湖北省2007年博士联考真题笔记题.docx

2007年博士入学英语湖北联考试题Part I Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: The domestic economy in the United States expanded in a remarkably vigorous and steady fashion. The revival in consumer confidence was reflected in the higher proportion of incomes spent for goods and services and the marked increase in consumer willingness to take on installment debt. A parallel strengthening in business psychology was manifested in a stepped-up rate of plant and equipment spending and a gradual pickup in expenses for inventory. Confidence in the economy was also reflected in the strength of the stock market and in the stability of the bond market. (?)For the years as a whole，consumer and business sentiment benefited from the ease in East-West tensions. 美国国内经济正在稳步显著增长。人们花收入的相当一部分来购买商品和服务，而且愿意分期付款，这反映出消费者对社会经济重获信心。厂房和设备的加速扩充、库存费用方面颇有起色，可见，商家信心也同步增强。人们对经济的信心，还表现在证券市场的强健和债券市场稳定。整整几年来，消费者和商家都从东西方紧张局势的缓解中得到好处。domestic economy 国内经济vigorous virs adj. 有力的；精力充沛的vigorous and steady 稳健的fashion fnn. 时尚；时装；样式；时髦人物vt. 使用；改变；做成的形状in a fashion of 以方式The handling of character bits in a fashion of one following another.按一位接一位的方式对一个字符中的所有位进行的处理。stepped-up steptp adj. 加强的；加速的；增加的inventory invntri n. 存货，存货清单；详细目录；财产清册business psychology 商业心理学plant and equipment 厂房和设备gradual rdul adj. 逐渐的；平缓的；渐次的；慢慢的pickup pikp n. 收集，整理；小卡车；拾起；搭车者；偶然结识者；加速；突然加速能力；改进，好转，复兴stock market 股票市场；证券市场；股票交易bond market 债券市场ease i:z vt. 减轻，缓和；使安心 vi. 减轻，缓和；放松；灵活地移动n. 轻松，舒适；安逸，悠闲 The bases of the business expansion were to be found mainly in the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies (?)that had been pursued. Moreover，the restoration of sounder liquidity positions and tighter management control of production efficiency had also helped lay the groundwork for a strong expansion. In addition，the economic policy moves made by the President had served to renew optimism on the business outlook while boosting hopes that inflation would be brought under more effective control. Finally，of course，the economy was able to grow as vigorously as it did because sufficient leeway existed in terms of idle men and machines. 经济高涨的基础原来是实施了刺激性的货币和财政政策。此外，恢复到流动资金充沛、生产效率管理控制严格的状态也给经济快速增长打下了基础。还有，总统发起的经济政策运动使人们认为通货膨胀被控制住的希望更大，从而对经济前景重新乐观起来。最后，经济之所以发展得如火如荼，当然也是因为有足够富裕的闲置的人和机器。business expansion 业务扩张，营业扩充；经 经济高涨simulative simjuleitivadj. 模拟的；假装的stimulative stimjultiv n. 刺激；促进因素 adj. 促进的；刺激的；激励的the stimulative monetary and fiscal policies 刺激性的货币和财政政策restoration ,restrein n. 恢复；复位；王政复辟；归还liquidity position 流动资金头寸；流动资金情况liquidity likwiditin. 流动性；流动资产；金融 偿债能力；流通性；变现能力sounder adj. (财政)殷实的，有偿付能力的，资金充实的management control 经营控制，管理 管理控制production efficiency 工经 生产效率 business outlook 商业前景groundwork rundw:k n. 基础；地基，根基lay the groundwork for 为打下基础 served to do sth. 用来干sth.economic policy moves 经济政策运动boost bu:st n. 推动；帮助；宣扬 vi. 宣扬；偷窃 vt. 促进；增加；支援boosting hopes 增添希望 bring under 制服，镇压leeway li:wei n. 余地；风压差；偏航；落后The United States balance of payments deficit declined sharply. Nevertheless，by any other test，the deficit remained very large，and there was actually a substantial deterioration in our trade account to a sizable deficit，almost two thirds of which was with Japan. While the overall trade performance proved disappointing，there are still good reasons for expecting the delayed impact of devaluation to produce(?) in time a significant strengthening in our trade picture. Given the size of the Japanese component of our trade deficit， however， the outcome will depend importantly on the extent of the corrective measures undertaken by Japan. Also important will be our own efforts in the United States to fashion internal policies consistent with an improvement in our external balance. 美国的国际收支逆差很大。不管用什么来衡量，赤字一直很严重。实际上，赤字导致我们我们的经济恶化。赤字有2/3是与日本。虽然总的贸易状况令人失望，但我们还是完全有理由期待货币贬值延迟产生的影响，会给我们的贸易蓝图带来强劲的一笔。然而，考虑到日本在我们贸易逆差中所占的份额，结果将在很大程度上取决于日本所采用的补救措施。我们自己的努力也很重要，美国要把国内的政策调整得适合改善外部平衡。balance of payments 国际收支平衡表；贸易支付差额；收支结余Balance of Payment Deficit 收支逆差；国际收支逆差deterioration di,tirirein n. 恶化；退化；堕落sizable saizbl adj. 相当大的；大小相当的the overall trade performance 总的贸易业绩account to 对作出解释；把归结于，把归因于devaluation ,di:vljuein n. 货币贬值corrective measure 补救措施，矫正措施consistent with 符合；与一致The underlying task of public policy for the year aheadand indeed for the longer runremained a familiar one; to strike the right balance between encour- aging healthy economic growth and avoiding inflationary pressures. With the economy showing sustained and vigorous growth，and with the currency crisis highlighting the need to improve our competitive posture internationally, the emphasis seemed to be shifting to the problem of inflation. The Phase Three Program of wage and price restraint can contribute to reducing inflation. Unless productivity growth is unexpectedly large; however, the expansion of real output must eventually begin to slow down to the economys larger run growth potential if generalized demand pressures on prices are to be avoided. 接下来的一年，国家政策的重要任务其实也是长期任务还是我们熟知的那一项：就是力争促进经济健康发展与避免通货膨胀压力这两者之间的平衡。随着经济持续快速增长，通货危机警示我们必须改进自己的国际竞争方式，任务的重点好像转移到了通货膨胀上来了。工资和价格限制的第三阶段计划有助于降低通货膨胀。然而，如果生产率没有增长过快，要避免价格的综合需求压力，那么以不变价格计算的产品价值的扩张最终将使经济的长期增长潜力开始放慢。underlying ,ndlaii adj. 潜在的；根本的；在下面的；优先的 v. 放在的下面；为的基础；优先于（underlie的ing形式）public policy 国家政策 strike 到达inflationary pressure 通货膨胀压力；通胀压力 currency crisis货币危机；通货危机wage and price restraint 工资和价格限制contribute to 有助于；捐献real output 有效输出功率；以不变价格计算的产品价值growth potential 统计 增长潜力；生长势1. The author mentions increased installment debt in the first paragraph in order to show C . A.the continuing expansion of the economy B.the growth of consumer purchasing power C.the consumers confidence in the economy D.the soaring consumer incomes for spending 2.Paragraph 2 mainly deals with B .A.economic policy measures suggested by thePresident B.the causes of business development for the period C.the simulative monetary and fiscal polices D.the revival of stronger liquidity positions 3.It can be inferred from the third paragraph the authors attitude toward the reduction of the international payments deficit seems A A. bitter-sweet B. pessimistic C. sympathetic D.doubtful 4.Part of the public policy task，as outlined in the text， is to C .A.prevent payments deficit B.devalue theA merican dollar C.avoid inflationary pressures * D.increase the balance of trade 5.It can be learned from the last paragraph that the Phase Three Program contained D .A.devaluation of the dollar B.productivity measures C.reduced government spending D.wage and price controls Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage: Education is one of the key words of our time. A man，without an education，many of us believe，is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education，modern states invest in institutions of learning to get back interst in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education，with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out，is punctuated by textbooksthose purchasable wells of wisdomwhat would civilization be like without its benefits? 教育是我们这个时代的关键词之一。我们认为，一个人没有文化的人是处于不利地位的牺牲品，被剥夺了20世纪最大的机遇。人们都认识到了教育的重要性，现代很多国家在学习领域投资，获取的回报是年轻人被启智，他们或许有着成为领导人的潜力。教育，依据事先详尽安排的周期教学，穿插其间的是教科书那些可以买到的智慧如果不受书本之惠，文明会是什么样子呢？adverse dv:s adj. 不利的；相反的；敌对的adverse circumstances 不利的情况下punctuate pktjueit vt. 不时打断；强调；加标点于vi. 加标点purchasable p:tsbl adj. 可买的；可买到的So much is certain that we would have doctors and preachers，lawyers and defendants，marriages and births; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on facts and figures and more on a good memory，on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of college imaginable. 我们得有医生和牧师，被告和律师，婚姻和生育；但我们的精神面貌会有所不同。我们不大重视事实和数据，而是重视好的记忆，重视应用心理学知识，重视与同伴和睦相处。如果我们的教育系统能像过去一样不用书本，那么可以想象得到我们大学教育的民主了。preacher pri:t n. 牧师；传教士；鼓吹者preach pri:t n. 说教 vi. &vt. 说教；讲道；鼓吹；传道；反复灌输；竭力鼓吹pray prei vt. 祈祷；恳求；央求vi. 祈祷；请；恳求defendant difendnt n. 被告adj. 辩护的；为自己辩护的spiritual outlook 精神面貌 imaginable imdinbl adj. 可能的；可想像的Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the equal start which only our most progressive forms of modem education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no illiteratesif the term can be applied to people without a scriptwhile our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642，in France in 1806，and in England 1876，(?)and is still non-existent in a number of civilized nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the happy few during the past centuries. 过去的人继承传统获得知识，我们爱叫他们野蛮人，知识在他们之间是被所有人共享的。这些知识教给了部落里的每一个人。从这点上讲，为了生存，他们每个人都被这些知识武装了。这是理想中的“平等起步”，这也正是先进的现代教育所希望能够复现的。在人类早期文明时代，寻求和接受传统教育的义务对全民都有约束力。不存在文盲如果这个词用来指不会写字的人义务教育，在德国，1642年已有立法；在法国，1806年已有立法；在英国，1876年已有立法。(?)很多文明世界还没有义务教育法呢。这说明，我们认识到应该确保所有的孩子都能分享过去几百年少数幸运儿积累起来的知识，这花去了多长的时间啊！ inherit inherit vt. 继承；遗传而得 vi. 成为继承人the ideal condition 理想的条件 equal start 平等起步 the obligation to do sht.做某事的义务 be binding to sb. 对sb.有约束力Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry，which，in our society，often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There，a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents，therefore the jungles and the grasslands know of no juvenile delinquency. No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children and no father is confronted with his inability to buy an education for his child. 原始时代的教育不关钱的事。起点，人人平等。现代人匆匆忙忙，影响了个性的充分发展；原始时代没有匆忙，也就不会如此。现在，孩子成天被父母盯着，一刻也不例外；原始时期，孩子自由在丛林之间、草原之上，却没有“青少年犯罪”之说。原始时期，人们没有必要背井离乡外出打工养家，不会因此忽视了孩子，也没有哪位父亲面临“买”不起孩子教育的窘境。means 方法；手段；具mean mi:n adj. 平均的；卑鄙的；低劣的n. 平均值vt. 意味；想要；意欲vi. 用意monetary mnitri adj. 货币的；财政的in the wilderness 在野的；荒原；离开政界的be entitled to 有权；有的资格the full development 充分的发展 juvenile delinquency 青少年违法犯罪ever-present ev,preznt adj. 经常存在的；始终存在的delinquency dilikwnsi n. 行为不良，违法犯罪；失职，怠工juvenile du:vnail, -nil adj. 青少年的；幼稚的 n. 青少年；少年读物6. The word interest in the first paragraph most probably means B . A. pleasure B. returns C. share D. knowledge 7. According to the passage， the author seems to be B . A.against the education in the very early historic times FB.in favor of the educational practice in primitive cultures T（更接近文章主题）C.quite happy to see an equal start for everyone TD.positive about our present educational instruction F8.It can be inferred from the passage that A .A.the aim of equal start has already been reached among savages TB.savages in ancient times are more civilized than modern people FC.the modern education system is more democratic than before FD.there are no illiterates in civilized nations in todays society F9.According to the passage，which of the following statements is true? C A.Education cant work without the benefits of textbooks. FB.We have not yet decided on our educational models. FC.Compulsory schooling is not existent in all nations. TD.Our spiritual outlook is better now than before. F10.The best title for this passage is D A.Education and Modern Civilization FB.The Significance of Modern Education FC.Educational Investment and the Profit It Brings FD.Education: A Comparison between Past andPresent TQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage: All cultures have some system of measuring duration，or keeping time，but in western industrialized societies，we keep track of time in what seems to other peoples almost an obsessive fashion. We view time as motion on a space，a kind of linear progression measured by the clock and the calendar. This perception contributes to our sense of history and the keeping of records，which are typical aspects of western cultures. Although our perceptions of time seem natural to us，we must not assume that other cultures operate on the same time system. For instance，why should we assume that a Hopi raised in the Hopi culture would have the same intuitions about time that we have? 世界各国文化中都有关于测量时间和计时的，但在西方工业化社会中我们跟踪时间的方式，在其他国家的人看来几乎是强迫性的。我们把时间看成在空间上运动的东西，用时钟和日历表示时间线性地连续不断地进展。这种知觉方式有助于我们感知过去和保持记忆，这是西方文化的典型特点。尽管我们自己觉得我们对时间的知觉方式挺自然的，但我们不能因此就认为其他文化背景的人以同样的方式知觉时间。比如，我们怎么能主管臆断一个在霍皮长大的霍皮人，对时间有和我们一样的直觉？measuring duration测量时间 keeping time计时obsessive bsesiv, b- adj. 强迫性的；着迷的；分神的perception psepn n. 知觉；生理 感觉；看法；洞察力；获取In Hopi history，if records had been written，we would find a different set of cultural and environmental influences working together. The Hopi people are a peaceful agricultural society isolated by geographic features and(?) nomad enemies in a land of little rainfall. Their agriculture is successful only by the greatest perseverance. Extensive preparations are needed to ensure crop growth. Thus the Hopi value persistence and repetition in activity. They have a sense of the cumulative value of numerous，small，repeated movements，for to them such movements are not wasted but are stored up to make changes in later events. The Hopi have no intuition of time as motion，as a smooth flowing line on which everything in the universe proceeds at an equal rate away from a past，through a present，into a foreseeable future. 在霍皮历史上，如果有写下过记录，那么我们就会发现文化与环境影响一同发挥作用了。霍皮是一个与地理地貌天然与外界隔绝的农业社会，(?)他们游牧的天敌是降雨太少。他们农业的成功在于坚持不懈。为了确保作物生长，需要做大量的准备工作。因此霍皮人很看重持久重复的活动。他们喜欢累积很多小的重复的活动，在他们看来，这样的活动不是浪费时间，而是为未来某事件的发生聚集能量。霍皮人没有把时间直觉为运动，没把时间直觉为线性的流淌，没觉得宇宙万物统一按时间流淌的节奏，没感觉到悄然逝去的过去，没感觉到正在经过现在，也没感觉到可以预见的未来。environmental influence 环境 环境影响 Extensive preparations 大量的准备工作nomad numd adj. 游牧的；流浪的 n. 游牧民；流浪者perseverance ,p:svrns n. 坚持不懈；不屈不挠extensive ikstensiv adj. 广泛的；大量的；广阔的value vlju: n. 值；价值；价格；重要性；确切涵义 vt. 评价；重视；估价persistence psistns n. 持续；固执；存留 store up 储存；积聚 Long and careful study of the Hopi language has revealed that it contains no words，grammatical forms，constructions，or expressions that refer to what we call timethe past，present，or futureor to the duration or lasting aspect of time. To the Hopi，time is a getting later of everything that has been done，so that past and present merge together. The Hopi do not speak，as we do in English，of a new day or another day coming every twenty-four hours; among the Hopi，the return of the day is like the return of a person，a little older but with all the characteristics of yesterday. This Hopi conception，with its emphasis on the repetitive aspect of time rather than its onward flow，may be clearly seen in their ritual dances for rain and good crops，in which the basic step is a short，quick stamping of the foot repeated thousands of times， hour after hour. 人们花很长时间认真地研究了霍皮语言，发现里面没有任何文字、语法、结构或短语用来指我们所说的时间过去，现在，未来也没有表达一段时间或持续时间的。对霍皮人来说，“时间”是每件事情完成“之后”，所以他们的过去和现在是重叠在一起的。霍皮人不像我们在英语中说每24小时“新的一天”或者“又一天”就来了。对他们而言，一天日子又开始，就像一人出去又回来了，稍微长大或者老去了一点点，但具有与昨日完全相同的特征。下雨或者丰收时，霍皮人举行祭祀仪式，仪式中他们舞蹈的基本步骤是成千上万次地跺脚，一个小时接一个小时的跺。从这里可以看出从他们强调时间重复的一面，不强调其向前流动的一面，grammatical form语法形式ritual dance 仪式之舞；祭祀之舞Of course，the American conception of time is significantly different from that of the Hopi. Americans understanding of time is typical of Western cultures in general and industrialized societies in particular. Americans view time as a commodity，as a thing that can be saved，spent，or wasted. We budget our time as we budget our money. We even say，Time is money. We are concerned in America with being on time ; we dont like to waste time by waiting for someone who is late or by repeating information; and we like to spend time wisely by keeping busy. 美国人对时间的概念显著地区别于霍皮人。美国人对时间的理解是典型的西方文化，特别工业化的社会皆如此。美国人把时间视作商品，当做可以攒下来、可以花掉、或者可以浪费的东西。我们计划自己的时间就像预算我们的钱的一样。我们甚至说：“时间就是金钱”。我们会把美国人与“准时”联系起来；我们不喜欢因等迟到的人或听别人讲重复的话而浪费时间。我们喜欢保持忙碌，精打细算的“花”我们的时间。in particular 尤其，特别 be concerned in与有关These statements all sound natural to a North American. In fact, we think, how could it be otherwise? It is difficult for us not to be irritated by the apparent carelessness about time in other frequently turn up an hour or more late for an appointmentalthough being late is at least within our cultural framework. For instance，how can we begin to enter the cultural world of the Sioux，in which there is no word for late or waiting， Of course，the fact is that we have not had to enter the Sioux culture; the Sioux have had to enter ours. It is only when we participate in other cultures on their terms that we can begin to see the