Lesson 4 时态和语态--B议论文模板.doc

Lesson 4 时态和语态标刚解读1.容易混淆的三组动词时态是：一般过去时和现在完成时；一般过去时和过去完成时；过去完成时和现在完成时2.be going to do 与shall, will的用法区别3.be about to do 和be to do 的用法区别4.各种时态及含情态动词的被动形式突破方法：1.学习动词的时态和语态时，切不可脱离实际运用的语境，一味死记硬背语法规则的条条框框。了解八种时态的常用规则后， 要留心以英语为母语者在实际生活中如何使用各种时态和语态2.建立时态的时体概念（时即现在时，过去时，将来时，过去将来时；体即一般体，进行体，完成体，完成进行体）3.解决时态和语态问题，要遵循如下解题思路这件事情说的是什么时候的情况（定 时）这个动作处在什么状态，完成或未完成等（定 体）这个动词与主语的关系，是主动还是被动 （定语态）知识清单常考点清单一 动词时态概述知识清单常考点清单一 动词时态概述现在过去将来过去将来一般一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时过去将来时进行现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时完成现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时完成进行现在完成进行时加粗斜体的时态为常考时态常考点清单二 动词时态基本用法一一般体一般体中的一般现在时，一般过去时分别表示现在，过去的经常性，习惯性动作或状态。所谓一般体表示：既不进行，也不完成We have three meals a day.When I was a boy, I often went to play in that park.表示客观真理一般现在时还可用在if, unless, even if引导的条件状语从句中， 由when, before, until/till, as soon as, the moment, once引导的时间状语从句中和no matter who/when/where/how/which/what 以及whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever, whichever however等引导的让步状语从句。Ill go with you _ 我已完成工作- Can I join your club?- You can when _ 你长大一些_ 不管你说什么，I wont change my mind.语境中的一般过去时，往往表示 刚才，在过去之意，暗示现在已 不在这样-Come on in, Peter. I want to show you something.- Oh, how nice of you! I never thought you were going to bring me a gift.【题组训练】The careless driver has just been fined $100 for stopping his car at a sign that _(read) No Parking-Nancy is not coming tonight-But she _(promise)一般将来时的用法1.现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态；事物的固有属性或必然趋势Tom will come back next weekFish will die out of water.2.be going to do/ be about to do/ be to do的区别be going to do 用于口语中，表示 计划，打算要做某事， 还可表示根据现在的迹象，对未来进行判断He is going to make a speech on TV this evening.Look at the dark clouds. It is going to rain.Be about to do sth 表示立即的将来，可与when 引导的时间状语从句连用The train is about to start.We were about to leave the room when the phone rang.Be to do sth 表示按计划或安排要做的事When are you to leave for home?The Queen is to visit Japan in a weeks time.表示 应该，相当于should, ought toYou are to report to the police.What is to be done?I dont think he is to blame for the accident.【题组训练】1.- Who do you think _ for the failure of their work?A. to blame B. to be blame C. is to blame D. is to be blamed2.We just saw John at the bookstore -Thats strange! I didnt think he _ back until tomorrow.A. will come B. was to come C.is coming D. is to come二进行体一个长动作作为背景，被一个短动作打断，长动作往往用进行体，短动作用一般体1.My brother _(fall) when he _(ride) his bike and _ (hurt)himself2.The students _(write)busily when Miss Brown _(go)to get his book.3.The reporter said that the UFO _(travell) east to west when he saw it.表示动作未完成性，暂时性 。1.-Have you moved to your new house?- Not yet. The rooms _(paint)2.I dont really work here; Im just helping out until the new worker arrives.表示现在或当时正在进行或发展中的动作1.I first met Lisa 3 years ago, she was working in a factory.2.-Is this your raincoat?- No. mine is hanging behind the door.表示计划，安排要做的事情Ive won a holiday for two days to Florida. Im taking my mum there.表示反复出现或习惯性的动作，往往含有赞赏，厌恶，遗憾等情绪，常与always,continually连用She is always thinking of others first.He is always making the same mistake.【题组训练】You _ always _ (watch)TV. Why not do something more active?-You are drinking too much.- Only at home. No one _(see)me but you.高考真题：1(09湖南23) When he _ the door, he found his keys were nowhere.A. would open B. opened C. had opened D. was to open2.(06福建24)Ladies and gentlemen，please fasten your seat belts.The plane_.A.takes offB.is taking offC.has taken offD.took off3.(08全国29)The wet weather will continue tomorrow， when a cold front_to arrive.A.is expectedB.is expectingC.expectsD.will be expected4.(08北京22)-Have you read a book called Waiting for Anya?-Who_ it?A.writesB.has writtenC.wroteD.had written5.(08安徽22)-Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?-Yes，I did.You know，my brother_in the match.A.is playingB.was playingC.has playedD.had played6.(08湖南32) I called Hannah many times yesterday evening，but I couldnt get through. Her brother_on the phone all the time!A.was talkingB.has been talkingC.has talkedD.talked7.(06湖南35)In a room above the store，where a party_，some workers were busily setting the table A.was to be held B.has been heldC.will be heldD.is being held8.(08湖南35)-Do you have any problems if you_this job?-Well，Im thinking about the salary.A.offerB.will offerC.are offeredD.will be offered三完成体现在完成时1一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在（也许还将持续下去）。表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有：lately, recently, in the last/past few days/years, since then, up to now, so far(至今)In the past few years, great changes have taken place in my hometown.He has been busy writing his book recently.He has written 4 books so far2This is/it is the first/second time that.句型中，that 从句谓语要用现在完成时This is the first time I have been here4在条件，时间，让步状语从句中，表示将来时间以前已完成的动作。I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eye.I will go with you as soon as I have finished my workDont get off the bus until_车停下来5瞬间动作和延续性动作判断正误He has come to Beijing for two years.He has lived in Beijing for two years.He has joined the army since last year.He has served in the army since last year.He has been a soldier for a year.It is one year since he joined the army.常见的瞬间动词有：come, go , get to, reach, arrive, leave, buy, join in, take part in, begin/start, bring/take, die, finish/end, hear from, marry, break等。6【题组训练】句型转化He left his office 3 hours ago.=He _ from his office for 3 hours.=It _3 hours since he left his office.7He has been dead for 4 years=He _ago.=It is _ he died.过去完成时1.一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件事情先于它（即表过去的过去）， 那么发生在前的事情的动词须用过去完成时。She had learned some English before she came to the college.He said that he had been abroad for 5 years.2.表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作，常用的时间状语有：by then, by that time, until, by the end of, before 2000, by the time+句子等By then he had learned English for 4 years.Until then I had known nothing about it yet.3.It was/That was the first/second time.that句型 that从句谓语要用过去完成时It was the third time that he had made the same mistake4.表示愿望，打算一类的词，如：hope, expect, mean(打算)， want,think, suppose等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意愿。I had hoped to see the famous movie star.I had thought you would come tomorrow.将来完成时将来完成时表示到将来某一时间，某一动作将会完成，常用的时间状语为：by+将来的某个时间。By the time of next year, all of you will have become college students.【题组训练】 Helen _(leave) her key in the office so she had to wait until her husband _ (come) home. I _(hope) to meet Mr, Thompson this morning, but I found nobody left in the room. We plan to reach the North Pole in mid-July, and by then we _(walk)for six weeks. By the time you arrive in New York, you will _(away) for two weeks高考真题：1.(08全国27)-Have you known Dr.Jackson for a long time?-Yes， since she_the Chinese Society.A.has joinedB.joinsC.had joinedD.joined2.(08安徽33)I like these English songs and they_many times on the radio.A.taughtB.have taughtC.are taughtD.have been taught3.(08江西32)-Do you think we should accept that offer?-Yes， we should. for wesuch bad luck up till now， and time_out.A.have had;is runningB.had;is runningC.have;has been runD.have had;has been run4.(08陕西6)The moment I got home， I found I_my jacket on the playground.A.had leftB.leftC.have leftD.was leaving5. (08四川7)The telephone_，but by the time I got indoors，it stopped.A.had rungB.was ringingC.ringsD.has rung6.(08重庆23)Judy is going to marry the sailor she_in Rome last year.A.meetsB.metC.has met D.would meet7.(08浙江5)I dont believe youve already finished reading the book- I_it to you this morning!A.would lendB.was lendingC.had lentD.lent知识清单二 语态1.被动语态的用法不知道谁 是动作的执行者，或没有必要指明谁是动作的执行者1.- George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?- No, I _. Did they have a big wedding?A. was not invited B. have not been invited C. hadnt been invited D. didnt invite2.-The windows are dirty.-I know. They _ for weeks.A. hasnt cleaned B. didnt cleaned C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned需要强调或突出动作的承受者或事件本身All the workers except him are encouraged to work online.get+过去分词表示被动，此结构比较口语化She got married last week.The patient got treated once a week.【题组训练】In some parts of the world, tea_(serve) with milk and sugar.The boy whom you lent the bike to _(hit) by a car.Lincoln _(think of ) as a friend of freedom.2 主动形式表达被动含义的几种情况某些不及物动词及短语，如：take place, happen, break out ,etc. In the past ten years, great changes have taken place in Shanghai.昨天晚上这家工厂着火了。 _连系动词,如 taste, smell, feel, sound, prove, look, remain The desk feels smooth.His idea proved right.有些表示主语内在性能的动词，如：read, write, open, lock, wash, sell, dry, drink act等This kind of cloth washes well and lasts long.Your speech reads well.在be + adj +不定式以及be + adj. +enough+不定式结构中，不定式常用主动形式表达被动意义。常见形容词有：comfortable, easy, dangerous, difficult, hard, heavy, impossible 等。It is expensive even to consider.The ice is thick enough to skate on.动词need, require, want, deserve (值得)+v.-ing 时，用v.-ing主动形式表达被动意义。-What do you expect me to do?- The house needs repairing. 在be worth doing结构中Youd better go to bed. There isnt anything on TV worth staying up for.【专项练习】1 .(08浙江7)-Whats that noise?-Oh， I forgot to tell you.The new machine_.A.was testedB.will be testedC.is being testedD.has been tested2.So far this year we_a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.A.sawB.seeC.had seenD.have seen3.(08辽宁29)-Have you got any job offers?-No.I_.A.waitedB.had been waitingC.have waitedD.am waiting4. By the time he realizes heinto a trap，itll be too late for him to do anything about it.A.walksB.walkedC.has walked D.had walked5.(07全国20) -Tom，you didnt come to the party last night?-I_，but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.A.had toB.didntC.was going toD.wouldnt6.(07北京24)-How can I apply for an online course?-Just fill out this form and we_what we can do for you.A.seeB.are seeingC.have seenD.will see8.(07江西31)-I have got a headache.-No wonder. You_in front of that computer too long.A.workB.are workingC.have been workingD.worked9.(07陕西19)I_there little more than a week when I set to work with the scientist.A.would beB.have beenC.had beenD.will be10.(07四川30)-Did you see a man in black pass by just now?-No，sir.I_a newspaper.A.readB.was readingC.would readD.am reading11.(07福建30) Danny_hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.A.worksB.is workingC.has workedD.worked12.(07江苏23)At the end of the meeting，it was announced that an agreement_A.has been reachedB.had been reachedC.has reachedD.had reached13.(06北京27)-_leave at the end of this month.- I dont think you should do that until _ another job.A.Im going to;youd foundB.Im going to;youve foundC.Ill;youll findD.Ill;youd find14.(06浙江16) My friend，who_on the International Olympic Committee all his life，is retiring next month. A.servedB.is servingC.had servedD.has servedWriting:对比观点题型 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。1 有一些人认为。2 另一些人认为。3 我的看法。短文参考模板： The topic of -（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two different opinions about it.( the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.)A majority of people think that _ 观点一_. They hold their view for the reason of -（理由一）What is more, -理由二). Moreover, -(理由三). However, some people hold the different opinioninthismatter.Theyhold the idea that _ 观点二_. In their point of view, on the one hand， _原因一_. On the other hand In my opinion ,I think -（我的观点）. The reason is that -_【实战练习】人们对学生网上交友持不同意见，请你用英语写一篇学生网上交友的短文，介绍人们的不同观点，并表达自己的看法。赞成的理由反对的理由你的看法1 广交朋友2 可自由表达思想3 利于外语学习1 浪费时间2 影响学习3 可能上当受骗 ？ 注意：1 文章必须表中的所有内容2 词数为100120 3 参考词汇：网友online friend (s) , 上当受骗 to be cheated【实战练习】你叫李华。最近，你们班同学就“地球一小时”活动展开了一场热烈盼讨论。下表是这次讨论的结果。请你用英语给中学英语报主编写一封信，介绍你们班的讨论结果并阐明你自己的观点。60的同学支持40的同学反对你的看法引起人们对全球气候变暖的关注做秀，意义不大节约能源收效甚微全世界共同努力，保护地球 给人们生活，学习和工作带来不便注意：1字数120左右； 2开头结尾已给出，不计人总词数。参考词汇：做秀一show 不便一inconvenienceDear Editor， Last week our class had a heated discussion on Earth Hour _【参考范文】Last week our class had a heated discussion on Earth HourDifferent students have different opinions about this activityAbout 60% of the students are in favor of it As we all know ,global warming is a big problem in the world Earth Hour can raise peoples awareness of global warming Besides, turning off lights for an hour is energy-saving Only by working together can we make our earth a better place to live inHowever , about 40% of the students say this activity is not very meaningful They think it is only a show and that it doesnt make much difference Whats more, turning o