太阳能技术回顾.doc

太阳能技术回顾压倒性的石油及燃料价格太高而无法承受。 在过去的一个世纪，科学家们预见，将地球上的化石燃油严重不足，一些在未来的日子里。矿物油是在2000年之前的30美元/桶。燃料和汽油价格在1.60美元/加仑。很少有人认真考虑利用太阳能。随着时间的事情，只是十年后粘贴一半，油和燃料价格已经攀升了一个令人难以置信的程度。石油价格只是颠簸到75美元/桶，在2006年4月22日，当这篇文章在写作的时间。普通汽油价格为3.35美元/加仑。他们打破了价格的历史记录。现在人们越来越担心。如果油价停留在这个长时间的水平，这将导致通货膨胀和经济衰退的到来。谁知道什么价位的石油和燃料将由2010年这十年结束？这个星球上最丰富的能源来源在这个星球上最丰富的能源来源 水！在这个星球上最丰富的资源 今天，大多数承诺的能量来源是太阳，最丰富的资源是水，太阳射线的能量是广阔的，不定式，足以创建多个令人难以置信的强大的破坏性飓风每年，横扫五大洲。这是大陆的表面温度自动调节地球的性质。 我们怎样才能收获的太阳光线，天然水和海水呢 ？我们怎样才能改变太阳射线和水机动车s的燃料，利用太阳能转化系统 ？我们怎样才能使大规模生产的燃料，是取之不尽，用之不竭的清洁，可再生能源和“0”零污染我们的生活环境的吗？我们可以采取什么样的太阳能发电技术的参考？是否有可能建立一个太阳能供电的燃料发电系统，是最符合成本效益，高效率，对家庭的负担能力，能够使用在你的房子后院的，如果这样一个太阳系发明，“能源革命” ，“工业革命“会发生什么！太阳能技术壁垒的形成时期。 今天，太阳能收集和反相所有可用的技术不是1 3 1。效率低; 2。过高的投资成本为每公斤瓦/ 3 。规模过大，家庭使用 。这些都是一些原因，为什么我们仍然依靠我们日常的机动车辆燃料矿物油和汽油。 但是，我们仍然有一些成功的技术接近：1。燃料电池技术; 2。燃料电池汽车。几年后，大部分新车将成为燃料电池汽车。氢气将干流燃料汽车。加氢站将在全国范围内很快。 问题是“多久？”答案是：如果一个高效，实用的太阳能的氢燃料直接生产系统发明较早，从汽油燃料，氢燃料的替代品将成为迟早。使用燃料电池，燃料电池汽车的年龄从那里开始。 燃料电池的原理燃料电池汽车 燃料电池混合动力公交车 让我们看看3壁垒的挑战我们如何。 尽管太阳射线是无穷大，但我们周围的能量密度低。收获太阳射线的能量，我们需要收集阳光的大面积，并积累了大量的太阳能，足够高的发电机或反转供家庭使用 的110V交流电，我们会给出一个简要的分析 ，以共同每个看到太阳能-电技术，使3壁垒的挑战。普通太阳能电力发电系统分析 1. 太阳能光伏电池板 可以做太阳能电直接转换;他们采取最小的表面空间，结构简单，容易的可扩展性和易于安装，任何家庭和家庭使用 。这是太阳能电池板是最流行 的各类型太阳能系统的原因。然而，太阳能电池的效率极低，而且成本高。的转换效率比太阳能电 8-12左右，因为太阳能电池的硅芯片，可以捕捉到新蕾光子非常小的部分。太阳照射的90的光子通过太阳能电池芯片，芯片的基础上，并 保持在热吸顶式 太阳能电池板多晶太阳能电池 100W太阳能电池面板成本700美元 ）在市场上，多个晶体高一流的太阳能电池板的成本约为700美元 。功率比的投资成本是 $ 7000 /每公斤瓦特，不 包括一个跟踪汽车驾驶系统和变频器的太阳的成本。一块18瓦的功率（1.2A x 15V）单晶型太阳能电池的成本$ 150。功率比其成本大约是$ 8327美元/每千瓦。它的效率只有8。多晶太阳能电池阵列的转化率最高的是20左右，但成本价的两倍以上。这些都是良好的航天，航空，仪器仪表，特殊任务的应用程序等 。2. 太阳能风力发电机 太阳能风力发电机组正在建设的风力发电机组太阳能风力涡轮机是好漫长的赛季具体多风地区，如海洋海岸，岸线，山高，。它可以运行白天和黑夜。太阳能风力涡轮机通常被设置为多集群保持权力。每个位置设立需要具体的调查。他们需要风向跟踪系统，以提高效率。风力发电机组大型建筑系统，建筑成本高，设置和竖立，并且只能在农村地区的直立。这是适合偏远村庄电网电力工程。太阳能风力发电机组，是电力可持续发展的少。有时，一个阳光明媚的一天，其他类型的太阳能系统良好，但它并不意味着一个大风天的风力涡轮机供电或强风的一天。太阳能风力涡轮机不适合城市家庭使用。3. 太阳能抛物面天线 Solar parabolic dish collector( or reflector ) can concentrate sun ray to its focus point up to 100 times of its normal intensity. Working under direct-beam sunlight, the focal point temperature can reach 600 o C to 1200 o C degree, depend on the diameter of the dish.Solar dishGiant solar dish mirror array by Sandia National LaboratoriesThe Sandia National Laboratories had developed a type of giant solar dish that can produce 25 KW of daytime power. And its solar-to-electric efficiency was announced 30 %, the highest in the world. The prototype cost is about $ 150,000. The calculation cost to power ratio is about $ 6000 / per KWThe initial cost is so high that is not good for households use. The reasons of high cost are because : high cost to manufacture large structure accurate focus parabolic, especially to large size over 20 feet diameter dish; high framing cost and high assemble cost; high cost to build accurate 3 dimensional tilt-able sun-ray auto tracking and focal pointing system that must be within 1 degree angle accuracy; high cost to make heat-to-mechanical-to-electric conversion engine( call Stirling engine) that must withstand over 1000 o C temperature at focal point. Such high temperature can melt metals. High cost stirling engine having Hydrogen or He Helium inert gas insideAll these disadvantages have narrowed the solar dish application, despite its high conversion ratio: The conclusions are : Not for household use; Not a cost effective system; Not good for mass production.4. Solar Power Tower Its also called solar chimney. There are 2 types of solar power towers. ( See the next photos ) : A. Heliostats reflective power tower; B. Heat absorbing vent turbine power tower. Both of solar tower systems are giant and high construction cost, low efficiency, only good for remote village grid connection power supply at countryside. They are not for households use. Solar reflective power towerHeat absorbing vent turbine power tower5. Solar Parabolic Trough Can concentrate solar ray about 40 times intensity, depend on the trough size. Focal line temperature is about 350 to 400C. The following images show the solar parabolic trough operation principle.Solar trough has multiple distinctive features and advantages over other types of solar systems: A. Many of parabolic troughs mirror elements can be installed as co-focal line, easy to manufacture, easy to built; B. Easy to adjust focus. Need only 2 dimensional tilt, much easier than solar dish needed 3 dimensional tilt ; C. Highest accuracy to track and to focal sun ray. Since it need only 2 dimensional tilt tracking. Rather than 3 dimensional tracking like solar dish; D. Solar trough has the shortest focal distance ( between mirror reflector to its focal line ) among all type of solar collecting technology; E. Easy scaleable by using more or less mirror elements along their co-focal line ; F. Low profit, light weight, no need construction base to set up tower nor stand; G. Low cost structure, lo production cost , and low engineering set up cost; H. No heat transforming engine installed on high temperature focal line, that makes the engine mush easier and safe to maintain; I. Safety focal line temperature, about 350 to 400C, no need special engine made with heat resistive metal. The cost is significantly lower; J. 70%- 80% Sun ray energy can be reflect to focal line. ( depend on the mirror material the surface smoothness, and the chrome coating quality) Little heat energy remain at the trough reflector; K. Combining with accurate Sun ray tracking, focusing, short focal distance and high degree sun ray reflection, all these character leads the solar trough the highest solar ray collection efficiency among all types of solar systems; In fact, grid application giant solar trough farm systems have been massively installed in California Mojave and Kramer Junction. The next illustration shows how the solar trough farm system work. Sun ray charges oil fluid flowing in the parabolic trough focal pipes up to approx 350 to 400C. high temperature oil is transported to both steam boiler and thermal energy storage system. High temperature oil charges the water flowing through in steam boiler to high pressure steam up to 10 to 15 bar. The high pressure steam pushes steam turbine and power generator to produce electricity. Partial of solar ray energy heats salt fluid to high temperature and hot salt is stored at the thermal energy storage system. When it s dark, the solar trough field oil circuit is shut off. Hot fluid salt release heat energy back to oil. The oil transform heat to steam boiler. Thus steam turbine can continue to work at night. Fuel Production Prior To Electricity Production In the past 3 years, family monthly utility bill expense was increased less than 25%, However, fossil oil and motor vehicle gasoline prices have bump up more than double. Now the pri