高中英语时态语态讲解及习题

1 时态与语态时态与语态 一 一 一般现在时 表示现在经常性 习惯性的动作和状态 常见的时间状语包括一般现在时 表示现在经常性 习惯性的动作和状态 常见的时间状语包括 sometimes often usually always occasionally now and then on weekends on Sundays every week month year 等等 She always takes a walk in the evening He often does his homework in his study 1 一般现在时表示客观真理客观真理 科学事实及自然现象和谚语格言中 此用法即使出现 在过去语境中 也用一般现在时 The moon goes around the earth Pride goes before a fall 骄者必败 He said the earth is round 2 主句是一般将来时主句是一般将来时 由由 when after before as soon as the minute whenever 等引导等引导 的时间状语和由的时间状语和由 if unless so long as once 等引导的条件状语和等引导的条件状语和 however even if 等等 引导的让步状语从句中一般用一般现在时表示将来 引导的让步状语从句中一般用一般现在时表示将来 如 l ll go there after I finish my work If it rains tomorrow I won t go there I will tell her when she comes tomorrow Even if it rains tomorrow the sports meeting will take place 3 在以在以 here there 开头的句子里 开头的句子里 go come 等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动 作 作 例如 There goes the bell 铃响了 There comes the bus 汽车来了 Here she comes 她来了 4 But for the fact that 从句中 that 从句的谓语动词时态要根据句子谓语所表示的时 间而定 But for the fact that he is busy now he would be here But for the fact that you were ill I would have had you print the papers 二 一般过去时 表示过去的经常性 习惯性的动作或状态或者某个人过去的经历 与现在无关 常用表示过去的经常性 习惯性的动作或状态或者某个人过去的经历 与现在无关 常用 的的 时间状语有时间状语有 yesterday the day before yesterday an hour ago the other day last month year just now in 1982 in the old days in the past when I was young when I was in London when I was a child 等等 I received two letters last week The Olympic Games were held in Beijing in 2008 When I was in Beijing I often went to Beijing university 1 表示某人过去的经历 1 Have you graduated from the university Yes I learned English for 4 years in the university 2 Have you finished your homework 2 Yes I finish it within hald an hour 3 I be in London for 10 years but I have never regretted returning to China 2 intend wonder think realize 等用过去时 表示说话人原来没有料到 打算 想到等等用过去时 表示说话人原来没有料到 打算 想到等 I thought you were a student I didn t think realize you failed again I didn t intend to hurt you 3 used to do sth would do sth 过去常常做某事过去常常做某事 We used to spend our vacation in the mountains 4 句型 1 It is high time sb did sth It is time that sb should do sth 某人该干某事了 某人该干某事了 It is time you went to bed 2 Would rather sb did sth 宁愿某人做某事 用于对现在和将来时间的虚拟 宁愿某人做某事 用于对现在和将来时间的虚拟 I would rather you came tomorrow now 3 Would should ought to could might needn t would like to have done sth but 句 型 中 but 后面的谓语动词需用一般过去时或过去进行时后面的谓语动词需用一般过去时或过去进行时 a He should have turned up but he had an unexpected visitor b Did you attend the party I would have attended the party but I was busy I was busy otherwise or I would have attended the party I had planned to attend the party but I was busy I was going to attend the party but I was busy 4 Would you mind if sb did sth 如果如果 干某事 干某事 你介意吗你介意吗 Would you mind if I opened the door 三 一般将来时 过去将来时 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况 常见的时间状语有一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况 常见的时间状语有 next tomorrow the day after tomorrow in 时间段 时间段 before 时间点 时间点 in the future 等等 1 will shall do sth 1 表示事物的固有属性或者必然的趋势 Fish will die without water 2 will 表示将来 有时含偶然性和临时性决定偶然性和临时性决定的意思 Do you know Mr Smith has come to our town No I will go and visit him right now 2 be going to do sth 1 表示事先考虑过 计划打算做某事 注意区分一下表示事先考虑过 计划打算做某事 注意区分一下 will 表示临时性决定的表示临时性决定的 用法 用法 He is going to speak on Tv this evening 2 表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断 表示根据现在的迹象对未来进行推断 Look at the dark clouds It is going to rain 3 注意 was going to 表示过去本打算做某事 但未做表示过去本打算做某事 但未做 Tom you didn t come to the party last night I was going to but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do 3 be doing sth 有些动词如有些动词如 come go arrive leave begin start return 等 其现在进等 其现在进 行时表示按计划 安排近期将要发生的动作 行时表示按计划 安排近期将要发生的动作 I m leaving for Beijing next month 4 be about to do sth be on the point of doing sth when 即将干某事即将干某事 这是突然这是突然 该结构不与具体的时间状语连用该结构不与具体的时间状语连用 但可以和并列连词 when 连用 The train is about to start The plan is on the point of taking off 5 某些动词的一般现在时可以表示计划 安排将要做的事情某些动词的一般现在时可以表示计划 安排将要做的事情 此种用法常常用于火车此种用法常常用于火车 时刻 飞机时刻 电影开演 作息安排等时刻表上 时刻 飞机时刻 电影开演 作息安排等时刻表上 We must hurry up The first class begins at 8 o clock The train leaves at 5 and arrives at 8 6 be to do sth 1 表示按计划或安排要做的事 She is to get married next month 注意 注意 were was to have done sth 表示未曾实现的计划 表示未曾实现的计划 We were to have told you but you were not in 2 表示 应该 相当于 should ought to You are to report it to the police 3 表示 想 打算 相当于 intend want If we are to be there before ten we ll have to go now 四 现在进行时四 现在进行时 am is are doing sth 表示说话时正在发生的动作 表示说话时正在发生的动作 有时也表示一段时间内持续进行的动作有时也表示一段时间内持续进行的动作 常见的 常见的 时间状语为时间状语为 now at present these days 等等 I am writing a novel these days I m doing a word puzzle in this newspaper 1 与与 always constantly continually forever all the time 等连用 带有厌恶 批等连用 带有厌恶 批 评 不喜欢 赞扬等感情色彩 评 不喜欢 赞扬等感情色彩 You are always putting your things around He is always helping others 2 下列四类动词一般不用现在进行时 感觉类 感觉类 look smell feel sound taste see hear 等等 The soup tastes good 情感类 情感类 like love prefer admire hate fear adore 等等 I love my dad and mum 4 心态类 心态类 wish Hope want need believe understand agree know remember forget 等等 I don t believe my eyes 存在状态类 存在状态类 appear lie remain belong have 等等 Those books belong to Mr Li 3 延续性动作用进行体 短暂性动作用一般体 一个延续性动作为背景 被一个短 暂 性动作打断 My brother fell while he was riding his bike and hurt himself As she was reading the newspaper Granny fell asleep 五 过去进行时五 过去进行时 was were doing sth 表示过去某一时间或某一段时间内正在进行的动作 表示过去某一时间或某一段时间内正在进行的动作 1 Is there anything Wrong Bob You look sad Oh nothing much In fact I was just thinking of my friend back home 2 Sorry to have interrupted you Please go on Where was I You were saying you didn t like your father s job 3 Hey look where you are going Oh I m terribly sorry I wasn t noticing 六 将来进行时六 将来进行时 will be doing sth 表示将来某时正在进行的动作或者存在的状态 表示将来某时正在进行的动作或者存在的状态 1 Doctor Wang will be giving another talk on this subject at the same time next week 2 This time tomorrow I will be watching you play on TV 3 Don t telephone me after 8 I will be having a meeting 七 现在完成时七 现在完成时 have has done sth 表示过去某个动作已经完成 或者过去开始的动作一直延续到现在 强调对现在的强调对现在的 影响影响 常见的时间状语有 for since 过去时间 过去时间 since then ever since so far by now until now up to now lately recently in the past last ten years 还有 already just yet never ever still 等常跟现在完成时连用 In the past few years great changes have taken place in my hometown He has written 8 books so far I have already seen the film They have worked here since they left college By now Until now Up to now I has remembered 3000 English words 1 在 最高级 名词 的句子中用用现在完成时 This is the best tea that I have ever drunk This is the best film I have ever seen 2 It This is the first second time that sb have done sth 某人第几次做某事某人第几次做某事 This is the first time that I have come here 5 3 It has been is 一段时间一段时间 since sb did sth 表示动作从终止已经多久了 表示动作从终止已经多久了 It has been five years since he lived here 他不在这工作已经 5 年了 It has been five years since he began to work here 他在这工作已经五年了 It has been 3 years since he smoked 他不吸烟已经三年了 4 have has gone to 到某地去了到某地去了 还未回来还未回来 have has been to 曾经到过某地曾经到过某地 人已回来人已回来 Where is Li Hua He has gone to the reading room She knows a lot about Shanghai She has been there 5 非延续性动词连用 即瞬间动词 非延续性动词连用 即瞬间动词 join lose buy borrow leave go come arrive die marry finish complete begin start break out 等 在完成时态中 其肯定式不其肯定式不 能和表示一段时间的状语连用能和表示一段时间的状语连用 如他参军已经三年了如他参军已经三年了 可采用可采用 1 ago 法法 He joined the army three years ago 2 延续法延续法 He has served in the army for three years He has been a soldier for 3 years He has been in the army for 3 years 3 since 法法 It is has been three years since he joined the army 翻译 他和玛丽结婚已经三年了翻译 他和玛丽结婚已经三年了 延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换 延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换 结婚结婚 marry be married 借借 borrow keep 买买 buy have 离开离开 leave be away 死亡死亡 die be dead 结束结束 finish end stop be over 生病生病 fall ill be ill 起床起床 get up be up 感冒感冒 catch get a cold have a cold 来来 去去 come go here be here there 成为成为 become be 回来回来 come back be back 睡着睡着 fall asleep be asleep 到达到达 get to arrive reach be in 认识认识 get to know know 出去出去 go get out be out 穿穿 put on wear 去国外去国外 go abroad be abroad 醒醒 wake up be awake 关闭关闭 turn off be off 打开打开 turn on be on 动身动身 leave for be off for 睡觉睡觉 go to sleep be asleep 打开打开 关闭关闭 open close sth keep sth open closed 参加参加 join be in 组织机构或组织机构或 be a member of 组织机构 组织机构 上学上学 go to school be in school be a student 交朋友交朋友 make friends with be friends with 6 丢失丢失 lose be lost be missing be gone 失业失业 lose one s job work be out of work a job 等等 八八 过去完成时过去完成时 had done sth 表示表示 过去的过去过去的过去 必须找过去的时间作为参照点 常见的时间状语有 必须找过去的时间作为参照点 常见的时间状语有 before by 过去时间过去时间 by the end of 过去时间 过去时间 by the time 过去时间过去时间 by then until then 等 等 He had learned some English before she came to the institute He said that he had been abroad for 3 years By 1998 he had studied French for 2 years By the end of last year I had remembered 5000 words By then he had learned English for 3 years Until then he had known nothing about it yet By the time he arrived home his mother had cooked supper for him By the time he was 12 years old he had built a lab for himself 1 表示愿望 打算的词 如 hope expect mean intend want wish suppose 等 其过去 完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图 I had hoped to see more of Shanghai I had meant to help you but I was too busy at that moment 2 Hardly Scarcely Barely had sb done sth when No sooner had sb done sth than 一一 就就 Hardly had I gone out when it began to rain 3 It was the first time that sb had done sth 这是某人第几次干某事这是某人第几次干某事 It was the first time he had been to the Great Wall 九九 现在完成进行时现在完成进行时 have has been doing sth 过去过去 现在现在 将来将来 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在 或今后还要继续一去 的动作 例如 He has been doing the maths problems since 8 00 It has been raining for two days 十十 将来完成时将来完成时 will have done sth By 现在时间 have has done sth By 过去时间 had done sth By 将来时间 will have done 1 By the year of 2019 we will have entered the university 2 By the time my father comes back I will have finished the work 比较 By the time my father came back I had finished the work By now I have finished 5000 English words 十一十一 易混时态的区别易混时态的区别 1 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别问题一般过去时与现在完成时的区别问题 这两个时态的动作都发生在过去 但现在完成时着重说明的是这个过去发生的动作 7 同现在的关系 对现在产生的结果或影响等 所以 它不能和表示过去时间的状语连用 而一般过去时只着重说明这个动作是在过去某时发生的 并不表示这个过去的动作同现 在的关系 更谈不上什么结果和影响 所以 它可以和表示过去时间的状语连用 例如 1 I lived in Beijing for five years between 1991 and 1996 2 I have lived in Beijing for 5 years so far 典型例题 1 Nice to see you back How long you in Russia 4 months A did stay B have stayed C have been staying D do stay 典型例题 2 Have you graduated from Beijing University Yes I there for 4 years A have studied B studied C had studied D have been studying 参考答案 AB 2 一般过去时与过去完成时的区别问题一般过去时与过去完成时的区别问题 这两个时态都和现在没有关系 都表示过去的动作 但一般过去时只涉及一个纯过去一般过去时只涉及一个纯过去 的动作 而过去完成时指的是相对于过去的某一特定时间 更早发生的动作 即过去完的动作 而过去完成时指的是相对于过去的某一特定时间 更早发生的动作 即过去完 成时至少涉及两个动作 成时至少涉及两个动作 以下几个例句均是过去完成时的典型句例 When I got to the party many of them had left for home When he was ready to hand in his test paper the teacher had left The tickets for the fashion show had been sold out before I heard about it 典型例题 1 Was Tom there when you arrived Yes but he home soon afterwards A had gone B has gone C is going D went 典型例题 2 The traffic accident wouldn t have happened yesterday but the driver really careless A had been B is C were D was 典型例题 3 The returned Chinese scholar has become one of the top experts in this field Yes I know him very well He in Africa with wild animals for eight years A has worked B had worked C worked D has been working 参考答案 DDC 3 一般现在时与现在进行时的区别问题一般现在时与现在进行时的区别问题 尽管两个时态所表示的动作都发生在现在 但是一般现在时强调的是一种 常态 一种没有时间阶段特征的 稳定的状态 而现在进行时则表示的是现在所处的状态 不 能保证过去是否这样 也不能保证以后怎样 有明显的阶段性 例如 I work in New York 我在纽约工作 表示我的固定工作地点就是纽约 I am working in New York 我正在纽约工作 表示这一段时间 我在纽约上班 8 可能听话人知道说话人以前并不在那里工作 而说话人本人对以后的工作地点也没有把 握 典型例题 1 I ping pang quite well but I haven t had time to play since the new year A played B will play C have played D play 典型例题 2 Your son looks too thin for his age He could have gained more weight But he much A isn t eating B doesn t eat C haven t eaten D hadn t eaten 参考答案 DB 4 一般过去时与过去进行时的区别问题一般过去时与过去进行时的区别问题 尽管二者所表示的动作都发生在过去 但一般过去时着重强调汇报过去做过什么事一般过去时着重强调汇报过去做过什么事 情 是有结果的情 是有结果的 而过去进行时仅表示过去某一点时间上 一个动作正在进行 有什么过去进行时仅表示过去某一点时间上 一个动作正在进行 有什么 样的结果不得而知样的结果不得而知 例如 Tyson wrote three letters last night 表示太森写了三封信 暗指都已写完 Tyson was writing a letter last night 表示我只是见他写信来着 其他就不知道了 典型例题 1 The reporter said that the UFO east to west when he saw it A was traveling B traveled C had been traveling D was to travel 典型例题 2 Has your brother finished with that book I have no idea He it last night A read B was reading C have read D had been read 参考答案 AB 5 5 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别问题现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别问题 have done 与 have been doing 看起来差不多 其实 他们的侧重点不一样 现在完成 时侧重指已有的结果或已有的影响 而现在完成进行时则强调过程 例如 I have repaired your car 强调你的车修好了 你可以开走了 I have been repairing your car 强调我一直在给你修车 所以很累或没做其他事 典型例题 You haven t finished your homework yet haven t you No I it the whole morning A have been doing B have done C had done D did 参考答案 A 6 过去完成时与现在完成时的区别过去完成时与现在完成时的区别 这两种时态都常与表示一段时间的状语连用 但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同这两种时态都常与表示一段时间的状语连用 但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同 现在有关的动作 句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语 而过去完成时表示的是在现在有关的动作 句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语 而过去完成时表示的是在 过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作 句中可有表示过去特定时间的状语 过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作 句中可有表示过去特定时间的状语 比较下面的说法 比较下面的说法 She had been ill for a week before she came back 回来 发生在过去某一时间 生 病 发生在这一时间之前 即过去的过去 She has been ill for a week 现在仍然病着 9 十二十二 动词时态的呼应动词时态的呼应 1 主句是一般将来时主句是一般将来时 由由 when after before as soon as the minute whenever 等引导等引导 的时间状语和由的时间状语和由 if unless so long as once 等引导的条件状语和等引导的条件状语和 however even if 等等 引导的让步状语从句中一般用一般现在时引导的让步状语从句中一般用一般现在时 现在完成时现在完成时 表示将来 表示将来 Whatever you say I will not change my mind I will go with you as soon as I have finished my book 2 含宾语从句的时态一致的问题 1 如果主句的谓语为现在时或者将来时 宾语从句的谓语从句的谓语可以不受影 响 He says his father is was will be a teacher They will tell you that they are living lived will live have lived in Shanghai 2 如果主句的谓语动词是过去时 宾语从句的谓语动词一般需用过去的某种时态 即一般过去时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去完成进行时 过去将来时 过去 将来进行时等 I was sure he was in bed He thought he was working for the people I wondered if she had got well He wanted to know what she had been doing I hoped I would find a job soon I thought she would be going by bus 语态语态 一 被动语态的构成 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般am is are done Was were done Will shall be done Would should be done 进行am is are being doneWas were being done 完成have has been doneHad been done Will shall have been done Would should have been done 完成进 行 have has been being done had been being done 2 被动语态的用法 1 不知道谁是动作的执行者 或没必要指明谁是动作的执行者 The window is dirty I know It hasn t been cleaned for weeks 2 需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身 如 All the employees except the manager are encouraged to work online at home 10 3 在文章标题 广告 新闻中 Girls wanted 找女工 Five year old Boy Kidnapped 五岁的男童遭到绑架 4 当动作的执行者不是人时 The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people are persuaded to eat more fruit and vegetables 注意 1 被动结构中切不可丢掉后面的介词或者副词 That old man was often laughed at Bad habits have been done away with The plan will be given up 2 get 过去分词过去分词 可以表示被动可以表示被动 She got married last week The patient got treated once a week He fell off the car and got killed 3 主动形式表被动意义 主动形式表被动意义 1 表示状态特征的系动词 look sound feel smell taste prove appear 构成的系表结构成的系表结 构构 例如 Your excuse sounds good but it can t be true Jack proved to be a good tour guide during the long journey The soup smells perfect but tastes terrible 2 表示主语某种属性 特征的动词如 read write sell act wash clean wear open lock shut dry 等等 常与常与 well 和和 easily 连用 例如 连用 例如 Shakespeare s books sell well 莎士比亚的书卖的很不错 This kind of material washes easily so it saves much water 这种布料很容易洗 所以 能节约不少水 Don t waste your time The door doesn t lock at all 别浪费时间了 这门根本锁不上 This coat dries easily 这件外套容易干 Nylon cleans easily 尼龙容易洗干净 Your speech reads well 你的演讲讲得很好 This material has worn thin 这个材料已经磨薄了 The match won t catch 这根火柴擦不着 The plan worked out wonderfully 这项计划进展得很好 3 Sth need want require doing to be done Your desk needs tidying 你的课桌该整理了 This kind of flowers requires watering every morning 这种花需要每天早晨浇 4 be wel