wish I hadn t hurt him so much。 3 用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。 其句子结构为宾语从句的谓语为would/could/might+动词原形。例：I wish I might be able to come tomorrow 。1. I wish my father _ as well as _. A.Will dress, you B. be dressed, you C. dressed, you D. dress, you2. I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A. Have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. could have slept考点二、 用在if引导的一般虚拟条件句中的虚拟语气 结构三种基本的谓语动词形式如下： 所述情况 条件从句 主句与现在事实相反 if +主语+动词过去式（be 动词用were） 主语+would/could/might/should +动词原型与过去事实相反 if +主语+动词过去完成式 主语+would/could/might/should+have过去分词与将来事实相反 if+主语+动词过去式 主语+would/could/might/ should +动词原型 if +主语+were to 动词原型 if+主语+should 动词原型其中，should用于第一人称，would可用于各个人称。If I had enough money, I should/would buy a camera. 假如我有足够的钱，我就买一架照相机。If I were rich, I would help the poor. 假如我富有，我愿帮助穷人。 If I had had enough money, I would have bought a car.如果我有足够的钱，我就买新车了。（= I didnt have enough money, so I didnt buy it.） （事实上我那时没有钱，所以我没买它表示与过去的事实相反。）If it had not rained yesterday, we should have gone fishing.假如昨天没下雨的话，我们就钓鱼去了。If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go. 万一明天下雨，我就不去。 If I were to go abroad, I would go to America. 倘若我要出国，我就到美国。 If he went to the party, he would be disappointed. 他如果去参加聚会的话，他会后悔的。考点三、错综条件虚拟语气：从句和主句要根据各自发所生的时间选用符合具体时间的虚拟语气形式 1 从句表示过去，主句表示现在。 If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now. 2 从句表示将来，主句表示过去。 If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night。 3 从句表示过去，主句表示将来。 If we hadn t made adequate preparations, we shouldn t dare to do the experiment next week。 4从句表示将来，主句表示现在。 If we shouldn t have an exam this afternoon. I would go shopping now. If I were you, I would go to night school. （与现在相反）I should have talked to mother if I had thought of it. （与过去相反）If it should be necessary, I could come at six. （与将来相反）If you had followed my advice, you would be better now.（混合型。主句与现在相反，从句与过去相反）If I were you, I would have gone to the theatre last night.（混合型。主句与过去相反，从句与现在相反）1. If Americans_ fewer foods with sugar and salt, their general health _ better.A. Were to , gets B. eat, are C. can, must have been D. ate, would be2. If the Normans had not invaded England in the 10th century, the English Language _ in a very different way.A. Was developing B. developed C. would develop D. would have developed3.It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing if I _ in love, at the age of 17, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. A. Wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall考点四：由as if、as though引起的与事实相反的句子，用过去式表示与现在事实相反的假设，用过去完成式表示与过去相反的事实，用would+动词原形，表示与将来事实相反，例： John pretends as if he didn t know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well. (用过去式表示与现在事实相反的假设) The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to time 20 years ago. （用过去完成式表示与过去相反的事实） They talked and talked as if they would never meet again (would+动词原形，表示与将来事实相反) 考点五、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面，其宾语从句的谓语用“（should）+动词原形”表示虚拟语气 常用的此类动词有： 表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg 表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, propose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote 表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order 表示“主张”的：maintain, urge 表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist 例：The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight. He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news. 上述动词的名词形式，demand, desire, requirment, advice, order, decision, recommendation, suggestion, 以及necessity, preference, plan, motion, idea等名词，其后的表语从句或同位语从句，也用“(should)+动词原形“表示虚拟语气。The advice is that we (should) leave at once. He idea that we (should)visit Great Wall was warmly welcomed. Mary insisted that John ( should ) come. He ordered that the books be sent at once.考点五、在“It is (was)+形容词/过去分词/名词+that”结构中，主语从句的谓语也用“should+原形动词“表虚拟语气。如： It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that we should clean the room every day.It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.)that you should be so careless.It will be desired(suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.)that she should finish her homework this afternoon.总结：美国英语中省去should, 常用的形容词和过去分词有： 表示“要求”的：required, demanded, requested, desired, desirabl。 表示“建议”的：suggested, recommended, 表示“迫切、紧近、重要”的：imperative, urgent, necessary, essential, important, vital 表示“适当、较好”的：appropriate, advisable, better, preferable 表示“可能”的：probable, possible 表示“命令”的：ordered 例：It was necessary that we (should) make everything ready ahead of time. It is required that nobody (should)smoke here. It is requested that the cloth (should) be washed at once.It has been suggested that the meeting should be held tomorrow. It is very important that everyone (should ) work well. It is necessary that students (should) master a foreign language.1.Its important that you_ spoken English now and then. A.Might practise B. must pratise C. should practise D. practiced 2.The young man insisted that he _ nothing wrong and _ free. A.Did , set B. did, should be set C. do, be set D. do, must be set 3. It is necessary that the problem _ at once. A. solve B. should solve C. should be solved D. will be solved考点六、由下列名词或短语引导的虚拟语气 1“Iest /lest for/for fear that以免、惟恐”引导的从句用“should+动词原形”。 He took a map with him lest he (should ) lose his way there. 2“whether不管、无论”引导的让步状语从句，有时用动词原形。 All things, whether you know or don t know, exist in the world. 3用“would rather表示“宁愿、但愿”，后面的宾语从句谓语用过去式表示对将来的要求，用过去时表示对现在的愿望，用过去完成时表示对过去做的事的懊悔。 Don t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you died. I would rather you went tomorrow. I would rather everything hadn t happened in the past. 4用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。 I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China. 考点七、在“It is（high/about）time+that”引导的从句中,谓语动词用一般过去时，偶尔也可以用should)+动词原形。 It is high (about)time that we left/should leave.(注意与“This is the first/secondtime”后从句中用现在完成时的区别。Its time we went to school.1.- What will you do during the summer holiday? - I dont know, but its high time_ something.A. Im deciding B. Ill decide C. I decided D. I decide2 Id rather you _ there before. Id rather you _ there tomorrow.A. Hadnt been , went B. hadnt been, go c. didnt go, went D. didnt go, go 考点八、用“without/but for/in the absence of ”表示“要不是”，“如果没有”（相当于if it were not for）表示条件时，句中一般用虚拟语气。（也可用陈述语气） Without your help, I couldn t finish my work on time. In the absence of water and air, nothing could live. 考点九、 在if引导的虚拟条件句中，若有were, had, should, 在书面语中可省去if ,此时，主语后面的主动词（were，had，should等）被移至句首，形成倒装。 Should there be a good film tomorrow. I would go to the theatre with you. Were it not for your help. I wouldn t be succeed. Were I a bird, I would fly to you.= If I were a bird, I would fly to you,Should it rain tomorrow, I would not go there. = If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go there.万一明天下雨，我就不去那儿。 Were I you, (=If I were you), I wouldnt do that. Had you come earlier, (=If you had come earlier), you would have seen him.Should it rain, (=If it should rain), I would stay at home.Had it not been for the free tickets, I would not have gone to the films so often.1. _ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off that visit to the Yangpu Bridge. A.Were B. Should C. Would D. Will2. What would have happened _, as far as the river bank?A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther c. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther考点十、虚拟语气在其他场合的运用（1）虚拟语气在as if/as though、even if/even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用一般过去时；指将来状况则用过去将来时。如：He did it as if he were an expert. Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem.（2）虚拟语气用在if only引导的感叹句中。如： If only I were a bird. If only I had taken his advice.考点十一、 动词intend 等表示虚拟语气, 动词intend, hope, want, plan, mean 等的过去完成时或过去时态、动词用过去式、不定式用完成时态时，表示与过去相反的虚拟语气。如：He had hoped for a better job, but he didnt get it. I had meant to go on Sunday but have stayed on.I intended to have helped him, but I was very busy at that time.1.-Why havent you posted my letter? -I _ to but I forgot about it. A.Liked B. wished C. intended D. expected2.- You should have thanked her before you left.-I meant_, but when I was leaving I couldnt find her anywhere. A.To do B. to C. doing D. doing so考点十二 as if , but that, as though, if only 等引起的虚拟语气, 除if 外， as if, but that , as though, if only, suppose（supposing） 等也可以引起虚拟语气。如： He ordered me about as if I were his servant. They talked as if they had been friends for many years. Suppose I were to lend him , say five pounds. 假如我要借钱给他， 就借5英镑。1. He smiled as though he _ my thought. A.Read B. was reading C. had read D. has read2.If only he _ to buy some fruit, we would have something to eat.A.Had remembered B. remembered C. will remember D. remembers考点十三、 副词和介词引起的虚拟语气副词如or, otherwise, 介词如with, without, but for 等可引起虚拟语气。如：He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.I lost your telephone number, otherwise I would have rung you up long before.Without electricity, human life would be quite difficult today.But for the storm, we should have had a much happier time.1.Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night _ , too cold for us to live.A.Would be freezing cold B. will be freezing cold c. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly2. The captain kept calm in the terrible storm, otherwise the accident _. A. couldnt be prevented B. mustnt have prevented C. wouldnt have been prevented D. shouldnt prevent考点十四 含蓄条件句有些句子中，没有表示虚拟语气的词，但根据前后语义，要使用虚拟语气。如：You could have done better, but you didnt try your best. An honest man would have done that.Five minutes earlier and you could have met her at the station. The trees died. I should have watered them.Everything taken into consideration (=If everything had been taken into consideration), they would have raised their output quickly.1.-I stayed at a hotel while in New York. -Oh, did you? You _ with Barbara.A.Could have stayed B. could stay c. would stay D. must have stayed2. I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a word.A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have left C. couldnt have left d. neednt leave3. You _ earlier. The train left five minutes ago. A. would come B. should have come C. may come D. have come4. We _ the work on time without your help. A. hadnt had finished B. didnt have finished C. coulnt have finished D. cant have finished5. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _ for her. A. had to write it out B. must have written it out C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out6. _ the rain, we could have a pleasant journey. A. But for B. For all C. Above all D. Except for二、精典名题导解1. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. (NMET 95)A.breaks B.has broken C.were broken D.had been broken 解析：答案为C。本题考查的是as if 引导的让步状语从句中的语气问题，as if引导的状语从句如果与事实一致，不用虚拟语气，如果与事实相反，应用虚拟语气。题中“当铅笔的一部分浸在水中，铅笔看上去好像断了”。而实际上铅笔并未断，与事实相反，前半部分陈述是一般现在时，因而本句是对一般现在时的虚拟，用were broken。2. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would have met my brother.(NMET 94)A.has come B.did come C.came D.had come解析：答案为D。本题考查的是if条件句中的虚拟语气。题意是：我在会议上没看到你姐姐，故你姐姐没来。因此如果“她来了”与事实相反，前面一句交代了虚拟语气的时态是一般过去时的虚拟，所以if从句中用had+过去分词。3. If he _, he _that food.Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.(NMET 93) A.was warned; would not take B.had been warned; would not have takenC.would be warned; had not taken D.would have been warned; had not taken解析：答案为B。本题考查的是条件状语从句与主句表示与事实相反时虚拟语气的用法。根据下一句语境可知，他事先并没有得到警告，表示过去时间的虚拟语气，故选B。三、语法专项练习：1. But for the help of John, he _ last night. A. should have drowned B. would have drowned C. was drowned D. may have drowned2. If it _ fine tomorrow, we would go for a swim in the sea. A. would beB. should be C. isD. was to3. He suffered a sudden heart attack and her wife found him dead when she got home from work. But _.A. if his wife came back earlier, he might be saved B. if his wife had come back earlier, he might be savedC. if his wife came back earlier, he might have been saved D. if his wife had come back earlier, he might have been saved4. I would rather she _ tomorrow than by plane. A. travel on trainB. traveled by train C. travels by train D. travelling by the train5. How old would you _ if you _ in 1900? A. be; had been born B. be; would be born C. have been; would be bornD. have been; were6. _ the sun, nothing on earth could live. A. Were it not to B. If it were not to C. If it had not been for D. If it were not for7. If he _, give him the message. A. were coming B. would comeC. should comeD. were come8. Were I to move to a foreign country, I _ away all my furniture in my house here. A. would giveB. shall give C. Gave D. will give9. I would go to the concert but I _ no time. A. hadB. had had C. haveD. has10. Would you have told him the answer had it been possible? Yes, I would have, but I _ so busy then.A. had beenB. were C. wasD. am11. Why didnt you buy it?I _ but I didnt have the money. A. wouldB. would haveC. had hadD. had bought12. You should have finished it sooner.I know but I _ the time.A. dont have B. wont haveC. didnt haveD. had not13. _ water, we could not live a day in the desert. A. WithoutB. No C. Having noD. But not for14. If you _ the doctors advice, you would have recovered already. A. Followed B. would followed C. will follow D. had followed15. If he had not lost the money, he _ the piano last week.A. could have boughtB. had bought C. would buyD. have bought答案与解析：1. 选B。but for表示“如果不是的话”，与虚拟语气搭配使用。2. 选B。表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用should do或者were to do.3. 选D。表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气 4. 选B。would rather后面的宾语从句用虚拟语气，形式是：would rather sb. did/had done.5. 选A。从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反。6. 选D。表示与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，意思是“如果不是有太阳的话”。7. 选C。表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用should do.8. 选A。表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，主句用would/should do. 9. 选C。but后面的分句表示事实情况，不用虚拟语气。10. 选C。but后面的分句表示过去的事实情况，因此用过去时。11. 选B。虚拟语气和事实情况混合的用法，第一个分句是虚拟，而but后面是事实情况，12. 选C。but后面的分句表示过去的事实情况，因此用过去时。13. 选A。without经常代替虚拟的从句，表示假设。14. 选D。表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用过去完成时。15. 选A。could have done表示“本来可以做某事”。四、虚拟语气专项练习 1. You didnt let me drive. If we _ in turn, you _ so tired. A. drove; didnt get B. drove; wouldnt get C. were driving; wouldnt get D. had driven; wouldnt have got2. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _.A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken3. _ it rain tomorrow, we should have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge. A. Were B. Should C. Would D. Will4. Janes face suggested that she _ ill, and her parents suggested that she _ a medical examination. A. be; should have B. was; have C. should be; had D. was; has5. Without electricity human life _ quite different today. A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be6. I told Sally how to get there, but perhaps I _ for her. A. had to write it out B. must have written it out C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out7. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _, she would have met my brother. A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come8. -If he _, he _ that food. -Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. A. was warmed; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken9. The two strangers talked as if they _ friends for years. A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been10. Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night _, too cold for us to live. A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly C. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly11. -Have you ever been to Beijing? -No, but I wish I _. A. have B. will C. do D. had12. If only he _ quietly as the doctor instructed, he would not suffer so much now. A. lies B. lay C. had lain D. should lie13. If I _ you, I would ask him to stay. A. was B. would be C. were D. am14. If it hadnt rained last Sunday, we _ picnicking. A. could go B. could have gone C. went D. would go15. Everybody would be very happy if the hot summer _ tomorrow. A. should finish B. would finish C. were to be finished D. finishes16