虚拟语气的用法

Exercises,1.The doctor ordered that she _(stay) in bed for a few days.2. Our suggestion is that you _ (be ) the first to go .3.I wish it _ (be)autumn all the year round.4. How I wish I_ (be) there.6. It is time that we_ (have) lunch.,stay,be,were,had been/were,should have/had,Subjunctive Mood 虚拟式,语 气 定 义： 说话人说话的口气。汉英语气表达的区别：,基本概念,陈述语气,语气的分类：,祈使语气,虚拟语气,虚拟语气的定义：如果我们说的不是事实，也不是要求、命令、劝告等而只是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想.,虚拟语气的使用,I be-型虚拟式II were-型虚拟式III 假设意义表示法综述,I be-型虚拟式,The be-subjunctive is commonly used in that-clauses to expressa command, decision, suggestion, etc. These that-clauses usuallyoccur:After such verbs as decide, decree, demand, insist, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, vote, etc. eg: He ordered that all the books be sent at once. We propose that somebody neutral take the chair.,I be-型虚拟式,2) After such adjectives as advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, fitting, imperative, important, impossible, necessary, obligatory, proper, etc, eg: It is essential that all the facts be examined first. It is necessary that he come back without delay. 3) After such nouns as decision, decree, demand, instruction, order, requirement, resolution, etc, eg: The board has given instructions that the agent fly to Boston. We were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.,I be-型虚拟式,This use of the be-subjunctive is quite common in formal style,especially in American English. This subjunctive form can some-times be replaced by “should + infinitive” or “to-infintive” .eg: He ordered that books be sent at once.= He ordered that the books should be sent at once.= He ordered that the books to be sent at once.,I be-型虚拟式,4. The be-subjunctive is also used in adverbial clauses introduced by if , though, whatever, so long as, whether, lest, etc, eg: If the rumor be true, everything is possible. Whatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty. In in formal style the indicative mood or “should/may+infinitive” are used instead. If the rumor is true, everything is possible. Whatever his defense may be, we cant tolerate this disloyalty.,I be-型虚拟式,5. The be-subjunctive is also used in some formulaic expression to express a wish, prayer, curse, etc. The formulaic use of the be-subjunctive tends to be formal and old-fashioned in style. e.g: P182,Exercises,They requested that the students _ (learn) the second language.The PLA men ordered that all the enemy _ (give) up.Page 183,learn,give,II were-型虚拟式,In certain adverbial clauses a. The were-subjunctive is commonly used in adverbial clause introduced by if, if only, as if, as though, though, to denote an unreal condition or concession, eg: If I were you, I should wait till next week. If only I were not so nervous. b. The were-subjunctive is also used in nominal clauses after verbs like, wish, would rather, suppose, imagine, to denote a hypothetical situation, eg: I wish it were spring all the year round. Id rather I were not at the site of the accident.,III 假设意义表示法综述,Use of past tense forms of verbs Use of past tense modals,Use of past tense forms of verbs,It is time (that) It is (was) (high) time that+主语+ should（不能省略）+ 动词 or It is (was)(high) time that +主语+过去时 (该干什么了，而没有干) It is time that you should have a class. It is (high) time that you left.,Use of past tense forms of verbs,2. I would rather (that) you/ he Im sure he is keeping something back. Id rather he told me the truth. 3. If only If only I knew her address. If only she had listened to my advice.4. as if/ as though. He behaves as if he owned this place. They are staring at me as if I was/ were crazy.,Use of past tense modals,In conditionals: In implied conditionals: In other contexts:, In conditionals,用在非真实条件句中,用在错综时间条件句中,用在含蓄条件句中,非真实条件从句的时态变化,非真实条件句,If I were you, I should /would go at once. If there was no air, people would die. 注：除了if I were you的结构以外，其它情况可用was.,与现在事实相反,1.If I （have）enough money now , I_(buy) a house for my parents. 2. If I _(meet) him ,I _ (tell)him the truth.,Exercises,had,would buy,would tell,met,1.If you had been there last night, nothing would have happened. 2.If you had got there earlier,you would have caught the bus.,3.If she _ (be) more careful, she_ (not make) these mistakes. 4. If we _ (be)there,we _ (see)the parade.,与过去事实相反,had been,had been,would have seen,should not have made,1. If it were Sunday tomorrow, we would not have an exam. 2. If you were to visit the school tomorrow, you would see me .,与将来事实相反,Exercises,If you _ (meet) him tomorrow, you _ (say) “hello” to him .If he _ (leave), he _ (get)to Beijing in three days.,were to meet,should say,were to leave,would get,用在错综时间条件句中,有时非真实条件句中,主句谓语动词所表示的动作和条件从句中谓语动词并不同时发生,这时动词的形式并不完全按照上述表格来进行,而需要按照各自的时间来调整,这样的句子就叫错综时间条件句.,错综时间条件句：If you had followed the doctors advice , (与过去事实相反，事实上过去没有听医生的话 )you would be all right now.（与现在事实相反，现在病还没好）主句与从句发生的时间不同,应按照主句与从句各自的时间做调整。,非错综时间条件句： If you had followed the doctors advice , you would have been right then. 主句与从句发生的时间同时,If you had watered them more , the crops (grow) _ better now. If he had prepared well for his lessons yesterday, he _ (not have) so many difficulties now. If you _ (not see) that film late last night , you _ (not be)so sleepy.,Exercises,would grow,would not have,had not seen,would not be,用在含蓄条件句中,有时一个假设的情况并不用条件从句表示， 而用其它方式来表示，这样的句子叫之。,用 with，without 等介词短语或分词短 语或者独立主格结构来代替条件从句。,用在含蓄条件句中,We might have died without your help.=We might have died if you had not helped us. Having known in time , we could