2008年高考复习精讲：英语阅读理解(新课标人教版).doc

学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考2008年高考复习精讲：英语阅读理解（新课标人教版）一、对学生阅读能力的要求1、能把握阅读材料的主要线索、时间和空间顺序。2、掌握阅读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节。3、理解文中具体信息：既能理解具体事实，也能理解抽象概念。4、根据材料所提供的信息通过上下文推断生词的词义。5、能够根据材料所提供的信息，根据学生应有的知识正确做出简单推理和判断。6、理解文章基本结构，能够理解某句、某段的含义，并能把握全篇的文脉，并以此进行推理和判断。7、既要理解字面的意义，也要理解深层次含义，也就是理解作者的意图和态度。二、英语新课程标准中阅读能力的六个指标1、能理解阅读材料中不同的观点和态度。2、能识别不同文体的特征。3、能通过分析句子结构理解难句和长句。4、能在教师帮助下欣赏浅显的文学作品。5、能根据学习任务的需要从电子读物和网络中获取信息并进行加工处理。6、除教材外，课外阅读量累计应达到36万个词汇以上。三、阅读理解规律方法：在分清文体的基础上议论文：找主题句(文章的开头/中间/结尾)说明文：说明什么道理/原理/事由夹叙夹议文：通过叙述说明什么人生哲理【小技巧】1、选择概括性/哲理性的答案；2、不选择细节性的信息；3、选择与主题句意思最接近的选项。四、阅读理解的答题步骤及注意事项 1、先看问题，再读文章带着问题阅读短文，确定主攻方向，特别要注意首尾段和首尾句，把握文章的主题和脉胳，摘取有用的材料，舍弃无关的信息，有的放矢，高效省时。 2、细读全文，认真推敲针对测试题的要求，细心阅读与问题有关的词汇、句子或段落，要特别留心一些关键信息词，它们既是测试的重点，又是把握全文意思的突破口，因此，必须准确判断，仔细斟酌，以便选出最佳答案。 3、复读全文，验证答案在选出全部答案后，应将答案带入问题中重读全文，看前后意思是否贯通，有无矛盾，若前后不一致或意思矛盾，则要考虑重选答案。 【注意事项】1、所选有据，避免主观阅读他人之作，理解他人之意，必须以作者的思维模式为准绳，以原文提供的事实、细节和逻辑关系为自己思维活动的基准点，切忌把自己的观点和看法与原文或作者的观点 和看法混为一谈，自以为是。文章中的数字、日期、时间、表限量的词或短语等都是设题的重点，若只注意明显的内容，正好走进了它的陷阱；若不注意虚的内容，想当然答题也必错无疑。因此，必须学会“虚实结合”。 2、符合原文的答案=正确答案最佳答案阅读题要求选的是最佳答案，有的答案从某个枝节来看是对的，但从全文来看则不是最佳的，因此，必须通盘考虑，取主要，舍枝节。 3、解题有法，但无定法，贵在得法要答好阅读理解题，必须多读、巧读和善思，要不断扩大词汇量，拓宽阅读面，提高阅读速度。同时也要探索和总结适合自己的学习方法或技巧。实践出真知，多练出效益. . 五、能力思维方法1、主旨大意题： 这类试题要求对文章的整体或局部（如段落）进行分析、概括，归纳相关部分的中心大意(Main idea)，选择标题（title），判断作者的写作目的（purpose）等，旨在考查考生加工与浓缩信息的能力.这一项考查的是文章的灵魂与中心。记叙文、议论文常考文章的主旨大意。一般主旨大意常出现在文章的开头，有时也出现在结尾。当然更重要的是从全文去把握.常见问题形式有：(1)The subject/topic of the article is (2)Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?(3)What does the passage/author mainly discuss?(4)Whats the main point/main idea/central thought of the passage?(5)Which of the following is the best title of the passage?主旨大意题应注意的问题：1）开门见山, 提出主题, 随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方式.Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.【注意】分清main idea和supporting sentences2）首尾呼应.为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见. 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味. (首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career.” she said（尾段）“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes. ”Shu said.3）先表述细节,后归纳要点, 印象, 结论建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式 A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its very softness and looseness is an advantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as long as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him. 【注意】分清细节和结论4）无主题句.即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分. 【例题】Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.Q: What is the main idea of the passage?A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education. D. A good lawyer needs good education. 【解题思路】 此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham接受过良好的教育，所以答案是 2、事实细节题：主要考查学生 对阅读材料中的 某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力,问题主要包括询问人(who)、物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、结果(effect)、文中的数据(data)等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考具体细节。常见问题形式有（1）三正一误(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或三误一正(三项错误，只有一项符合原文容)：Which of the following is true/false except? Which of the following is mentioned except（2）定义（3）年代与数字（4）比较（5）原因和结果细节理解应注意的问题： 1）对应性正确答案应与文中的细节一一对应 2）准确性 此类题更多地倾向于将题目中的信息与原文有关细节信息进行语义上的转换，在转换过程中，做题时易犯的错误是未注意到转换的准确性，常常将细节信息中的范围、程度、语义色彩等改变，从而导致错误。 3）区分性： 有时命题人会故意利用一些貌合神离的手段，比如给出与原文中一模一样的字眼来迷惑考生，让考生不加思索地选定答案，而实际上选项中的字眼与文中的相同字眼压根就不是对应同一事情. 【例题1】Paani Laupepa , a Tuvaluan government official ,reported to the Earth Policy Institute that the nation suffered an unusaually high number of fierce storms in the past ten years .Many scientists connect higher surface water temperatures resulting from global warming to greater and more damaging storms.55According to scientists ,the DIRECT cause of more and fiercer storms is .Agreenhouse gas emissions in industrialized nationsBhigher surface water temperatures of the sea Ccontinuous global warmingDrising sea levels【例题2】Laupepa expressed dissatisfaction with the United States for refusing to sign the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement calling for industrialized nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions（导致温室效应的气体排放）,which are a main cause of global warming . “By refusing to sign the agreement, the US has effectively taken away the freedom of future generations of Tuvaluans to live there,” Laupepa told the BBC.56Laupepa was not satisfied with the United States because it did not .Aagree to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions Bsign an agreement with Tuvalu(故原文中一模一样的字眼来迷惑考生意)Callow Tuvaluans to move to the US Dbelieve the problems facing Tuvalu were real答案：A3、推理判断题：要求考生在理解原文直接陈述观点的基础上领悟作者的言外之意，进行符合逻辑的推理，得出符合作者意愿的结论。即要求考生根据文章提供的线索和事实进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到过的事实或某事发生的可能性，将间接论据连贯起来，得出一个合理（指准确地从原文中推理，而不是读者主观认为的合理）的结论。常见问题形式有(1)It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that (2)The passage suggests/implies that (3)The author may probably agree with/support (4)By the first sentence of the second paragraph, the author means (5)The author seems to be in favor of/be against (6)The authors purpose of writing this passage is 推理判断题规律方法 推断就是从已知的事件中推测未知事件（指文章或作者没有直接说明但暗示出来或根据作者提供的信息可能引出的必然结论），所以这类题目找不到直接答案，只可以找出供推论的依据。【小技巧】不选择照抄原文的选项，要选择要有同义词解释的选项。 1)不选事实细节选项 2)不选非事实选项 3)选概括性/哲理性的选项原文： Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats. It is said that the Englishman objects to this type of existence, but if the case is such, he does in fact differ from the inhabitants of most countries of the world today.【例题1】We can infer from the passage that _.A.English people, like most people in other countries, dislike living in flats.B. People in most countries of the world today are not opposed to living in flatsC. People in Britain are forced to move into high blocks of flatsD. Modern flats still fail to provide the necessary facilities for living.答案：B【例题2】 When the young waitress near my house started saying hello to me every day, I was very happy. She was at least fifteen years younger than I. One day she signed me to come near. When I walked over, she asked,“Are you single? “Why, yes. I answered, smiling at her happily. “So is my mother. she said, “Would you like to meet her?1. The writer talked about the waitress age because he thought_.A.she was young B.it a pleasure to make friends with herC. she was beautiful D. it strange for her to fall in love with him2. The waitress said hello to the writer every day because_.A.she lived near his house B.he often went to visit her motherC. she wanted to be friendly with him D. she loved him very much【解析】 这是两道推测原因的题目。女服务员每天向作者示好，作者产生误解，以为女孩对他有意。考虑到他们年龄相差悬殊，作者认为女孩爱上他有点奇怪。故第1题答案是 D。女孩问作者是否单身，并提到她母亲也是单身，并邀请他与她母亲见面，可见，女孩每天向他问好，目的是想取得他的好感，进而搓和他和她母亲。第2题答案是 C。4、猜测词义题： 单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，历年高考都把这一项作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，考查对文中关键词语（实词、短语、指代关系等）的理解。而且，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。常见问题形式有(1)The word “” in Line means/can be best replaced by (2)As used in the passage, the phrase “” suggests(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase “” is/refers to (4)The word “” is closest in meaning to 猜测词义题规律方法在通读过程碰到生词时不要着急，耐心地读下去，文章会帮助你猜出生词词义。此外，我们也可以通过构词法知识分析生词词义，或通过上下文猜测，尤其是本句话以及前后两句话，给生词假设意思，看是否读的通。还可以联想，即回想已知词汇中是否存在拼写方法与该生词类似的词。【小技巧】用构词法和上下文来推测词义，看到划线的词就要注意前面的内容。1. Social mobility is the movement from one class or level of living to another.2. The other questioned the veracity the truthfulnessof these reports.3. He is a resolute man, once he sets up a goal, he will not give it up easily.4. Fred Michel is one of the 7.2 million Americans who moonlight, or hold more than one job. 【例题1】If you are a recent social graduate who has had to listen about unemployment from your computer major classmates, you may have had the last laugh. There are many advantages for the social science major because this high-tech “Information Age” demands people who are flexible and who have good communication skills.Q: By saying that “You may have had the last laugh,” the author means that you may have _.A. shared the jokes with computer majors B. earned as much as computer majorsC. found jobs more easily than computer majors.D. stopped joking about computer majors答案：C【例题2】As the oceans are the source of life on earth, the estuaries are our planets nurseries. An estuary is the body of water where a river meets the ocean. Salt water from the ocean and fresh water from the river mix together in an estuary. This mixing of fresh and salt water creates a unique environment filled with life of all kinds - a zone between the land and the sea. Estuaries are the homes of thousands of animals and plants. Many cities and towns are built near estuaries, and a lot of fish is caught in estuaries.What does “unique” mean in the passage? A. perfect B. strange C. clean D. special答案：D【例题3】The Chinese peoples love affair with jade(翡翠) is a long and unbroken one. For five thousand years, Chinese have enjoyed wearing, collecting and appreciating jade. And Chinese craftsmen(工匠) have created a great number and variety of fine works in jade. Starting from Tuesday, an exhibition entitled “ Romance with Jade” opens at Beijings Palace Museum, also known as the Forbidden City. And for many of the valuable stones, its a genuine homecoming.先猜猜看,是什么答案68. By saying “its a genuine homecoming”, the writer means that the valuable stones have come to the place _.A. where they were “born” B. where theyre loved bestC. where they were originally kept D. where theyll be kept properly再读下一段的斜体部分,来确定上一题的答案 If these pieces of jade had feeling, theyd probably be sighing over the unusual cycle of life. After several hundred years of changing hands, including being shipped overseas, the art works have finally come home. For many of the pieces, their return is especially meaningful, since the Forbidden City was where they were originally housed. And this wouldnt have been possible without the efforts of one man.68. By saying “its a genuine homecoming”, the writer means that the valuable stones have come to the place _.A. where they were “born” B. where theyre loved bestC. where they were originally kept D. where theyll be kept properly答案：C69. Some pieces of jade are said to have had an “unusual cycle of life” because they have _.A. survived many different dynastiesB. witnessed(见证) lifestyles of various people C. been marked with signs of damageD. traveled here and there from hand to hand答案：D5、理解作者的观点和态度题： 既考查学生对字面意思的理解，也考查学生对作者写作目的、态度、观点等的理解。理解作者的观点和态度题主要形式:(1)The writers purpose in writing this story is (2)The text discusses men and women 50,000 years from now in order to show that 理解作者的观点和态度题规律方法：正确理解作者的写作意图，所持的观点及阐述文章主题时语气或他对所论述的对象的态度。假如你是作者，你为什么要写本文？【小技巧】辨认三种作者使用的表达情感、态度及观点的词汇，以及承接上下文的连接词。表示贬义：disgust, critical, negative, tolerant, disappointment.表示褒义: positive, wonder, support, useful, interesting, enthusiasm, admiring表示中立: indifferent, impassive, uninterested, ambivalent, neutral, apathetic, humor, disinterested, disinterest.【例题1】The author appears _ modern advertising.A.to like B. to be indifferent to C. to dislike D. to know how to deal with答案：C【例题2】One of the most authoritative voices speaking to us today is, of course, the voice of the advertisers. It shouts at us from the television screen and the radio loudspeakers; waves to us from every page of the newspaper; signals to us from the roadside bill-boards all day and flashes to us in colored lights all night. The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: “store in the refrigerator.”In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily; the grocer, the butcher(肉商), the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times, a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus(剩余的) bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country.The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well-tried techniques already existed-natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling.What refrigeration did promote was marketing-marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price.Consequently, most of the worlds fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house-while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge.The fridges effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you dont believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers(汉堡包), but at least youll get rid of that terrible hum.1. Why does the author say that nothing was wasted before the invention of fridges?A. People would not buy more food than was necessary.B. Food was delivered to people two or three times a week.C. Food was sold fresh and did not get rotten easily.D. People had effective ways to preserve their food.2. Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author?A. Inventors B. Consumers C. Manufacturers D. Travelling salesman3. What is the authors overall attitude toward fridges?A. Neutral B. Critical C. Objective D. Compromising以上三题是较为典型的有关作者观点、态度的综合判断题。【解析】1、D） 从表面上看该题的线索词“nothing was wasted” 出现在第二段，但第二段中出现的细节属于具体现象，不足以说明题干的问题。而在第三段中，作者指出了在冰箱发明之前已经有行之有效的食物储存方法。由此可见，二、三段之间构成了逻辑上的因果关系，因而正确答案为D）。该题旨在考查考生依据特殊现象（第二段）归纳出一般规律（第三段）的逻辑分析能力。2、B） 这道题考查考生在语篇层面上综合已知信息，进行归纳判