高考英语语法知识概要.doc

语法知识要点提示一、 词性常识1名词主要作主语、宾语、表语，有时也作定语；使用名词时必须考虑：可数、不可数、单复数、谓语的数以及名词的搭配；可数名词须有数的标志，ten of 所有格/限定词+名词。规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works(工厂), fish, species,crossroads, aircraft li, yuan, jin 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants总是不可数：work (工作) news information advice progress weather equipment fun courage harm milk抽象名词(U),具体指某人或某事时(C)pleasure joy surprise honor kindness success failure difficulty trouble war milk worry pity惯用复数thanks apologies regards wishes congratulations pains(功夫) respects(敬意;问候)by the hour, by the dozen, by the day, by the yard, 表示计量。2、形容词主要修饰名词，说明名词的状态、特征，可作定语、表语、宾补，偶尔作状语，但仍然修饰名词或代词。作定语的词序： 限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老；颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠 具体为冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词+序数词+基数词+一般性描绘形容词+大小、长短、形状+年龄、新旧+颜色+国籍、出处+材料+用途、类别+最终修饰的名词或动名词作定语的位置A) well(健康),ill(生病) worth, sorry, sure, glad, fond, afraid, alone, asleep, alive, awake, ashamed, gone, unlikely, aware, due, content, unable等形容词一般不作前置定语B) 含义随其位置的不同而发生变化the members present（在座的） the present member（现在的）the people concerned （有关联的）a concerned expression （忧愁的）the people involved （被牵涉的） an involved expression （复杂的）an absent look (茫然的) the people absent (缺席的)in due course (在适当时机) the meeting due to begin(约定)C) 常作前置定语的形容词the only reason（唯一的理由）；a lone man(孤独的人)a certain winner （某一个胜利者）；the exact translation（确切的翻译）；her very son （她亲生的儿子）； entire ignorance（完全的无知）；a complete fool （十足的傻瓜）； total nonsense（完全是胡说八道）；a real honor（真正的英雄）； live broadcast (实况转播) woolen cloth（呢料） a wooden house（木屋）golden hair金黄色的头发， “a golden saying”（金玉良言）golden memories美好的回忆 a wooden smile毫无表情的微笑a medical schoolD) 定语后置的情况： （1）中心词是复合不定代词时 Tellmesomethinginteresting. 告诉我一些有趣的事。 Isthereanythingspecial? 有什么特别的东西吗？ (2)定语是形容词短语时Heisthemansuitableforthejob. 他是适合作这项工作的人。 Itsaproblemdifficulttosolve. 这是一个难以解决的问题。 现在分词作定语 A现在分词作定语前置时静感强，而后置的现在分词动感强。如： The working people are the wisest. The farmers working here are very busy. 过去分词作定语，前置表示状态He is an advanced teacher.他是个先进教师。 做后置定语，表示完成和被动的动作This is a picture painted by my father.Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China特殊句型 1) He works no harder than I. A与B都不2) He does not work harder than I. A不如B3) There are no more than seven people in the room. 仅仅，只有4) There are not more than seven people in the room. 不超过，至多 5) Music is more a way of life than an interest. 是而不是;与其倒不如 6) Mr. Zhang is more than my teacher, he is also my best friend.不仅仅7) The +比较级.，the +比较级.越, 越 a) The more books you read, the more knowledge you will get. b)The busier he is, the happier he feels.8) No less than three people offered to buy it 至少9) He is no less diligent than he was. A与B一样10）The work is more or less finished. 基本上，大体上；大约11）less than successful非常不 worse than useless 极为3副词主要修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、及整个句子。如：personally, briefly, fortunately, hopefully, honestly, frankly, happily就常修饰整个句子。 No, any, some，much, still, even, yet, rather, a lot, a great deal, many, a little, a bit, slightly, much, far, somewhat, by far(前后均可),表示数量和倍数的词如twice等常修饰比较级。(quite better属特例)注意程度状语的位置I couldnt move a step further， The meeting lasted two hours longer than usual.He is a head taller than I. (也可说He is taller than me by a head.)They got there earlier than we by twenty minutes. 表“净”增减数so/how/as/too可加adj/adv; 加adj+a/an+单数可数名词；加many/few/much/little+名词注意搭配quite impossible/perfect/different/agree/understand/right/positively, absolutely impossibletake sth.personally认为某事针对自己而不悦(to be offended by sth)4介词之后通常接名词、代词、v-ing、wh-词引导的名词性从句。注意下列几点 有时介词+副词：from abroad/above/where，since then，until recently，until very late等。 有时介词+介词短语from behind the tree. until after the exam All the questions are correct except for the last one.偶接adj 如 far from prefect接句子 in that“因为 由于 既然”， “在 方面”A）Unfortunately, kids in contemporary society are robbed of their innocence in that a sizable percentage of children are forced to participate in a great variety of art classes.The Chinese language differs from Western languages in that, instead of an alphabet, it uses characters which stand for ideas, objects or deedsB）His report is correct except that some details are omitted. C）Most of the Chinese people usually go to work on the bike except when it rains. D）I know nothing about it except what I have read in the papers.But/except: “前有后无”指but前有实义动词do，后面接的不定式不带to。如：He could do nothing but wait. He wanted nothing but have a good sleep.另外cannot but/cannot help but/cannot choose but(不得不，只好)均接动词原形。不用任何介词 表示时间的名词前有one，any，each，every, some，all, this，that，next，last，yesterday，tomorrow，these days等。 复合介词及分词介词Concerning= with regard to, including，in view of，in spite if, regardless of, given(that)，considering(介词,连词), regardingby表“净”增减数；among other things “还有”.；二、 句法常识1） 句子的基本成分有：主干成分 主语、谓语、宾语；修饰成分 定语、状语、补足语2） 五个基本句型: 主谓；主谓宾；主谓宾宾；主谓宾+宾补；主系表。3） 句子与句子之间有并列关系，常用and, but, or, so, otherwise, (n)either(n)or,not onlybut also表示；或主从关系，表现为主句+从句，即状语从句、定语从句和名词从句。若句子的另一部分无谓语，应视为短语，短语只能修饰句子，绝不能与句子并列。故决定了下列的表达方式：从句有谓语句首有连接词；短语无谓语句首无连接词，句中指代用普通代词（it/its/them/that/those等）模式一：简单句and 简单句 变体(简单句and主从复合句或主从复合句and简单句）。模式二：主句被从句修饰 或 从句修饰主句。模式三：短语修饰句子 或 句子被短语修饰。从句有三个共性：即句首有连接词，用陈述语序，与主句与从句在时态上呼应。 The factory produced many famous cars, and none of _ were shipped to foreign countries. And表示并列关系，句中无需其他连接词表示句与句之间的关系，故空白处填普通代词 The factory produced many famous cars, none of _ were shipped to foreign countries. 主从关系，后面的从句修饰前面的主句，所以空白处填有修饰功能的which。 The factory produced many famous cars, none of _ shipped（过去分词）to foreign countries. 句子被短语修饰，所以不再使用有修饰功能的连接词，故空白处填普通代词 A. them B. which C. it D. what There was a garden there， _ owner seated in it playing bridges with his kids.A. whose B. its C. its D. with4）主语是句子所要说明的人或事物，是一句的主体；宾语主要指动作的对象或动作的承受者。通常均由名词、代词、数词、the+adj、动名词、不定式、名词性从句担任；5）谓语是说明主语的动作或状态的，通常由动词、动词短语担任，后面常接宾语或状语；vt动词必须带宾语，vt动词之后无宾语时必须用被动。谓语的形式见下表：态 时现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成进行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking（1）接不定式作宾补的常用动词:advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事allow permit forbid ask beg require request invite get cause force warn tell command order drive choose encourage expect hate help intend leave like mean oblige persuade prefer remind teach train trouble want wish 词组类appeal to sb to do sth. wait for, long for, depend on, rely on, count on（2）6123句式；（3）接动名词的动词口诀；（4）“吾看三室两厅一感觉”动词在主动态及被动态中的用法；（5）accuse sb. of sth. 控告某人犯某事（罪），指责某人做某事，符合这一搭配的其他动词还有：convince suspect cheat cure inform remind rid rob warn empty clear my desk of papers（6）blame sb. for doing sth. 指责某人做某事，符合这一搭配的其他动词还有：reward praise criticize forgive excuse pardon punish scold thank admire remember（7）可用于“动词+sb+into doing sth”的常见动词cheat sb. into doing sth. trick fool force argue talk terrify frighten persuade （8） 带to (doing) sth.的常用结构: admit to , add up to , belong to , contribute to , object to , refer to , lead to , attend to , see to , turn to , pay attention to , devote to , prefer to, do harm /good /wrong to , be / get / become used/ accustomed to , be reduced to , date back to , get down to , look forward to , keep close to , hold on to，face up to(勇于正视, 面临) , trust to（luck, fate, fortune , 依靠（运气等）; 任凭自然发展）, take to(开始喜欢;开始从事，形成的习惯), apply to（适用于）, submit to屈服, limit sth. to , apply oneself to doing sth. (专心致力), Signing this form commits you to buying the goods. 你签此表格後就一定要买这批货. set ones mind to doing sth. (决心做某事), be equal to doing sth. (等于，能胜任), be opposed to反对, be exposed to, come to(共计为；达到某种状态), stick to(坚持) ,(9) 动词+sb. +with vide, supply, present提交, fit安装, equip配备, stock a shop with goods 向商店供货，(10) 动词+sb.+ from (doing) sth.discourage stop prevent prohibit keep ban protect save defend free release excuse(使免于) hide barThey may be excused (from doing) this exercise. 他们可以免做这一练习.(11)动词+宾语+v-ing The child is reported missing. get keep send set leave have catch watch see notice hear observe feel find start （12）动词+宾语+名词宾补appoint elect name call make find feel think vote wish/leave/think/consider/judge(认为)count/imagine（13）动词+宾语+adjGet keep leave find feel think consider have make hold paint wish6） 当主语后有多个动词时，若按时间顺序发生，则表达为：谓语1，谓语 2， +and/but+谓语n（并列谓语）。若多个动词几乎同时发生，则表达为：谓语1，谓语 2， +and/but+谓语n+非谓语1，非谓语2and+非谓语n(谓语+非谓语)。如：He came running.The professor put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. 谓语1， 谓语 2，and+谓语3+非谓语7） there is no chance/possibility that； There is no need to do sth.；there is no doubt that从句或 as to sth. there is a/no point in doing sth Theres no excuse for such behaviour 区别主语从句it is no wonder/use that. there is a/no sense in doing sthThere be 句型的变化There is going to be 主语 . There doesnt seem to be主语 there is likely/reportd/said/believed to be主语 There remain/exist/happen/stand/lie/flow/live+主语8)主动表示被动的情况 说明主语特征的联系动词feel, sound, smell, taste, look，prove(被证明是，原来是)，remain, 由主语的性质、特点造成的动词结果，如：weigh, measure, read well, write smoothly, wash easily, burn easily, sell badly/well, wont open/close/move/shut等 The sign reads as follows. His trade pays well.The class numbers 60 in all. The classroom measures 80 square meters. 在the man is easy to get on with句型中，the man 是get on with的宾语，用于此结构的形容词有difficult, hard, light, expensive, interesting, unfit, comfortable, pleasant, heavy，dangerous 等 当want, need, require表示“需要”时，wont bear, deserve其宾语用动词-ing形式，句中主语是实质上的宾语。 The old car the man is driving in wants repairing The problem required paying special attention to. The novel is well worth reading The house is to let No one is to blame for the accident. 在have, find, lend, give 等动词后的宾语有不定式作定语(“有”事要做)，不定式与宾语是逻辑上的动宾关系，而且在句子中又有不定式的逻辑主语时。He has found nothing to eat since he left home and entered the forest . Last week he gave me a novel by a famous English writer to read. He is a pleasant person to work with.The boys mother bought him a large toy train to play with. 某些动词或词组Consist of, date back to, break out, give up 某些动词的进行时可表达被动意义，如print, cook, build, burn, show等，如：Whats showing at the cinema this week?Her novel is reprinting ( =being reprinted ).The bridge is building (=being built ).三、非谓语不定式在句子中可用作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语。1)主语 It is a great pleasure to talk with him.To lean out of the window is dangerous.把身子伸出窗外是危险的。It is necessary for her to make a plan for this course of study.Its clever of her to see that and not weep. (weep之前省去了to)2)表语 Her wish is to become an astronaut.Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.His only desire was to be useful to the country.3)宾语 接不定式作宾语的动词有want wish care hope plan intend expect long desire appear attempt try seek(试图) determine decide ask demand beg like，begin，forget remember learn pretend happen offer refuse fail prepare order agree afford manage promise decline hesitate grow/come(渐渐) apply（申请） arrange dare/need volunteer undertake vote swear(发誓)等等。Learn to walk before you run.先学走后学跑。We decided to make changes in our plan.4)定语 动词不定式须放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：He is always the first one to get up.他总是第一个起床。I have a few words to say on this question.They are looking for a room to live in.They are discussing ways to guarantee high output. After the Ching Ming Festival it is time to sow vegetablesdecision, need, way, chance, determination, ability, failure, promise answer idea reply excuse reason attempt moment time等名词常接不定式作后置定语 动词不定式做后置定语与被修饰成分之间表示不同的语义关系。 1. 表示动宾关系，但用主动表被动。 Ihavealotofworktodotoday.我今天有很多活要干。 Hehadabigfamilytosupport.他有一个大家庭需要他来养活。 2.表示主谓关系。 被修饰的名词表示逻辑主语，修饰它的动词不定式结构表示逻辑谓语。例如： Hesalwaysthefirsttocome. Amongthementotakepartinthework,heisprobablythemostactive3.表示修饰关系。 动词不定式对其修饰的成分起一种描绘阐述作用。例如： Itsalreadytimetostartplantingtrees.Hehadnochancetogoschoolinthoseyears.4.表示同位关系。 不定式和被修饰的名词处于平行关系，只对其起一种解说作用。例如： Sooncametheordertostartthegeneralattack. Wegotnoinstructionstoleavethecity. 5)状语动词不定式作状语时，一般放在它所修饰的动词之后。a)表示目的He went to Beijing to study in 1988. To be a good teacher one must use good teaching methods. (放在句首，使其所表示的目的更加明显突出)可变为in order to (为了)或so as to(以便)。如：In order to learn acupuncture，she practiced on herself every day.。(注意in order to可放在句首)We must have good soil so as to grow roses.注习惯语，如to begin with(首先)，to conclude(最后)，to be sure(当然)，to tell you the truth(老实对你说)等。b)表示结果,有时属意料之外的结果My grandmother lived to see the birth of my little daughter.A few years later he returned to find that his hometown had greatly changed.Would you be kind enough to move aside?He spoke in such a rude way as to annoy all the people concerned.I went to see him only to find him out. (有时有only表未预料到的结果）I hurried to the post office，only to find it was closed. He is too young to join the army.他太年轻了，不能参军。注：He was only too eager to go to the ball.(非常渴望)。Only 在too anxious, willing, ready之前,译为“非常”。 6)作宾补 相关动词参见谓语部分1）I persuaded my brother to change his mind.我说服我弟弟改变了主意。“吾看三室两厅一感觉”动词在主动态中，动词不定式须省掉to. look at, notice，observe, see，watch，make(使) let, have, hear(听)，listen to，feel(觉得)等。如：Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China.古为今用，洋为中用。He let me hear you play the guitar.We must have someone repair the refrigerator. 注上述句子变成被动语态时，动词不定式的to仍须保留。如：He was made to accompany his brother.7）疑问词 + 动词不定式疑问代词who，what，which和疑问副词when，where，how等后加动词不定式，构成一种特殊的动词不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。如：When to start has not been decided.何时动身尚未决定。(作主语)They told her where to find her little brother. (作宾语)He thought a lot about how to improve his English pronunciation.他对如何提高英语语音想得很多。(作介词的宾语)8）动词不定式也可以用在某些形容词之后。如喜、怒、哀、乐等情绪变化的形容词ready，eager，anxious，glad，sorry，afraid，free，pleased，determined，willing, able，sure，等。如：He is sorry to have put you to the trouble of changing a large note.The boys and girls are anxious to learn how to skate.在easy, hard, necessary, impossible, difficult, unfit, 等词之后要用主动表被动 The water in that well is unfit to drink9) 在sb is said/reported believed/thought/supposed/considered之后分别可用to do/to be doing/to have (been) done10）“有”事要做11）6123中的3有一项是不定式 I feel it my duty to protect the environment.动词不定式复合结构for + 名词(或代词宾格) + 动词不定式在这种结构中的for本身无意义。名词(或代词宾格)形式上是for的宾语，但在逻辑上可以说是动词不定式的主语。这种不定式复合结构在句子里可作1)主语 For us to learn foreign languages is important.It is important for us to learn foreign languages.2)表语 It is for you to decide.这得由你决定。3)宾语 Can you arrange for a car to take us there?4)定语 There is a lo to work for us to do.有很多工作要我们去做。5)状语The policeman blew his whistle for the carts to stop. (目的)动词不定式的否定结构在不定式符号to之前加上not而成。如：He decided not to go home.他决定不回家。The teacher warned the pupils not to go skating on thin ice.教师警告学生不要在薄冰上滑冰。动词不定式一般式所表示的时间关系1)动词不定式的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后，用一般时。如：I saw him go out.(saw与go out两个动作同时发生)I hope to see you again. (to see这个动作发生在hope之后)The boy said he wanted to be a scientist. (to be在wanted之后)2）动词不定式完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：She is reported to have invented a new device (划线词发生在谓语时间之前)She seems to have read the book before. The battery appears to have run down. 但在下面句子中，动词不定式表示动作没有发生：We were to have met at ten.我们本来是约定十点钟见面的。(结果未见面)3）动词不定式进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：He seems to be recovering.他看来在康复。When he came in，I happened to be lying on the bed，reading. 他进来的时候，我碰巧正躺在床上看书。动词不定式的被动语态The next thing to be done is to carry away the earth.No harm seems to have been done.似乎并没有造成损害。分词七 、接动名词之动词短语有则报道 包含下列值得 考虑的 建议： Report involve worth consider suggest/advice完成 练习时，要避免 推延、 回避、finish practice escape delay/put off avoid 停止 或 放弃；要尝试 用想象 去理解Stop/quit give up; Try imagine/fancy understand 记忆。学会欣赏意味着减少遗忘，还能让你更喜欢。Remember.Enjoy/appreciate mean forget prefer要承认不足，学会 坚持、 忍受， 错过了Admit/acknowledge, keep(on) bear/stand miss 你会后悔，也不能原谅， 当然，忙了Regret excuse/pardon/forgive busy 需要冒险，这不否认，也不介意，更是cant help.need /require/want risk deny mind另外mean(打算)，stop(停下来去做）,forget/remember(忘记/记着去做)，regret(遗憾)，help(帮助), try(尽力)必须接to do。四、主从复合句1、定语从句1）定语从句起形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，它的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致；其实质：代替先行词，在从句中担当一个成分,表示修饰关系。关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Do you know the man who is addressing？whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不省略，也不可用thatwhom人宾语Who is the person with whom she is working?The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whos