大学英语四级翻译技巧资料.doc

2012年6月大学英语四级考试翻译复习资料 大学英语四级考试翻译应试技巧 大学英语四级考试翻译应试技巧：四级翻译主要考查学生熟练掌握英语的能力，学生在学习中如果能够做到熟练掌握所考查知识点，主要包括考查语法、核心动词、动词短语和固定搭配。必定能在翻译中取得令人满意的成绩。本文就四级考试新题型中的翻译部分题型特点进行分析，并在此基础上提供相应的应试技巧， 希望能指导考生准备考试并取得优异成绩。 评分标准 汉译英部分有其详细的评分原则，了解这些评分原则对我们解答试题，取得高分有很大的帮助。（1）整体内容和语言均正确，得1分。（2）结构正确，但整体意思不确切、信息不全或用词不当，得0.5分。（3）整体意思正确但语言有错误，得0.5分。（4）整体意思完全错误，即使结构正确也不得分。（5）大小写错误及标点符号忽略不计。题型特点及应试技巧从上面的解析中我们可以看出四级考试中翻译部分的主要考察点, 考查方式主要有以下特点: 1. 从形式上看四级翻译是只翻译半句, 而不是整个句子。 2. 大学英语大纲要求的核心词汇和词组是翻译考试出题的重点之一。主要考点为：（1）语法考点。侧重点是虚拟语气、倒装结构、从句、非谓语动词（动名词、过去分词、独立主格）等。（2）核心动词和动词短语的考查。（3）固定搭配。主要是名词与动词搭配、形容词与名词搭配、动词与副词修饰关系、名词与介词搭配、固定词组及固定表达等。3. 尽管试题要求学生仅翻译半句，但是学生万万不可仅看汉语就进行翻译，而是要仔细看清楚题目中提供的前半句，因为考点往往隐藏在里面。如2006 年6 月第89题The professor required that . ( 我们交研究报告) by Wednesday . 本题主要考查动词require 的用法, 其后接宾语从句时, 从句要使用should型虚拟语气, 即require that sb. ( should) do sth. ; 另外还要注意词组“上交”应为hand in。因此该题的答案为we ( should) hand in our research report( s)。如果学生考虑不周全，很容易翻译成一般过去时态或者是将来时态。 解题步骤1. 通读全句，确定语法成分汉译英部分的考查形式决定了在做题时首先要通读全句，因为汉语和英语部分共同构成了一个完整的达意单位，不能将其割裂开来。同时，由于两种语言之间的语法结构相去甚远，考生不应该将汉语部分直接翻译成英语，而是要首先阅读整个句子，确定要求翻译的部分在整个英语句子中的语法成分。 例如：_（她目不转睛地看着窗外），she told us that our friend Tom had died in the air crash.【解析】虽然汉语部分是一个完整的主谓句，但我们不能想当然地将其翻译成一个英文的简单句。仔细研究逗号以后的英文部分我们就会发现，这一部分才是句子的主干。由于英文中的逗号没有连接两个分句的功能，而本句逗号后面没有连接词，因此划线部分不是一个句子，而是一个状语成分。由此可知，我们必须使用非谓语结构或独立主格结构。可接受的答案包括：Keeping her eyes fixed out of the window；Staring out of the window；With her eyes fixed out of the window；Her eyes fixed out of the window等。2. 审查形式，时态从而判断划线处所填句子的形式、时态。所谓形式包括： 1词组固定搭配（不定式短语、分词短语、动名词、句子等）2虚拟3被动决定表达方式确定语法成分以后，我们要有意识地审查时态，要特别注意句中的时间状语，并对照所给英语部分的时态。此外，还应该根据汉语意思推断出题人想考查的语法或词汇项目，避免将汉语词汇逐个机械地翻译成英语的情况。 例如：Since were here _(我们不如四处看看）.【解析】首先通读全句，我们发现Since we are here是一个条件状语从句，意思是“既然我们在这里”，因此划线部分应该是主句，有完整的主谓结构。随后我们开始分析汉语表达，“不如做”的英文表达法是may/ might as well do sth.，与“四处看看” 对应的英文短语是look around，而且全句使用的是一般现在时态，因此正确答案是we may as well look around。看括号里面的汉语句子，以核心谓语动词为切入点，找准主谓宾、分清定状补。先翻译主谓宾、后翻译定状补，切块对应翻译，重新组合。动词注意时态，名词注意单复数。3. 付诸笔墨，保证拼写无误经过仔细的斟酌以后，真正的翻译工作就变得简单得多，但对很多考生来说单词的拼写是一大难题，因此我们应该在确保关键结构无误的前提下尽量选用自己有把握的单词和短语。 例如：By contrast，American parents were more likely _(把孩子的成功归因于）natural talent.【解析】通过分析可知，本题考查be likely to do sth.“很可能做”和attribute sth. to sb.another thing“将归因于”的用法，对这两点很熟悉的考生可以不费吹灰之力就做出完美的答案，但正确地写出attribute和success并不是件容易的事。正确答案为to attribute their childrens success to。4. 重新审视，确认句法合理在检查的时候，我们应该确认自己翻译的部分与题目给出的英文部分共同构成了一个语法正确、达意清晰的句子。在这一阶段，我们还应该重点检查句首字母的大写、冠词和代词的使用以及主谓一致的问题。总之，做汉译英题目的时候，切忌盲目下笔，我们应该在平日的练习中严格遵循以上四个步骤，有意识地培养良好的翻译习惯。 语法重要考点1、虚拟语气虚拟语气是翻译部分的考查重点，因为虚拟语气的形式多样，因此也成为备考翻译题时的难点。虚拟语气的用法主要有以下几点：1）虚拟条件句中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类： 条件从句主句与现在事实相反的假定一般过去时would/could /should/might + 动词原形与过去事实相反的假定过去完成时would/could/should/might + 动词的现在完成时推测未来不可能实现或实现可能性很小的假定should + 动词原形were to + 动词原形 would/could /should/might + 动词原形2）一些能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词的用法，如：lest，in case等。in case，lest后面的句子使用虚拟语气，意思为“以防，以免”，虚拟语气的形式为should+动词原形，should不可以省略，但可以不用虚拟语气而改用陈述语气。3）一部分表示建议、主张、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语或同位语从句往往采用“（should)动词原形”的虚拟形式，如：suggest, propose, command, order, request, require等。4）一些形容词后面的主语从句中往往采用“（should）动词原形”，这些形容词包括important，essential，necessary，urgent，vital等。88.If she had returned an hour earlier, Mary _ (就不会被大雨淋了).（2009.6）【答案】would not have been caught in the heavy rain。本句考查的是一个与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。从句使用的是过去完成时had returned，因此主句也必须是情态助动词加上完成时。另外“被雨淋到”要使用be caught in the rain这一说法。 89.Youd better take a sweater with you（以防天气变冷）.（2008.12）【答案】in case /lest it should turn cold。本题考查的是in case和lest后面的句子要使用虚拟语气，其形式是should加动词原形。 重点句型1）It is+形容词+that【例句】It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.【翻译】可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演着重要的角色。2）It is+形容词+to do/ doing【例句】She had said what it was necessary to say.【翻译】她已经说了一切有必要说的话。3）祈使句/名词+and/ or【例句】Work hard, and you will finally be able to reach your destination.【翻译】努力工作，你就能实现自己的目标。4）as+many/much+名词+as【例句】It is said that visitors spend only half as much money in a day in Leeds as in London.【翻译】据说，游客每天在利兹的花销仅为在伦敦的一半。5）倍数词+as+形容词+as【例句】The reservoir is three times as big as it was ten years ago.【翻译】这个水库的面积是十年前三倍。下面我们以2006年6月的四级考试中的翻译题为例，进行详细分析。【CET-4：2006.6】87Having spent some time in the city，he had no trouble_(找到去历史博物馆的路).【句意】在城市里待了一些时间后，他能毫不费力地找到去历史博物馆的路。【解析】题干中已经给出have no trouble，说明考查的是have (no) trouble (in) doing sth这一词组的用法，因此可以断定，考点之一必然是答案需要使用动名词形式。“找到去的路”应该用find the way to。【答案】finding the way to the history museum【考查重点】动名词形式的使用，类似的用法还有：spend some time (in) doing sth，it is no use doing sth，be interested in doing sth，warn sbagainst doing sth等等。核心词组的搭配(如：find the way to)的使用也要注意。88_ (为了挣钱供我上学)，mother often takes on more work than is good for her【句意】为了挣钱供我上学，母亲经常承担过多的工作，即使这样对她不好。【解析】需要翻译的是目的状语，因此最好的方式必然是以In order to或To开头。这一题中给出的参考答案使用了finance的动词用法，但如果考生能够使用raise money、support等相对基础的词汇，相信仍然能够得分。【答案】In order to make/earn/get money for my education/schooling/study【考查重点】目的状语的使用与核心词组的搭配。值得注意的是，2000年1月的四级真题即为How I Finance My College Education，与该题答案几乎一致，因此熟悉历年考题很有必要。89The professor required that_ (我们交研究报告).【句意】这位教授要求我们交研究报告。【解析】require that是建议句型的一个变体，这个句型补全之后的形式应为require that sb(should) do sth。类似的词还有command、demand、desire、insist、order、propose、request、suggest等，这些词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 “should+动词原形”，should可以省略，而引导宾语从句的that不能省略。【答案】we hand in/turn in/submit our research report(s)【考查重点】虚拟语气的用法。注意表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词后面应该用虚拟语气。90The more you explain，_ (我越糊涂)【句意】你越解释，我越糊涂。【解析】考生应该十分熟悉的the more，the more句型同时，对“糊涂”的正确译法be confused也是关键考点之一。要注意区分confused和confusing。前者表示主语(人)糊涂，后者表示主语(某事或某物)使人糊涂。【答案】the more confused I am/become/get【考查重点】the morethe less，the morethe less句型。91Though a skilled worker，_ (他被公司解雇了)【句意】尽管他是个熟练的工人，但还是被公司解雇了。【解析】本题要求翻译让步状语从句之后的主句，关键之一是看考生是否掌握though引导让步状语从句时，主句不应有but存在。【答案】he was laid off/fired/sacked/dismissed by the company【考查重点】though引导的让步状语从句，以及though与but不同时出现这一语言点。类似的两个连词不能同时出现的情况还有because和so等。四级核心词组1. a case in point 恰当的例子，明显的例子，例证Optical illusion (错觉) can cut highway crashes. Japan is a case in point.视错觉可以减少高速公路撞车事件，日本就是一个明显的例子。2. a variety of 种种，各种Professionals seek career experience outside of their home countries for a variety of reasons.专业人员因为各种不同的原因而在本土之外寻求职业经验。3. above all 首先，尤其是I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and above all in a quiet neighborhood.我想租一间现代化的、舒适的房子，最重要的是它必须处于一个安静的环境中。4. account for 解释，说明；占有Effort and ability were thought to account for their success.他们的成功被认为是通过努力和能力得来的。Cars account for half the oil consumed in the US.车辆耗油占美国石油消耗量的一半。5. adapt to 适应Habit helps a person adapt to his own energy cycle.习惯有助于人适应自身能量循环。6. add to 增加，增添，补充The way you go about purchasing an article or a service can actually save you money or can add to the cost.购买商品或服务的方式的确可以帮你省钱也可能让你多花钱。7. add up to 合计达，总括起来；意味着The interior angles of a triangle add up to 180.三角形的内角和是180度。8. adjust to 适应于，改变以习惯于She complains about the lack of social programs to help husbands adjust themselves to being a father.她抱怨没有社会课程来帮助丈夫调整好自己以适应父亲的角色。9. all in all 从各方面说，总的来说All in all, however, childrens leisure time dropped from 40% of the day in 1981 to 25%.然而总的来说，孩子们的闲暇时间从1981年每天时间的40降到了如今的25。10. all manner of 各种各样的，形形色色的The shop seemed to be full of all manner of curious things.商店里似乎全是形形色色、稀奇古怪的东西。11. appeal to 吸引；向上诉Advertising is intended to appeal to consumers, but it does not force them to buy the product.广告的目的是吸引消费者，但并不强迫他们购买产品。Being sentenced to prison for three years, she intends to appeal to the judgment.被判入狱三年，她打算向法院提起上诉。12. approve of 赞成；批准She approves of Tonys decision.她赞成托尼的决定。13. as for 至于，就方面说As for colds, the sooner a person starts taking over-the-counter remedy, the sooner relief will come.至于感冒，你越早开始吃非处方药，症状就会越早减轻。14. as to 就而言；关于，至于(后常接物)Can you give me even the slightest clue as to where her son might be?15. at intervals 每隔一段时间(或距离)，不时The teacher asked us to dig holes at intervals along the street.16. base on 以为依据，为出发点The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his arguments in favor of the new theory.教授很难找到充足的理由作为依据来证实这种新理论。17. be accustomed to doing sth. 习惯于做The author was not accustomed to using fridges even in his fifties.18. be at ones disposal 任某人处理，供某人使用The rest of the day was entirely at his disposal for reading or recreation.一天剩下的时间全部由他自己支配，可以读书，也可以娱乐。19. be capable of 做得出(某事)的，有能力的，有本领的A teacher must be capable of infinite patience.老师必须有无限的耐心。20. be contrary to 与相反的What you have done is contrary to the doctors orders.你的所作所为与医生的规定正好相反。21. be liable to 可能的；易于的I thought she was liable to be kidnapped by gypsies.我认为她可能被吉卜赛人绑架了。The old people are liable to heart attacks.老年人易患心脏病。22. be on the increase 正在增加，不断增长We all know strange creatures are on the increase.我们都知道奇怪的物种正在不断增加。23. be related to与有关，相关联Taste and price are closely related to each other.味道和价格之间紧密相关。24. be superior to比优越的，超过的Many Americans believe Japans higher education is superior to theirs.很多美国人认为日本的高等教育比他们的好。25. bring about导致，引起Computer technology will bring about a revolution in business administration.计算机技术将会带来一场商业管理革命。26. broaden ones horizon开阔眼界By interacting with people who study liberal arts, engineering students can broaden their horizons.工科学生可以通过与文科学生的交往开阔眼界。27. carry out 实行；完成It was very important for the mission we were going to carry out.他对我们即将完成的任务十分重要。28. compare to 把比作Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA.加菲尔德将这种程序比作他作为美国国家航空航天局电脑科学家的工作。29. do ones utmost竭力，尽全力I shall do my utmost to help you.我会尽全力来帮助你。30. due to 由于，因为They died due to lack of care by family members.他们由于得不到家人的照顾而死亡。31. exposeto 显露；暴露They may wish to expose to their children to another culture, and the opportunity to learn a second language.他们希望自己的孩子有接触另一种文化和学习第二种语言的机会。32. figure out想出，理解，明白Few could figure out what to do with the plastic.很少有人能想出如何利用那些塑料。33. focus on聚集，集中，聚焦Career seekers should not focus on immediate interests only.求职者不应该把注意力仅仅集中在眼前利益上。34. for the sake of为了起见，看在的分上Birds prefer to sleep in pairs for the sake of security.为了安全起见，鸟类喜欢成双成对地睡觉。35. from time to time有时，不时In human history, peoples views on body weight changed from time to time.在人类历史上，人们对体重的看法不时发生着转变。36. in comparison with与比较起来I have more working experience in comparison with my classmates.和我的同学比起来，我有更多的工作经历。37. in favor of 支持，赞同Will all those in favor of the proposal raise their hands?所有赞同这个提议的人可以举下手吗？38. in terms of 从观点出发，根据，按照Which sport has the most expenses in terms of training equipment, players personal equipment and uniforms?就训练设备、运动员的个人装备和服装而言，哪种运动的花费最大？39. in the habit of 有的习惯Many coaches and parents are in the habit of criticizing young athletes.很多教练和家长习惯于批评年纪小的运动员。40. in the long run 最终，终究On-the-job training is, in the long run, less costly.在职培训终究成本较低。41. major in主修Few Asian American students majoring human sciences.很少有亚裔美国学生主修文科。42. make sense讲得通，有意义，言之有理It would make sense to give the fish enough time to recover.给鱼类足够的时间恢复是有意义的。43. make sure查明，确保；务必It is important that the hotel receptionist make sure that guests are registered correctly.酒店招待员确保客人正确地进行登记是很重要的。44. make use of利用People tend to make use of evidence that supports their own beliefs.人们倾向于利用他们自己信仰的证据。45. no doubt很可能，无疑地There is no doubt that the superiority of these goods to the others is easy to see.毫无疑问，这些货物相对于其他货物的优越性是显而易见的。46. object to sb./sth.反对(某人)，不赞成(某事)Most educators objected to Stokoes idea.大多数教育家都反对斯托奇的观点。47. occur to被想起，被想到It occurs to us for the first time that Mace secretly wishes Lenny would notice she is a woman.我们头一次想到，梅斯暗自希望兰尼注意到她是个女人。48. on/in behalf of代表，为了The man is meeting the woman on behalf of Mr. Brown.这个人代表布朗先生来会见这个妇女。49. on ones own独自；独自地Parents should achieve a balance between pushing their children too hard and leaving them on their own.父母应该在严格督促孩子和让他们独立自主之间保持平衡。50. on the contrary正相反This is not an economical way to get more water; on the contrary, it is very expensive.这种获取更多水资源的方法并不经济，正相反，这样做相当昂贵。51. participate in参加，参与He was proud of being chosen to participate in the game.被选入参加这个比赛，他感到很自豪。52. persist in (sth./doing sth.)坚持不懈(做某事)，执意He asked us to persist them in carrying through their plan.他要求我们坚持不懈地让他们开展计划。53. stand for是的缩写；代表；意味着The four words stand for the spirit of the company.这四个单词代表着这家公司的精神。54. take/have/feel (an/no) interest in对感/不感兴趣Americans as a whole tend to take more of an interest in local affairs.总体上，美国人都比较关心当地的事件。55. take into consideration考虑到，顾及Sleeping patterns must be taken into consideration in the designing of robots.设计机器人时必须将其睡眠模式考虑在内。56. thanks to由于，多亏Thanks to the enormous flow of food from the entire globe, these countries have for many years not felt any population pressure.由于全球范围内的食品流通，这些国家很多年都没感到人口压力。57. to a certain extent在一定程度上Memory depends to a certain extent on the environment.记忆在一定程度上依赖于环境。58. a range of 的范围；一排，一群，一大片They have a wider range of interests.他们的兴趣范围更加广泛。We have investigated a range of different models to see which is the best value for money.我们研究了一系列不同的样式来看哪种性价比最高。59. apply to 1. 向提起申请；2. 适应，适合；3. 将应用于Restrictions should be imposed on teenagers applying to take driving lessons.应限制十几岁的青少年申请上驾驶课。Your idea doesnt apply to this situation.你的想法并不适合这种情况。Mushrooms might be banned if they were judged by the same standards that apply to food additives.如果以应用于食品添加剂的同一标准来鉴定，蘑菇可能会被禁止食用。60. argue with与争论She rose to argue with her opponents.她站起来同对手争论。61. be advisable to明智的In some hot and dry areas it is advisable to build small and cheap irrigation systems.在一些又热又干的地区建造便宜、小规模的灌溉系统乃明智之举。62. be aware of明白，知道People are still not aware of the important role that custom plays in forming our world outlook.人们还没有意识到习俗在形成世界面貌方面发挥的重要作用。63. be beneficial to对有益Most parents believe reading to be beneficial to children.大部分家长认为阅读对儿童有益。64. be bound to一定会，必然会；(感到)有义务A longer life span means that the nations elderly population is bound to expand significantly over the next 50 years.更长的寿命意味着该国老龄人口在未来五十年必然会迅速增加。Citizens are bound to obey the laws.公民应当守法。65. be characterized by 的特点在于，的特点是The teaching of science and math in America is characterized by its diversity.在美国，自然科学和数学教学方法的特点在于其多样性。66. be content with满足的，满意的People should not be content with what they have got.人们不应该满足于已经拥有的一切。67. be doubtful about怀疑的，可疑的The author is doubtful about the necessity of keeping H-bombs at home for safety.作者怀疑为了安全而在家存放氢弹的必要性。68. be essential to/for本质的，基本的，必要的Good writing is compared to fine food because both are essential to life.优秀的作品比作精美的食物，因为两者于生活而言都是必要的。69. be involved in与有关联，牵涉Japanese parents are more involved in preschool education than American parents.日本的家长比美国的家长更注重学前教育。70. be opposed to反对People in most countries of the world today are not opposed to living in flats.如今，世界上大多数国家的人们都不反对住公寓。71. be popular with sb.为某人所喜爱，受某人欢迎This place is especially popular with oversea students.这个地方特别受留学生欢迎。72. be relevant to有关Mr. Longs briefing was not relevant to the mission.朗先生的简报与本次任务无关。73. be responsible for 应负责，有责任The licensing authorities are partly responsible for teenagers driving accidents.发照当局对青少年驾车事故应负有部分责任。74. be supposed to应该，被期望Youre supposed to remember something, but you havent encoded it deeply.你本应记得某些事情，但你却没有记清楚。75. benefit from从获益The man will benefit from the effort hes put in.这位男士将从他投入的努力中获益。76. compete against/with和竞争Trains could not compete with planes in terms of luxury and convenience