人教版八年级下unit4重点知识,语法解.doc

Unit 4 He said I was hard-working本单元重点句型短语1.soap opera 肥皂剧，电视（连续）剧2.on Friday night 在星期五晚上3.be mad at=be angry with 生的气4.have a surprise partyfor sb 为某人举行一个惊喜晚会5. not anymore=not any longer 不再，再也不 6. get nervous 变得紧张7. direct speech 直接引语 reported speech 间接引语8.first of all首先9.do a homework project 做家庭作业10.pass on 传递pass sth to sbpass on the message to sb 向某人传递信息11.work on 从事，设计，演算，操作12.be supposed to do sth. 被期望（要求）做， 应该做13.be good at doing sth= do well in 擅长15.report card 成绩单16.have a (bad) cold 患（重）感冒17.be in good health=keep/ stay healthy 身体健康18.end-of-year exams 学年考试19.have a big fightwith= fight with sb. 和大打一架21.forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事 forget doing sth. 忘记做了某事22.get over 克服，恢复，原谅23.a poor mountain village 一个贫穷的山村24.sound like+n 听起来像25.graduate from 从毕业26.in the mail 在邮箱里27.Its a good idea for sb. to do sth. 某人去做某事是一个好主意28. Chinas rural areas 中国的偏远地区29.sea level 海平面 above sea level海拔30.the thin air 稀薄的空气31.agree with sb./sth. 同意, 与相符（一致）32. both and 两者都33.finish doing sth 完成做某事34.open up 打开，展开，开发，揭露 open up ones eyes to 开拓某人的视野到.35.a good start 一个良好的开端36.care forlook after=take care of 照料，照顾，计较，关心37.in danger 处于危险之中38.start a bad habbit 养成一个坏习惯39.copy ones homework抄袭某人的做业40.send ones love 问好41.find science really difficult发现科学真的很难42.make a decision to do sth.=decide to do sth. 决定做某事43.decide to do sth决定做某事44.there is no difference between .and. 在.和.之间没有区别45.its just that. 只不过，只是46.be over 结束，完成47.in the city of .市48.a one-year program 一个一年期的项目49.people who need help 需要帮助的人50.something we can do for them 我们能为他们做本单元目标句型： 转述他人话语:What did sb. say? He said I She said sheThey said1. 许老师告诉我徐梦蝶会说二种语言。Mr. Xu told me that XuMengdie could speak three languages.2. 许老师说地球绕着太阳转。Mr. Xu said (that)the earth turns around the sun.3. 许老师告诉我他将去北京。She told me he would go to Beijing the next day.4. 许老师说欧洋正在做作业Mr. Xu said OuYang was doing his homework at that time.5. 许老师说王硕研勤奋。Mr. Xu said Wang Shuoyan was hard-working.6. 在英语上，与听相比，我更擅长于读。In English, Im better at reading than listening. 7. 情况怎样？ Hows it going? 8. 她不想再当我最好的朋友了。She didnt want to be my best friend anymore.9. I said it would start a bad habit , and that she would do her own work.10. Thats about all the news I have now. Mum and Dad send their love. 11. She said helping others changed her life.12. Young people today need to experience different things13. I can open up my students eyes to the outside world and give them a good start in life.例句精讲Section ALana thinks shes coming to my house to study.拉娜以为她要到我家来学习。【巧解句构】 这是一个含有宾语从句的主从复合句,主句为一般现在时态,从句是用趋向性动词come的现在分词表将来。【拓展延伸】 宾语从句的时态必须与主句呼应:当主句中谓语是现在或将来时态,从句谓语不受主句谓语时态的影响,可以按需要使用任何时态,例如:She says that she has never been to Mount Tai.1)当主句谓语为过去时态,从句中的时态一般为过去的某种时态。例如:He said he had finished his homework.2)当从句叙述的是某一客观真理(事实)时,主句无论是何种时态,从句则用一般现在时。例如:He said that light travels much faster than sound.误区警示 若宾语从句跟在动词think,believe,suppose,expect等表示“要,认为”等的动词后时,句子的否定体现在主句上,这就是“否定转移”现象。例如:I dont think you are right.我认为你不正确。I dont believe he has finished his work.我相信他还没有完成他的工作。Section B 3a1.I was sorry to hear that he had a cold last week.我听说他上周感冒了觉得很难过。【巧解句构】 这是一句包含宾语从句的主从复合句。主句是过去时态,从句也用过去时态。本句中that变为了宾语从句he had a cold last week的引导词。【要点剖析】 I was sorry to hear that.是表示遗憾的常用语,意为“我听到很遗憾”。have a cold意为“患感冒”还可以写成catch a cold。类似的词组还有:have a cough 咳嗽have a fever 发烧have a headache 头疼2.I had a really hard time with science this semester,and I wasnt surprised to find that my worst report was from my science(科学)teacher.这学期我的科学课学得确实很吃力,所以当我看到最糟糕的评价来自于科学课老师时,我毫不吃惊。【巧解句构】 这是一句由and连接的并列句。前一个分句是简单句,后一个分句是包含宾语从句的主从复合句,主句I wasnt surprised to find“我毫不吃惊地发现”,不定式的动词find后面带一个由that引导的宾语从句。【要点剖析】 词组have a hard time with sth.意为“应付某事很费劲”;be surprised to意为“对感到吃惊”，不定式后接动词的原形。surprised为形容词,surprise为名词构成to ones surprise(使惊奇的是)词组。【辨析比较】 surprised 和surprising1)当人作主语或修饰与人有关的词时用以ed结尾的形容词。2)当物作主语或修饰与物有关的词时用以ing结尾的形容词。例如:We are surprised to hear the surprising news.我们听到那条令人惊讶的新闻感到非常吃惊。3.The good news is that my math teacher said I was hard-working.好消息是数学老师说我很用功。【巧解句构】 这是一句包含表语从句的主从复合句。主句the good news is使用的是一般现在时,表示目前的情况。由that引导的从句my math teacher said I was hardworking在句中充当表语,使用的是一般过去时,陈述过去。其中又包含一个从句I was hardworking,作said的宾语。【拓展延伸】 表语从句于主句中的系动词之后,主要有四类:1)由连词who, what, which 等引导的表语从句。这些词不但可以起连接作用,还可以在句中作主语、宾语和表语。例如:China is not what she was yesterday.中国已不再是以前的那个中国了。2)由不充当任何句子成分的连词that,whether引起的表语从句。例如:What I mean is that we should help each other.我的意思是我们应该互相帮助。The problem is whether we can finish the work on time.问题是我们能不能按时完成工作。3)由连接副词when, where, why, how 引导的表语从句。例如:This is when I really get to know Americans.我这时才开始认识美国人。4)由连词as, because, as if, as though 引导的表语从句。例如:It looks as if it is going to rain tonight.看起来好像今晚要下雨。Self Check 2Last week in school we had a big fight, and she didnt talk to me.上周在学校我们大吵了一架,她不和我说话了。【巧解句构】 这是一个and连接的前后均是一般过去时态的并列句。【要点剖析】 1)短语have a fight意为“吵架”,后面接宾语时要加上介词with,即have a fight with等同于fight with sb.(此时的fight为动词)。2)短语talk to sb.意为“与谈话/交谈”,to也可以被with替换。如果talk后面接的是“某事”则介词用about即talk about sth.。She said helping others changed her life.1.Teaching high school students in a poor mountain village in Gansu Province may not sound like fun to you.在甘肃省一个贫困山村教中学生,在你听来也许并不有趣。【巧解句构】 该句是个简单句。这句话的主语很长,一个动名词短语(teaching high school students“教中学生”)加上两个地点状语(in a poor mountain village“贫困山村”和in Gansu Province“甘肃省”)构成了本句的主语。谓语部分则使用了sound like短语,表示“听来并不有趣”。【要点剖析】 短语sound like 意为“听起来像”,sound是一个系动词,类似的词还有:feel, smell, taste, look, get, turn等。2.She said that both she and her husband thought this was a good idea.她和她丈夫都认为这是一件很好的事。【巧解句构】 该句是个复合句,said后面的that引导的是宾语从句,是said的内容;句中的thought后面也是一个宾语从句,但省略了引导词that。通常宾语从句由that引导时,常可省去that,但said后的that常保留。【要点剖析】 词组both.and.意为“(两者)都”是并列连词可以连接两个人或物一起作主语。反义词为neither.nor.,它们的用法不同:neither.nor.引导的词作主语时谓语动词与nor后的词保持一致即就近原则;both.and.无此用法。3.There is no difference between you and them.你和他们之间没有不同。【巧解句构】 该句是一个there be句型,名词difference作句子的真正主语,no相当于not any。There is no difference between.and.意为“在和之间没有区别”。如果表示“有区别”,则使用There is a difference between.and.或者There are differences between.and.。【要点剖析】 词组between.and.表示“在之间”,between只用于二者之间。【拓展延伸】 there be句型的一些用法:1)主谓一致谓语动词要采取就近一致原则,和靠近be的主语一致。例如:There is a pen,two rulers in the box.盒子里有一只钢笔,两把尺子。There are two boys and a teacher at the school gate.门口有两个男孩,一个老师。2)主语后的动词形式在there be 句型中,主语与动词是主动关系时用现在分词;是被动关系时用过去分词。例如:There is a purse lying on the ground.地上有一个钱包。There are five minutes left now.现在还有5分钟。3)反意疑问句反意疑问句应与there be对应,而不是依据主语。例如:There is a radio on the table,isnt there?桌子上有一台收音机,是吧?There are more than fifty classes in your school,arent there?你们学校有50个班,是吧?4)there be 与have的替换there be表示所属时可与have替换。There is nothing but a book in my bag.=I have nothing but a book in my bag.在我包里只有一本书。记忆要诀 there be 句型的谓语歌诀there be句型可译“有”,be 动词跟着名词走。名词单数不可数,当用is记清楚。如果名词是复数,用are一定要记住。出现并列主语特殊记,“就近原则”用仔细。4.I can open up my students eyes to the outside world and give them a good start in life.我能为我的学生打开眼界看外面的世界,并且给他们的生活一个好的开始。【巧解句构】 该句是一个含有情态动词的一般现在时态的简单句,and连接前后两个并列谓语。【要点剖析】 1)短语open up ones eyes 意为“使开眼界”。2)动词give有两种用法:give sb. sth.和give sth. to sb.。5.When her year was over,she said that she would return to the area after finishing her studies.一年期满时她说:毕业后她会回到这个地方。【巧解句构】 该句是个包含时间状语从句和宾语从句的主从复合句。时间状语从句when her year was over意为“当她的一年(支教)期结束时”。主句是一个间接引语,that.studies作said的宾语从句,时态为过去将来时,表明是在“当时”要离开的时候,杨蕾承诺“将来”要回到这个地方;在这个宾语从句中after finishing her studies作为一个时间状语,点明了她将要回来的时间为“完成学业后”。【要点剖析】 1)短语be over意为“结束”。2)return to.意为“返回”。本单元语法讲解直接引语变间接引语引述别人的话时，一般采用两种方式：一是引用别人的原话，把它放在引号内，称为直接引语；二是用自己的话加以转述，被转述的话不放在引号内，称为间接引语。间接引语在大多数情况下是一个宾语从语。John said, Im going to London with my father.约翰说：我要和父亲到伦敦去。（引号内是直接引语）John said that he was going to London with his father. 约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）直接引语变成间接引语时，要注意以下几点：人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一、如何变人称： 将直接引语变间接引语时。人称变化有下面有一句顺口溜：“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：She said. My brother wants to go with me. She said her brother wanted to go with her.“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：He said to Kate. How is your sister now?He asked Kate how her sister was then。“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：Mr Smith said。 Jack is a good worker。Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。二、如何变时态：直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。在直接引语中的时态在间接引语应变成的时态一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般将来时过去将来时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时1)She said. I have lost a pen.She said she had lost a pen2)She said. We hope so.She said they hoped so.3) She said. He will go to see his friend。She said he would go to see his friend。但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。直接引语是客观真理。1. The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. 2. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jack said. John, where were you going when I met you in the street?Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：Xiao Wang said. I was born on April 2l, 1980。 Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：He said, I get up at six every morning。 He said he gets up at six every morning。如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：1. Peter said. You had better come have today。 Peter said I had better go there that day。2. The teacher said to me . You must pay more attention to your pronunciation.The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.3. He said , I could swim when I was only six .He said that he could swim when he was only six.如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：He said to me, I have taught English since he came here .He told me that he had taught English since he came here.三、如何变指示代词、地点状语、时间状语及动词：直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规律，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”；地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”。如：直接引语间接引语指示代词thisthatthesethose时间状语nowthentodaythat daytonightthat nightthis(week, term, year)that (week, term, year)yesterdaythe day beforelast week (term, year)the week (term, year)two weeks (term, year)agotwo weeks (term, year) beforetomorrowthe next (following) daynext week (term, year)the next week (term, year)地点状语herethere动词comegobringtakeHe said, These books are mine. He said those books were his.四、如何变句型：直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, Our bus will arrive in five minutes.She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.直接引语是一般疑问句或反意疑问句时，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：1He said, Can you swim, John? He asked John if he could swim.2You have finished the homework, havent you? my mother asked. My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.直接引语是选择疑问句时，间接引语应改为由whether.or引导的 宾语从句。3He asked me,Do you go to school by bus or by bike? He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。She asked me, When do they have their dinner? She asked me when they had their dinner.直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为tell(ask, order等) sb (not) to do sth.句型。如：1. Dont make any noise, she said to the children. She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. 2. Bring me a cup of tea, please, said she.She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.直接引语是感叹句时间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。1. She said, What a lovely day it is !She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.直接引语变间接引语巩固练习I单项填空1. He said, I am living with my brother.He said that _ was living with his brother.A. I B. you C. he D. they2. He said, You are sure to get a warm welcome there.He said that we _ sure to get a warm welcome there.A. amB. wasC. wereD. are3. She says, Something is wrong with my bike.She says that something is wrong with _ bike.A. myB. aC. his D. her4. He has said, I will not do so again.He has said that he _ not do so again.A. will B. mustC. wouldD. do5. The teacher said, My son had the same experience as the little boy.The teacher said that his son had _ the same experience as the little boy.A. been B. haveC. hadD. done6. She said to me, My mother took me to an exhibition yesterday.She told me that her mother had taken _ to an exhibition the day before.A. she B. meC. her D. you7. You said to me, I saw the film two days ago.You told me that you had seen the film _A. two daysB. two days beforeC. two days agoD. yesterday8. He said to his younger sister, You may come with me.He told his younger sister that _ with him.A. you may comeB. you might come C. she might comeD. she might go9. The student said to me, She has made a close study of the problem.The student told me that she _ a close study of the problem.A. has makeB. have madeC. had makeD. had made10. He said, I live here.He said that he lived_.A. thereB. hereC. in there D. at there、将下列句子改为间接引语11.The teacher said to his class, Dont waste your time!12.She said to her son, Dont forget to turn off the light when you leave the room!13.His father said to him, Think, before you do it!14.The teacher said to his students, Tell briefly in your own words how penicillin was discovered.15.The leader said to him, Please write your report as short as possible.16.He said to me, Let me have a look at the book you bought.17.He said, I am proud of my motherland.18.John said, I wrote back telling him about it yesterday.19.I said, I will give her some advice tomorrow.20.You are wasting your time day-dreaming! he said to Mary.21.You have already done your duty, he said to her.22.Mary wrote in her letter, Mr. Liu, when will you come to America?23.Dont risk your lives, men! the captain warned.24.Ill be very busy today, said the man.25.She said, We have worked on the school farm for two weeks.26.He said, Im reviewing my lessons.27.They said, We arrived this morning.28.She said to me, Have lunch with us.29.The teacher asked, Are you ready?30.Betty asked Mary, Are you having your lunch now?31.Be careful, and dont cut your finger, he said to me.32.He said to the old woman, Dont worry. Ill take you there.33.Did you go to the meeting yesterday? she asked me.34.Will you please be quiet? she said.35.The man asked me, How many times have you been here?、将下列句子改成直接引语36.I said that there was not any trouble, and I was waiting for my change.37.They said that they wouldnt go by air only because they hadnt enough money.38.The driver said that he hadnt seen the signal, so he hadnt stopped.39.My brother told me that he was surely to be able to master English.40.He said that he hadnt quite understood that sentence, and asked me if I could translate it into Chinese.41.His father told Mike that he ought to work even harder.42.He told his assistants that he would not give up the experiment.43.I warned the children not to go swimming in the lake.44.My mother said that I looked rather tired, and Id better go and lie for a while.45.Della asked Jim to give it to her quickly.46.He said that he could hardly support his family.47.You said that you had woven the cloth by then.48.Mary said just now that she would come again tomorrow.49.The woman asked him why he had to sleep in the open air.50.The headmaster suggested that the students should go skating.51.He told me to go on with my work.52.He asked me whether I had any difficulty.53.Li Ming said that he joined the League in August 1980.54.He asked me whether I was a Party member or a League Member.55.Wang told the teacher that he was not feeling well that day.56.Zhang told me that he had a meeting that afternoon and that he couldnt go with me.57.I asked my mother whether she had seen the exhibition.58.The teacher asked me if everything was ready.59.My aunt asked me to keep warm and not to go out.60.The worker told me that it would take me two days to finish the work.答案1-5 CCDCC 6-10 CBDCA11. The teacher told his class not to waste their time.12. She told her son not to forget to turn off the light when he lefts the room.13. His father told him to think before he did it.14. The teacher ordered his students to tell briefly in their own words how penicillin had been discovered.15. the leader told him to write his reports as short as possible.16. He told me to let him have a look at the book I had bought.17. He said he was proud of his motherland.18. John said he had written back telling him about it the day before.19. I said I would give her some advice the next day.20. He told Mary that she was wasting her time day-dreaming.21. He told her that she had already done her duty.22. Mary asked Mr. Liu in her letter when he would go to America.23. The captain warned the men no to risk their lives.24. The man said he would be very busy that day.25. She said they had w