英文文献050：供应链管理中的库存建模技术.doc

外文翻译：供应链管理中的库存建模技术：综述原文来源：Cheng Tiexin Yue Jingbo Guo Tao College of Management, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, China 300384更多原创经管论文及英文文献与翻译请访问：http:/经管论文.com/ ,并提供定制服务译文正文：I引言在供应链管理中，有关材料，半成品和产品的库存管理成为广泛关注的焦点，世界各地的专家和学者都提出了很多关于这方面的研究，尤其是对存货模型的建立。 1915年，当第一常数库存模型成立，福特哈里斯建立了EOQ模型（经济订货量），随后这方面的研究进展迅速。随着经济全球化的推进，供应链管理出现两个新的趋势：材料采购全球化，生产全球化，全球化和产品的分配。因此，库存模型的两个新领域被更多的关注：1供应链的上游点的多个供应商和多产品库存模型，2供应链的内部结构点的多级库存模型，包括制造商，经销商和零售商，在这篇论文中，这一领域的新地位和研究成果将从上述两个趋势被详细评述。II多供应商和多产品库存模型关于研究多供应商，Sculli及吴1建立一个模型，其中两家供应商进行了介绍，并假定产品的需求提前时间为正态分布。根据这个模型，有人认为，这两家供应商有相同的补给量。 Moinzadeh纳米亚斯2建立了两家供应商，在它被假定（1）两家供应商有同样的持续领先时间（0 二级小二），（2）订单费用：C1，C2;（3）短缺是允许的，但引起了一些损失。该模型的目标是尽量减少平均库存成本，是由订单的成本，存储成本和短缺长期亏损，决定，并根据该模型中的最优补货策略（s1 , s2 ,Q1,Q2）获得。当储存数量xt在时间t时，该策略为供应商提供货物数量(Q1)，当xt等于时间t时的触发水平(s1)，并为供应商2提供货物数量(Q2)，当xt等于时间t时的紧急触发水平(s2)，在时间l1里，就是在Q1发生之前，Q1的订货至交货时间。Moinzadeh & Schmidit 通过Moinzadeh & Nahmias研究建立模型，并修改它。他们把最佳补货政策分为两个方面：正规秩序（Q1）和紧急情况(Q2)。在他们的修正模型里，当需求发生时，（1）如果xt Se +1（其中：XT的时间表示在时间t时的存货数量，; Se指紧急触发水平），那么正常秩序（Q1）被适用，(2) if xt Se 并且正常秩序的补给时间小于供应商2的订货至交货时间，那么正常秩序（Q1）也适用，(3)if xt Se并且正常秩序的补给时间小于供应商2的订货至交货时间，那么紧急命令是适用的，即是为了供应商2的货物量（Q2）。Chiang & Gutierrez建立模式与供应商定期检查一两个供应模式的秩序，在他们的模型中，出现了成本为0分为两种情况中：C = 0和C0，他们采用动态规划优化该模型和优化政策是：当库存被检查，如果 t e x S，则采用定期秩序，否则，xt Se，紧急命令适用。1998年, Chiang & Gutierrez 延伸了以上模型。在新的模型中，它假定检查周期是连续的绝不是间发性的并且订货成本是可变的不是不变的。这种模型属于上述两种模型，但Dayani Sedarage, Okitsugu Fujiwara & Huynh Trung Luong, and Ram Ganeshan介绍了多供应商（不适用的供应商）在他们的库存模型里，详细讨论了该模型multisupplier（不适用的供应商），对于库存控制优化政策。考虑到该设备的不确定性，如失败，工人罢工，恶劣的气候条件等，将影响到供应商供应的货物的时间，在1996年，Parlar & Perry建立了一个模型，他们假定货物可交换，对每一位供应商，其价值用ON或OFF表示（ON表示提供OFF表示不提供）。如果供应商的数目为n，则会有为2n组合的供应商，那么他们优化这个模型得到一个政策顺序：(si, Qi),其中再订购点si与供货数量Qi有关并且供应商的身份是可变的。III多级库存模型 经济全球化导致了全球化的生产和销售，因此，多级库存管理受到越来越多的关注。根据级库存的多个特点，我们把它分为3种（1）串行库存系统，（2）大会库存系统，（3）配送中心的库存系统。关于多级库存，Clark and Scarf介绍了与设备存货截然不同的等级存货。在等级存货政策中，因为在一个阶段订购的决定是基于库存水平的等级，这是总结阶段所审议的库存阶级的总和。他们证明了存在的基础存货的最优订货系统政策的纯串行清单，并制定一个有效的分解方法来计算最优的基础存货政策。此外，他们还讨论了配送中心的库存制度，同时也给它了一个近似方法。 IV清单的新方向研究 A.综合建模目前库存模型，供应链管理的一体化趋势，在供应链中越来越多的制造商形成战略联盟。库存管理也是在一体化的方向。因此，单一制造商或供应商已从上游库存模型建立集成供应链，以期在下游的管理决策时库存、多级库存模型的需要被应用。B.因特网和电子商务的买方和卖方之间的虚拟库存建模与应用的发展和治安费用，互联网和电子商务的采购供应链，正在下降，供应商的风险正在降低。 这将导致该模式处于多供应商优于单一供应商模式。资讯科技发展在买家卖家之间引起信息共享。基于卖家的情报买方的需求可以被预测，但是，供应商应处理大量数据。因此，数据挖掘和知识发现数据库中的库存管理有广泛的应用前景，而在同时，更多的注意力将支付给虚拟库存模型。C.清单真实的供应链建模在信息不对称下，每一个合伙人（制造商或供应商），他的决定是独立的，因此有出口信息不对称。即使在供应链中协调已经成立，合作伙伴通常会保留他们的商业信息，例如成本，利润等等，暗地的，这将导致其他伙伴得到这些信息非常困难。因此，信息不对称下的库存模型是更有价值的和切实可行的。在这个领域有一些研究，其中博弈论通常是用于信息不对称下的决策，但它需要被更为深入和广泛的研究。 V结论 在本文中，两种类型的库存模型从链管理方面被讨论： (1)多供应商，多产品的库存模型; (2)多级库存模型; 回顾了存货模型的历史和发展，对最新研究成果进行了讨论。 最后，供应链管理下的库存管理的未来研究方向已被给出。库存管理方式下的整合，IT和互联网在库存建模方面将获得更多的关注信息不对称下的库存建模将变得更有价值和实用性。Inventory Modeling in Supply Chain Management: A ReviewCheng Tiexin Yue Jingbo Guo TaoCollege of Management, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin, China 300384IINTRODUCTIONIn supply chain management, inventory management about materials, semi-manufactured goods and products was widely focused on, and specialists and scholars all over the world have made a lot of researches on this area, especially for establishment of the inventory model. In 1915, when the first constant inventory model for the single product was set up, Ford. W. Harris established the model of EOQ (Economic Order Quantity), subsequently the researches on this area proceeded rapidly. With the economy globalization, two new trends appeared in supply chain management: materials procurement globalization, manufacture globalization, and products distribution globalization. Consequently, two new areas in inventory modeling were paid more attentions to: 1. Multiple supplier and multi-product inventory models from the point of the upstream of the supply chain; 2. Multi-echelon inventory models including manufacturers, dealers and retailers from the point of the interior structure of the supply chain; In this paper, the new status and results of the research in this area will be reviewed in detail from the mentioned two trends.II MULTI-SUPPLIER AND MULTI-PRODUCT INVENTORY MODELSAbout the research on multi-supplier, Sculli & Wu set up one model, in which two suppliers were introduced, and assumed that the lead time of the demand of products was Normal Distribution. According to this model, it was argued that the two suppliers had the same the replenishment quantity. Moinzadeh & Nahmias established the inventory model with the continuing lead time for two suppliers, in which it was assumed (1) the two suppliers had the same continuous lead time ( 0 l2 p2 ); (2) the order costs: C1,C2 ; (3) shortages were allowed but the loss were aroused. The goal of the model was minimize the average inventory cost, which was determined by the order cost, storage costs and shortage loss, for long term, and according to that model the optimal replenishment policy (s1 , s2 ,Q1,Q2 ) was obtained. Based on the storage quantity xt at time t, the strategy is to order the quantity of goods (Q1) to supplier 1 when the xt was equal to the trigger level (s1) at time t, and to order the quantity of goods (Q2) to supplier 2 when the xt was equal to the emergency trigger level (s2) within the time l1, which was the lead time of Q1, before the Q1 occurred. Moinzadeh & Schmidit3 studied the model set up by Moinzadeh & Nahmias2, and modified it. They divided the optimal replenishment policy into two ways: the regular order (Q1) and the emergency order (Q2). In their revised model, when the demand occurs, (1) if xt Se +1 (where: xt denotes the storage quantity of goods at time t; Se denotes the emergency trigger level), then the regular order (Q1) is applied, (2) if xt Se and the replenishment time of the regular order is less than the lead time of supplier 2, then the regular order (Q1) is applied, too, and (3) if xt Se and the replenishment time of the regular order is less than the lead time of supplier 2, then the emergency order is applied, that is to order the quantity of goods (Q2) to supplier 2. Chiang & Gutierrez4 set up one model of two supply modes with periodic check for supplier, in their model, the cost of the emergence order was divided into two situations: C=0 and C0, they applied dynamic programming to optimize the model, and the optimized policy was: when the inventory was checked, if t e x S , the regular order was applied; or else if xt Se , the emergency order was applied. In 1998, Chiang & Gutierrez extended the model above. In the new model, it assumed that the check cycle was continuous other than periodic and the cost of order was alterable not fixed. The models mentioned above belong to the models of two suppliers or two supply modes, however, Dayani Sedarage, Okitsugu Fujiwara & Huynh Trung Luong, and Ram Ganeshan introduced the multi-supplier (N suppliers) in their inventory models, discussed the models of the multisupplier (N suppliers) in detail and gave the optimized policy for inventory control. Considering that the uncertainties, such as the failure of the equipments, the strike of workers, the adverse climatic conditions and so on, would affect the suppliers to supply the goods on time, in 1996, Parlar & Perry set up the model, in which they assumed that the goods were exchangeable and put one status variable, the value of which was ON or OFF (ON means to supply and OFF means not to supply), to every supplier. If the number of the suppliers was n, then there would be 2n combinations of suppliers, then they optimized the model to get one policy for ordering: (si, Qi), where the reorder point si was related with the order quantity Qi and the status variable of the suppliers.IIIMULTI-ECHELON INVENTORY MODELSThe economy globalization resulted in the globalization of manufacture and sale, therefore the multi-echelon inventory management was paid more and more attentions. According to the features of the multi-echelon inventory, we divided it into 3 types: (1) Serial inventory systems, (2) Assembly inventory systems and (3) Distribution inventory systems. About the multi-echelon inventory, Clark and Scarf introduced the concept of echelon stock as opposed to installation stock. In echelon stock policies, ordering decisions at a given stage are based on the echelon inventory position, which is the sum of the inventory position at the considered stage and at all the downstream stages. They proved that there existed the optimal base stock ordering policy in the pure serial inventory systems, and developed one effective decomposing method to compute the optimal base stock policy. In addition, they also discussed the distribution inventory system and gave an approximate method for it.IVTHE NEW RESEARCH DIRECTIONS FOR INVENTORY MODELING A. Integrated inventory modeling At present, supply chain management has the trend to integration; more and more manufacturers in the supply chain form the strategic alliance. Inventory management is also in the direction of integration. Consequently, the single manufacturer or supplier has to establish integrated inventory model in view of the supply chain from upstream to downstream when they make decision of the inventory management, and multi-echelon inventory modeling needs to be applied. B. Internet and E-business based virtual inventory modeling With the development and application of the Internet and E-business in supply chain, the purchase and order costs between buyers and sellers are decreasing, and the risks of suppliers are being reduced. This results in that multiple suppliers pattern is superior to single supplier pattern. The development of IT causes information-sharing between the buyers and the sellers. Buyers demand can be forecasted based on the information of the venders, however, suppliers should deal with a great deal of data. Therefore, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in Database have the wide application prospects in inventory management; in the meanwhile, more attentions will be paid to virtual inventory modeling. C. Inventory modeling under asymmetric information In the real supply chain, every partner (manufacturer or supplier) makes his decision independently, hence there exits asymmetric information. Even if the coordination has been set up in supply chain, the partner u