(3)托福写作讲义.doc

TOEFL Independent Writing1. 句子扩充：将一个简单句扩充，增加到15,25,35个字。2. 句式变化：3. 如何将一个论点展开成一段？多问自己为什么？ 4. ETS作文评分标准： 观点鲜明，论点清晰 文章结构完整、恰当、漂亮（首段+中间三段+尾段） 论点论证充分（不讲大道理，要examples, reasons, details, 而且数量越多越好） 句式、词汇变换丰富（长短句、陈述疑问句、简单复杂句变换使用） 语法、拼写无误 力戒表意不清，题外罗嗦话5. 如何写好TOEFL作文： 语法正确 高超的衔接手段 充足的词汇量 各种表达手段综合运用的能力 清晰的逻辑和结构 高超的笔记能力 良好的阅读习惯和听力水平6. TOEFL作文的要求： 3种时态： 语态： 语气： 词汇量： 阅读训练： 听力：7. 熟悉写作题库8. TOEFL作文的写作原则： 正式文体 完成结构 明确观点 精彩纷呈 正式形式 通顺连贯 扬长避短9. TOEFL 作文题库题型分类： 观点选择类： 比较对比类： 自主定义类：10. TOEFL作文的审题：1) 确定题目的类别，确定切入点： 【驳论方法一】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素； 【驳论方法二】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素； 【驳论】有时候是可以凭外表判断一个人的； 11. TOEFL作文驳论点的写法：TOEFL作文驳论据的写法：12. TOEFL作文论点的写法：13. TOEFL作文论据的写法：(黄金规则二) 健康安全 便利 交流 习惯与心理 亲情 成就感 环保 经济 品格 科技 教育14. CCTP:15. 寻找理由的方法： 有什么条件可以这样？凭什么 如果这样有何好处或坏处？ 如果不这样有什么好处或坏处？ 如果要这样，人们必须怎么办？可行么？ 如果不能这样，人们应该怎么办？PDERCR： TOEFL 文章结构： “2-1”A型： “2-1”B型： 折中方案：16. 关于TOEFL写作人称问题：17. TOEFL文章的开篇第一段写法：1) 背景法：背景+反方观点及理由+过渡+正方观点+作者观点及理由2) 实例法：事例+论题+各方观点及理由+作者观点及理由3) 实例的三种来源：18. 主题句：19. TOEFL作文结尾段的写法：20. TOEFL作文段落的实现：1) 例证法2) 因果法3) 比较法 整体比较4) 分项比较5) 分类法6) 定义法21. TOEFL作文的衔接手段：1) 使用连词和短语2) 使用代词3) 使用语意粘连22. TOEFL 黄金句型（黄金规则四） 强调句(emphasis) The more the more(more) 倒装句(reversion) 比较结构和倍数关系(compare) 修辞问句（question） 并列结构(parallel) 虚拟语气（if） 插入语(insertion) 23. TOEFL Integrated Writing1. 综合写作评分标准： Successfully select the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately present this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading The response is well organized And occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections2. TOEFL综合作文注意事项： 听力部分的内容是最重要的 不能表达重复，不清楚或者与文章无关 听完后要尽最大努力去回忆并补全听力材料内容的笔记，写的越全越好 只要听力内容丢掉一个key point，最高只能得3分 只出现在综合阅读材料的专有名词一定不重要；在阅读和演讲材料中都出现的专有名词是重要的 把注意力放在带来分数的点上，而不是均衡放在所有内容上 千万不能发表个人的观点 写作采用一般现在和一般过去时态3. TOEFL综合写作出题方式： Points in the lecture contradict, refute, depart from, challenge or cast doubt on points in the reading4. 综合写作听力材料内容要点通常包括：（黄金规则四） 主题句 被重复的语意 因果、比较、对比、比喻 定义 带有倾向性和变化的n./adj./adv./v.等 强调 问题及答案 态度词汇 转折后的内容 结论5. 综合写作阅读材料的读法： 不需要做笔记；但是需要把专有名词的首字母提炼出来 阅读材料里面的客观描述（如故事情节；历史；史实；发展历程等）是不可能被驳倒的，所以不是阅读的重点6. 综合写作考前训练步骤： 看阅读听力材料，寻找要点（3-5篇） 真实模考（5-10篇）7. 综合写作文章框架 “总-分-总”=“1+3+1”模式 中间每段都要有阅读观点，演讲观点及二者的关系8. 综合写作精彩句型： The lecture discuss.which differs from the main idea in the reading that(首段) The professor made the point that; on the contrary/however, the writer demonstrated a contradictory idea that Contrary to the belief in the reading passage that, the professor says that(中) The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage thatby saying that（中） The lecture contradicts the idea in the reading by saying that(中) First of all, the professor, in the listening passage, made the point that The reading materials, in contrast, held a different view by stating that Another important point shows in the listening material is that, but the reading material presents a conflicting idea that In terms of , the listening material contradicts the reading material Finally, the professor states that, which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who says that In general, the professor discussed the issue of that the reading viewed in a contrary/different angle. (结尾)9. 综合写作材料的指称： The speaker/lecturer/professor/listening material/lecture The writer/author/reading material/passage【注意】1、例子一定要specific一个 example，一个research2、记得用些ly副词3、用插入语4、长短句结合5、句式变换6、每个例子，就是每段最后一句话必须是总结。7、 观点正反问题：1 引用例子： 2 引用“权威”调查和数据3 如果没有 1) 加上姓名、时间、地点等 2) 与论点结合，写出XX之前和XX之后的变化这里的XX指的是论点中的主题词。例如在写机经中的一个题目：公共交通是否应该免费时，有一个分论点是公共交通免费以后，私家车会减少，这样尾气排放得 少了，环境也就变好了。这里的主题词就是私家车的数量，例子就可以写成N年前私家车很少，环境很好，然后私家车变多以后，环境就变差了。例子可写成： 10 years ago, in my childhood memory, the city which I live in now is one of the most beautiful cities I have ever seen. The blue sky and the clean water were quite impressive to me. However, 3 years ago, when I came back to this city again, I was astonished by those changes. The city developed rapidly during those days. There are far more private cars than years ago on the road every day. On average, every household has one or two cars. The city may be described as developed now, while the sky here is never as clear as ever。3) 写完例子以后，一定要再结合论点论证说理 再加上If the amount of the cars can be reduced, I believe it will further improve the environment here, and be beneficial to all the citizens here as well. And The free payment of public transportation will make this come true。这样就是一个完整的论述段了。一、不准字数不够 对于独立写作的字数要求，官方的说法是：“An effective response is typically about 300 words long. If you write fewer than 300 words，you may still receive a top score，but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5.”。二、不准文章模式化 Some people say that advertising encourage us to buy things we really do not need. Others say that advertisements tell us about new products that may improve our lives. Yes，it is. I buyed much，because TV ads。 The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement，namely creating a new holiday for people，cannot be underestimated as it concerns the very fabric of society. As it stands，the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future. However，although the subject matter in general cannot be dismissed lightheartedly，the perspective of the issue as presented by the statement raises certain qualms regarding practical application。三、不准文章逻辑不清In any relationship of mine，I would wish that first of all，the person I am dealing with is honest. Even though he/she thinks that he/she did something wrong that I wouldnt like，he/shed better tell me the truth and not lie about it. Later on if I find out about a lie or hear the truth from someone else，thatd be much more unpleasant. In that case how can I ever believe or trust that person again？ How can I ever believe that this person has enough confidence in me to forgive him/her and carry on with the relationship from there. So if I cannot trust a person anymore，if the person doesnt think I can handle the truth，there is no point to continuing that relationship。 The people lining up in the embassy are applying for a variety of visas. Some applicants want student visas. Other applicants want resident visas. The other applicants want tourist visas. Applying for resident visas is very difficult; one has to meet a lot of requirements. According to a recent survey，the largest number of applicants are applying for tourist visas. The number of people applying for student visas comes in second. Among all the applicants，only a fraction want resident visas。四、不准语言过于简单 Last month，I had a dispute with my parent. It started as a simple conversation that turned into an argument. I wanted to take a year off from school. Of course，my parents argued that I should stay in school. I tried to reason with them and I tried to persuade them that taking a year off from school and working would be valuable experience. My explanation fell on deaf ears，and they refused to let me continue the discussion. They felt I had not thoroughly examined the issue and saw no reason to debate the subject any longer。He is rich。He owns a large company and has an annual income of 20 million dollars。Writing 1A foreign student who plans to come to the United States must have some definite goals in mind. For the student who wants to improve his English quickly and learn about American customs firsthand, there is often an opportunity to live with an American family. There may be one or two disadvantages to this living arrangement; however, I believe that there are far more advantages.There may be one or two disadvantages to this living arrangement; however, I believe that there are far more advantages of B. First of all, some minor disadvantagesto living with an American family include both a lack of privacy and little opportunity to have independence (be independent). For instance, the foreign student may find that the family expects him to join them in group activities such as watching television and going on picnics. At times, however, he might enjoy staying in his room to read or to write letters to his family and friends.Another drawback to living in an American home involves the possibility that the family may treat the student like a child. For example, the parents may want to decide who his friends will be（两个从句） and where he will go during his leisure time away from home. Even though there may be one or two disadvantages to living with an American family, the advantages far outweigh them. By taking part in a homestay program, the student has an excellent opportunity to learn about American customs. He will find out how to behave in different social situations such as parties and serionies (ceremonies) and how to dress (dress on) these occasions. Also, he will learn about many other aspects of the American way of life, such as the way schools are run in the United States. With a family close by, he can ask questions about attendance rules and school costs. The family will make certain(sure, point) that he becomes acquainted with this new way of life, and soon he will feel at home. . Another advantage to living with an American family is that the student is in an ideal environment to improve his English. For example, each time he has a conversation with someone in the family, this native speaker can help him with his pronounciation (pronunciation) and grammer (grammar). Maybe the younger children in the family can help the student with his homework, too. But the most important thing is that he will be surround (surrounded) by English most of the time during his stay in the United States.Although I agree that there may be a couple of disadvantages to living with an American family, I feel that the advantages are more obvious. In a home-stay program, the student can learn about American customs in the most natural way possible（3）. In addition, he will find himself in an atmosphere（situation, occasion） in which his English will certainly improve. In my opinion, these are the two most important goals for him to consider, and living with an American family is the best way to achieve them.独立写作句子练习科学技术的发展使人们能够非常轻松地学习知识。越来越多的人意识到环境保护的重要性。我认