新论文初稿李玉芬英本105班.doc

玉林师范学院本科生毕业论文Study on Translation of English Animal Idioms from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence从功能对等理论看英语动物习语的翻译院 系外国语学院专 业英语学 生 班 级2010级5班姓 名 李玉芬学 号 201204201111指导教师单位外国语学院指导教师姓名何 丹指导教师职称助教（硕士） Study on Translation of English Animal Idioms from the Perspective of Functional EquivalenceAuthor: Li Yu fen Class: 2010-5 Major: English School of Foreign Studies Supervisor: He Dan Abstract Idioms are the crystallization of language and culture, without idioms, language would become dull and dry. Animal world is close to the human world. From ancient times human beings and animals have a closely relationship, with the development of history, human beings understand many features of animals gradually. And then animals are gradually entered the human language and human language becomes vivid and lively. Due to different cultural background, human may have different understanding of the same kind of animals. For this reason, animal image have distinct national features. Associative meaning may stem from it with history, fables, legends or allusions. In addition, many ethnic groups have their own worship of animals, most of the animals in the primitive society of totem, therefore also has a special meaning. The quality of idioms translation will greatly affect the degree of cultural exchange. The key of idioms translation is to ensure the original language information and the validity of the original idioms cultural. Animals and humans are interdependent and inseparable. Human beings, as the good friend of animals, however, should shoulder the important task of development and save the animal words, but failed to shoulder the responsibility. Human emotional attitude for animals, love and sympathy, or fear, disgust, are reflected in the language, and become an integral part of culture. Many languages in the world, there are many associated with animal words. The words include not only the surface meaning of animal words, also convey rich cultural connotation. However, due to the economic development of countries around the world at different rates, different geographical conditions, historical background, religious beliefs and customs are also different, therefore, even the same animal idioms in different languages is express the different cultural connotations. English learners should better understand the cultural connotation of animal idioms; otherwise it will affect intercultural communication. In this thesis, detailed analysis of the origin and characteristics of English animal idioms in detailed, and translation of animal idioms and linked with functional equivalence theory, then summarizes the translation strategies.Key words: English Animal Idioms, Functional equivalence theory, Translation of Animal Idioms，Translation strategies 从功能对等理论看英语动物习语的翻译 作者：李玉芬 班级：2010级5班 专业：英语指导教师 ：何丹摘要 习语是语言文化的结晶，缺少了习语，语言将会变得索然无味。动物世界是一个与我们人类世界紧密联系的生物界。从远古时代人类与动物就有着紧密的联系，人类在历史的发展中逐渐了解动物的许多特性。而且人类常常喜欢把动物的特性和人类的一些特性联系起来，这样动物就逐渐进入了人类的语言，是人类的语言变得生动活泼。人类由于文化背景不同，对同样一种动物的联想可能也有所不同。也正是因为这个原因动物的意象具有鲜明的民族特色，动物的联想意义可能来源于它本国的历史、寓言、传说或者典故。此外，许多民族有他们自己所崇拜的动物，这种动物大多于原始社会的图腾，因此也有着特殊的含义。 习语翻译的质量会大大地影响文化交流的程度。习语翻译的关键是确保源语言的信息的传达和原习语的文化信息的有效性。动物与人类相互依存，不可分割。然而人类作为动物的好朋友，本应肩负起发展和保存动物词汇的重任，却没能肩负起这一重任。人类对于动物的情感态度，或喜爱同情，或恐惧，厌恶都体现在语言中，并成为文化不可分割的一部分。世界上诸多的语言中，有许多与动物相关联的词汇。这些词汇不仅包含动物词汇的表面含义，还传递着丰富的文化内涵。 然而，由于世界各国的经济发展速度不同，地理条件不同，历史背景，宗教信仰和风俗习惯亦不同。因此，即使是不同语言的同一动物习语也表达着不同的文化内涵。英语学习者应该更好地理解这些动物习语的文化内涵，否则会影响跨文化交际。本文将从英语动物习语的起源和特征进行详细的分析，并与功能对等理论联系起来，总结英语习语的翻译策略。关键词：英语动物习语，功能对等理论，动物习语的翻译，翻译策略。Contents1. Introduction. 2. Literature Review.2.1Equivalence Theory. 2.1.1The definition of Functional Equivalence. 2.1.2The Theoretical Bases of Functional Equivalence. 2.1.3The Requirements of Functional Equivalence.2.2Previous English Idiom Studies Abroad and in China.2.2.1Previous studies of English Idiom Theory Abroad.2.2.2Studies of English Idiom in China.3. English Animal Idioms.3.1Definition of English Animal Idioms.3.2Origins of English Animal Idioms. 3.2.1From Customs and life experiences. 3.2.2From religious Background. 3.2.3From History. 3.2.4From Geographical environment. 4. Translation of English Animal Idioms.4.1Translation. 4.1.1Definition of Translation. 4.1.2Priciples of Translation. 4.1.3Types of Translation.4.2Methods for Translating Animal Idioms.4.3Problems in Translating Animal Idioms. 4.3.1problems caused Because of misunderstanding of the context. 4.3.2problems caused Because of the translators misunderstanding of Social Environment. 5. Conclusion.References.Acknowledgments.1 Introduction Idioms are the crystallization of language and culture, without idioms, language would become dull and dry. Idioms with rich ethnic color, a countrys idioms, often based on familiar things in life with environment. For centuries, animals as humans friend, in the process of getting along with the human long-term close relationship. So they have a very close relationship with human beings. People use different species of animal as metaphor in an expressive way to express their feelings or to describe social phenomena, both English and Chinese are rich in their animal idioms. However, because of the eastern and western culture in the economic development, geography, literature, customs and religious belief and other aspects have huge differences, east and west human have different views on the same animal, the thoughts of things very differently, and their cultural significance of English and Chinese animal idioms exist differences. The differences of performance, there are both cultural conflict and cultural difference, and have cultural shortcomings. In English-Chinese intercultural communication process, only the correct understanding of the language culture connotation, can translate correctly. Meanwhile, on the direction of the translation theory of “function equivalence” proposed by Eugene A. Nada, the American translation theorist, how can the cultural meanings and the translating animal idioms convey the structure of the source language vivid image exactly, so that the readers get reaction with relative equivalence of the source language readers? For centauries, translators have made great efforts to translate many animal idioms accurately. But sometimes their translations were failed to connect the idioms with their cultural connotation. Take “dogs life”生活艰难for example, if the translator misunderstand of the cultural, they are may likely to translate the idiom as“狗的生活”. In this way, it will cause people misunderstanding. Therefore, in order to translate accurately, translators should understand cultural connotations.2. Literature Review 2.1Equivalence Theory Functional equivalence theory was proposed by Eugene A Nada (1944), who from America. Nada is several famous master of the structuralize language; it also has important position of linguists, a former chairman of the linguistic society of America.But the famous characters in academia, it happened far from academic powerhouse, serve in American bible society for more than half a century. The main academic activities of his life revolve around the bible translation. In the process of bible translation, Nada start from the actual and present facts, developed a set of his translation theory, eventually become one of the classic translation study eventually. The core concept of Nadas theory is Functional Equivalence”. Functional equivalence, that is to say not translate the words on the surface of the rigid, and to achieve functional equivalence between two languages. 2.1.1The definition of Functional Equivalence Functional equivalence theory was first put forward in 1964. According to LE Ping “This principle emphasizes the functional equivalence of information instead of the direct formal equivalence in translation so as to keep the meaning and style of the source language functionally equivalent to that of the target language as much as possible. The functional feature of the translation depends on the balance of two relationships, that is, the relationship between the target language receptor and the target text should generally be equivalent to the relationship between the source language receptor and the source text, and it is the two relationships that provide the basis for functional equivalence.” 2.1.2The Theoretical Bases of Functional Equivalence In order to accurately reproduce the source language culture and eliminate the cultural differences, the translator can follow these three steps. Firstly, try to create both conforms to the original semantics and reflect the original cultural characteristics of translation. However, two kinds of language represent two completely different cultures, Culture may have similar factors, but not exactly the same, therefore, fully show the original cultural connotation of the perfect translation is impossible, the translator should reproduce the source language culture to the greatest extent. Secondly, if we cannot balance meaning and culture, the translator only abandon formal equivalence. In the process of translation by changing the form of the original reproduce the original semantics and cultural purposes. English proverb “white as snow”, for example, can be translated into Chinese on the literal meaning of white as snow”. In southern China, however, almost no snow all the year round, in their cultural background knowledge, there is no the concept of “snow”, How to understand the connotation of the snowing translation, the translator can be eliminated by changing the words in the form of cultural differences. therefore, the proverb in Chinese translation “as white as the mushroom”, “white egrets MAO” (Guo Jianzhong,2000,).One more example, such as, English idioms “spring unlike mushroom” in the “mushroom” meaning “mushroom”, But translated into Chinese as “spring”, not “mushrooms after the rain”. Because in Chinese culture, people more familiar idiom and understanding of image is the “spring”. Thirdly, if changing the form is still not enough to express the original semantic meaning and culture. “Hit” the translation skills can be used to solve the cultural differences, to make the source language and target language in the sense of equivalence, “Hit” refers to the deep structure of the source language into the target language of surface structure (Guo Jianzhong, 2000, P67).And the cultural connotation of the source language article is illustrated with the vocabulary of the target language and instructions. For example, “人家怎么想他就怎么想，就像人家得了伤风，他就染上感冒。”“He thinks by infection catching an opinion like a cold.”(Peter, 1998, P122).In this sentence of English texts, the connotation of the original is not express on the surface of the lexical meaning, but hidden in between the lines. As a result, such as according to the literal equivalence to translation in English and Chinese languages, the original sentence translated as “his thinking by infection, like a cold get thought”. So that the real meaning of original text cannot be clearing fact, in Chinese, it is difficult to find a completely equivalent to English sentence pattern to express the same meanings translators convert the deep structure of the source language into the target language of surface structure, with the corresponding words in the target language directly explain, explain the connotation of the original, so that the readers are more likely to accept translations. According to Nadas translation theory, the processing of cultural differences is from semantic style will reappear in the source language to the target language is closely linked, only when the translation from language form to the cultural connotation of emersion the style and spirit of the source language, the translation can be described as outstanding works. 2.1.3The Requirements of Functional EquivalenceIn practice, linguistics to translation studies of the second category of literature both in the theory of structural linguistics a language model as its theoretical basis. Such as Nada (E. A. Nada) is based on Chomsky conversion generative grammar, Put forward by the original language into the target language structure at the core of the sentence pattern. However, Ford and carter (J. C. Cat ford) with Hollidays system theory as the basis for the translation study grammar. From Nadas perspective, in general the translation process includes the following several stages: Analysis, transfer and restructuring, The first analysis of the original language information, The analysis into the structure in the form of the most simple and clear, On the basis of the transfer, and then reorganize into normal translation language. The analysis phase includes three aspects, the syntax of the relationship between each component, Semantic unit denotative meaning and connotation of grammatical structure and semantic unit value. Transfer stage: shift event noun from one language into another language, first convert it to verb forms in general; similarly, usually first transform abstract nouns into adjectives and adverbs. Nada think that various forms of expression in the surface structure into the core structure, the four basic structure units, namely thing, event, abstract, and relation. In addition, Nada put forward the limitation and establish vocabulary unit of meaning in the context of the specific method, By qualified word meaning, syntactic structure and discern meaning through semantic structure. There are three kinds of the relationship between words of similar, namely, neighboring relationship, connotation and overlapping relationship.2.2Previous English Idiom Studies Abroad and in China 2.2.1Previous studies of English Abroad According to LI XuePing ,For a long time, English idioms is always a hot spot in the study of foreign language scholars. Their theoretical accomplishment mainly involves the researches of idioms form and semantic, and the researches of idioms function and idioms cognitive. Mak kais Idiom structure in English identifies two major types of idioms: those of encoding and decoding. He classified idioms of decoding as lexemic and sememic, giving greater attention to the structure of the lexemic variety. LP.Smiths book Words and Idioms (1925), is an exposition of what language idiosyncrasies or peculiarities tell us about the usage of idioms in English. Smith pays more attention to structural peculiarities and idiomatic transmission than to the semantics of idioms. To him, idioms are essentially those forms peculiar to a language, whether they are literal or not.C. Fernandos Idioms and Idiomatic classifies the English idioms into three kinds of idioms are: ideational idiomatic expressions, interpersonal idiomatic expressions, and relational idiomatic expressions. The most salient feature of Fernandos book is that she moves the study of idiom firmly out of the domain of the phrase and the sentence into a consideration of the function of idioms in contexts of communication (R.Carter 1996). Fernando accounts for the ubiquity of idioms by analyzing what they do in different discourse types.2.2.2Studies of English Idiom in China According to LI Xueping, in our country, there was a little late for starting to study the English idioms in domestic research. According to the difference of the key point of study, it can be divided into two periods: experience period and multiple theory phase.Learning English Idioms, which was published in the Journal of PLA institute of foreign languages by Changchun in 1978, was the earliest article of the domestic research of English idioms writings. Since then, many scholar devoted themselve