2014年中考专项复习.doc

2014年中考专项复习名词（nouns）曾奇珍学习目标1. 知道名词的分类2. 掌握可数名词的复数（规则变化和不规则变化）3. 掌握不可数名字数量的表达法。4. 了解名词所有格的用法（双重所有格和名词复数所有格）5. 注意名词作定语的用法教学过程一名词的分类专有名词：表示人，地方，事物，机构，组织等名称的词。第一个字母一般要大写。如Lucy，Beijing, China, The Great Wall等。普通名词：表示一类人或事物，某种物质或抽象概念的名称。如：book, tree等。二可数名词的复数形式可数名词有单数、复数两种形式。名词复数构成形式分规则变化和不规则变化。名词复数的规则变化：1. 一般加-s map-maps book-books bag-bags car-cars2. 以s, x, sh, ch等结尾的词加-es Bus-buses watch-watches 但如果以-ch 结尾的名词发音为/k/时，只加-s. 如 stomach-stomachs3. 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i 再加esparty-parties baby-babies4. 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时，将f、fe变为ves.（树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去杀狼，架后小偷逃命忙）如 shelf-shelves half-halves knife-knivesleaf-leaves knife-knives leaf-leaveswolf-wolves life-lives thief-thieves5. 以o结尾的名词。A）有生命的加es Negro（黑人）-Negroes heroespotato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes (黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿)B) 无生命的加szoo-zoos photo-photos名词复数的不规则变化（男女孩子的脚踩住老鼠的牙）1. man-men woman-women tooth-teeth child-children mouse-mice foot-feet2. 单复数同形Chinese sheep deer Japanesefish (fishes不同种类的鱼/各种各样的鱼)各国人的复数变化（中日鱼鹿羊，国人中日不变，英法变其余，S加后面）Policeman-policemen Englishman-Englishmen Frenchman-Frenchmen American-Americans Russian-Russians Canadian-CanadiansIndian-Indians Australian-AustraliansAfrican-Africans 注意 Germans Normans常以复数形式出现的名词people police clothes chopstickssocks pants glassesgloves trousers shoes这些名词作主语时，注意他们的谓语用复数My clothes are newer than yours.The police often come here.像class, police, family, team, group等集体名词当他们作主语时，如果表示一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式，如果表示集体中的每一个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。如：Her family is going to move.My family are very well.可数名词常用：how many, many, a few, few, a lot of, lots of, some, any等修饰.三不可数名词不可数名词一般不能用数来计算，没有复数形式。作主语时常看成单数No news is good news.不可数名词一般包括物质或抽象概念的名词，可归纳如下：1. 表材料：wood, meat, paper, gold, chalk2. 表抽象：information, knowledge, news, advice.3. 表食物：food, fruit, water, coffee, milk, rice,4. 表总称：furniture, clothing5. 表自然：air, wind, rain, snow6. 表学科：Chinese， Japanese, English, math, Physics不可数名词的量的表示方法有两种：1. 用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of, some, any等表示多少。如：some milk、a lot of money2. 用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词”来表示多少。单复数表现在of前面的名词上，而of 后始终是单数，如：a piece of news, six bags of rice, two cups of tea.注意：可数名词也可以用量来表示，of 后的名词用复数。There are two bags of oranges over there.We have five boxes of apples.可数与不可数同词，但不同义glass玻璃- a glass 玻璃杯 orange橘子汁- an orange 橘子work工作- a work 著作 room 空间- a room 房间fruit 水果-fruits 各种水果 fish鱼肉-fishes 各种鱼time时间- times 时代 次数 四. 练习 用名词的正确形式填空1. He cut the apple into two_(half).2. The_(potato) are mine.3. How many_(family) are there in this town?4. There are ten_(deer) on the farm.5. These _(German) are _(policeman).6. I like _ a lot, and my mother usually cooks it in different ways. A. fish B. butter C, potatoes D. noodles7. The letter from my uncle was short. There wasnt _news.A. many B. a few C. much D. few8. - Could you please take_for these_? -They are very beautiful.A. any photos; tomatoes B. some photos; tomatoesC. some photos; tomatosD. any photos; tomatos9. What _news it is!A. a good B. good C. a few good D. many good 10. The _are searching for a murderer in the city. A. polices B. policeman C. policewomans D.police 五名词作定语1. 一般情况下，名词作定语修饰主体名词时，常用单数形式。如：an apple tree-two apple trees, country music2. 某些名词修饰主体名词时用复数。如：a sports meeting a clothes shop a clothes shop3. man, woman用作定语时，应与后面的名词的数保持一致We need three men teachers.They are all women workers.4. “数词-名词或数词-名词-形容词”, 也称复合形容词，名词用单数形式。如：A five-year-old boy, a ten-mile walk, an eight-meter-long stick六名词所有格名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种形式：一种是s 所有格；另一种是of 的所有格。s所有格 原则上只用于表示有生命的人或物的名词。如: The teachers book, The horses tail.1. 一般的名词，包括不以s 结尾的复数名词，在词后加S. Toms book, my friends uncle2. 以S结尾的复数名词的所有格形式只在词后加。 如：the teachers office two weeks holiday3. 两者或两者以上共有的所有格形式只在后者用所有格形式，如： Tom and Mikes 若表示分别拥有时，则在每个名词后用所有格形式，如：Toms and Mikes rooms.注意：名词后加“s”不一定都是所有格，要特别注意理解和判断！如：Kates a good girl.Lets go! Kates been to Europe.4. s 所有格表示地点，地点名词习惯上省略My aunts (home) the doctors (office) the barbers (shop)5. 时间，距离，太阳，地球，月亮，江河，海洋，船只，国家，城市，团体机构等名词也可以用s所有格。如：todays newspaper; the citys transportation; two hours walk.Of 所有格一般用于无生命的东西。 The cover of the book the door of the room双重所有格有两种形式1）of + s所有格。如：a sweater of Toms a friend of my fathers 2) of + 名词性物主代词 如：a friend of mine练习1. All the _teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th, because it was their own holiday. A. man B. men C. woman D. women2. Lucy is _sister.A. Mary and Jack B. Marys and Jacks C. Mary and Jacks3. The modle plane was made by a _boy.A. ten-years-boy B. te