法律英语案例赏析ppt课件.ppt

法律英语案例赏析 李想 1 Syllabus 1 Briefintroductionoflaw2 CasesforConstitution CriminalLaw CivilLaw ContractLaw CompanyLaw CopyrightLaw EnvironmentProtectionLaw PropertyLaw LawofMarriage 3 Fourdebateordiscussionovermoives 2 Notice Nohomeworkbutdoreviewthelecture Attendenceisveryimportant Absence 3times 3 Contacts E mailaddress fiona pisces 4 LadyJusticeisthesymbolofthejudiciary Justiceisdepictedasagoddessequippedwiththreesymbolsoftheruleoflaw aswordsymbolizingthecourt scoercivepower scalesrepresentingtheweighingofcompetingclaims andablindfoldindicatingimpartiality KingHammurabiisrevealedthecodeoflawsbytheMesopotamiansungodShamash alsoreveredasthegodofjustice 5 Introductiontolaw Lawisasystemofrules usuallyenforcedthroughasetofinstitutions Itshapespolitics economicsandsocietyinnumerouswaysandservesasaprimarysocialmediatorinrelationsbetweenpeople Contractlawregulateseverythingfrombuyingabustickettotradingonderivativesmarkets Propertylawdefinesrightsandobligationsrelatedtothetransferandtitleofpersonal oftenreferredtoaschattel andrealproperty Trustlawappliestoassetsheldforinvestmentandfinancialsecurity whiletortlawallowsclaimsforcompensationifaperson srightsorpropertyareharmed oftenconsideredcivilcaseiffiledunderanissueoftortlawvs criminal Iftheharmiscriminalisedinpenalcode criminallawoffersmeansbywhichthestatecanprosecutetheperpetrator Constitutionallawprovidesaframeworkforthecreationoflaw theprotectionofhumanrightsandtheelectionofpoliticalrepresentatives Administrativelawisusedtoreviewthedecisionsofgovernmentagencies whileinternationallawgovernsaffairsbetweensovereignnationstatesinactivitiesrangingfromtradetoenvironmentalregulationormilitaryaction Writingin350BC theGreekphilosopherAristotledeclared Theruleoflawisbetterthantheruleofanyindividual 6 Legalsystemselaboraterightsandresponsibilitiesinavarietyofways Ageneraldistinctioncanbemadebetweencivillawjurisdictions whichcodifytheirlaws andcommonlawsystems wherejudgemadelawisnotconsolidated Insomecountries religionstillinformsthelaw Lawprovidesarichsourceofscholarlyinquiry intolegalhistory philosophy economicanalysisorsociology Lawalsoraisesimportantandcomplexissuesconcerningequality fairnessandjustice Initsmajesticequality saidtheauthorAnatoleFrancein1894 thelawforbidsrichandpooraliketosleepunderbridges beginthestreetsandstealloavesofbread Inatypicaldemocracy thecentralinstitutionsforinterpretingandcreatinglawarethethreemainbranchesofgovernment namelyanimpartialjudiciary ademocraticlegislature andanaccountableexecutive Toimplementandenforcethelawandprovideservicestothepublic agovernment sbureaucracy themilitaryandpolicearevital Whilealltheseorgansofthestatearecreaturescreatedandboundbylaw anindependentlegalprofessionandavibrantcivilsocietyinformandsupporttheirprogress 7 DifferentCategories substantivelawandprocedurallaw civillawsystemandcommonlawsystem departmentsoflaw Constitution Administrativelaw TortLaw CriminalLaw CivilLaw InternationalLaw ContractLaw CompanyLaw CopyrightLaw EnvironmentProtectionLaw ConsumerLaw PropertyLaw LawofMarriage etc 8 Substantivelawandprocedurallaw Substantivelawisthestatutoryorwrittenlawthatgovernsrightsandobligationsofthosewhoaresubjecttoit Substantivelawdefinesthelegalrelationshipofpeoplewithotherpeopleorbetweenthemandthestate Substantivelawstandsincontrasttoprocedurallaw Procedurallawcomprisestherulebywhichacourthearsanddetermineswhathappensincivillawsuit criminaloradministrativeproceedings Therulesaredesignedtoensureafairandconsistentapplicationofdueprocess intheU S orfundamentaljustice inothercommonlawcountries toallcasesthatcomebeforeacourt whichcomprisestherulesbywhichacourthearsanddetermineswhathappensincivilorcriminalproceedings Procedurallawdealswiththemethodandmeansbywhichsubstantivelawismadeandadministered Thetimeallowedforonepartytosueanotherandtherulesoflawgoverningtheprocessofthelawsuitareexamplesofprocedurallaws Substantivelawdefinescrimesandpunishments inthecriminallaw aswellascivilrightsandresponsibilitiesincivillaw Itiscodifiedinlegislatedstatutesorcanbeenactedthroughtheinitiativeprocess procedurallaw 9 Difference Anotherwayofsummarizingthedifferencebetweensubstantiveandproceduralisasfollows Substantiverulesoflawdefinerightsandduties whileproceduralrulesoflawprovidethemachineryforenforcingthoserightsandduties However thewaytothiscleardifferentiationbetweensubstantivelawand servingthesubstantivelaw procedurallawhasbeenlong sinceintheRomancivilproceduretheactioincludedbothsubstantiveandproceduralelements 10 Civillawsystem Civillawisthelegalsystemusedinmostcountriesaroundtheworldtoday Incivillawthesourcesrecognisedasauthoritativeare primarily legislation especiallycodificationsinconstitutionsorstatutespassedbygovernment andcustom 11 Commonlawsystem Commonlawandequityarelegalsystemswheredecisionsbycourtsareexplicitlyacknowledgedtobelegalsources The doctrineofprecedent orstaredecisis Latinfor tostandbydecisions meansthatdecisionsbyhighercourtsbindlowercourts Commonlawsystemsalsorelyonstatutes passedbythelegislature butmaymakelessofasystematicattempttocodifytheirlawsthanina civillaw system CommonlaworiginatedfromEnglandandhasbeeninheritedbyalmosteverycountryoncetiedtotheBritishEmpire 12 Departmentsoflaw TheFrenchDeclarationoftheRightsofManandoftheCitizen 人权宣言 whoseprinciplesstillhaveconstitutionalvalue ThejudgesoftheInternationalCourtofJusticeintheHague 13 Legalinstitutions Lawislessabodyofstaticrulesthana dynamicprocessbywhichrulesareconstantlychanged created andmoldedtofitparticularsituations Changesarecontinuouslymadebyvariousinstitutionsinasociety Law smaininstitutionsinliberaldemocraciesaretheindependentjudiciaries thejusticesystems therepresentativelegislaturesorparliaments anaccountableexecutive acompetentandnon corruptbureaucracy apoliceforce aciviliancontrolofthemilitaryandarobustlegalprofessionensuringpeople saccesstojusticeandapluralisticcivilsociety atermusedtorefertothesocialinstitutions communitiesandpartnershipsthatformlaw spoliticalbasis 14 Judiciary Ajudiciaryisanumberofjudgesmediatingdisputestodetermineoutcome Mostcountrieshavesystemsofappealcourts answeringuptoasupremelegalauthority IntheUnitedStates thisistheSupremeCourt inAustralia theHighCourt intheUK theHouseofLords InChina 最高法院 Somecountriesallowtheirhighestjudicialauthoritytoover rulelegislationtheydeterminedasunconstitutional 15 Ajudiciaryistheoreticallyboundbytheconstitution muchaslegislativebodiesare Inmostcountriesjudgesmayonlyinterprettheconstitutionandallotherlaws Butincommonlawcountries wheremattersarenotconstitutional thejudiciarymayalsocreatelawunderthedoctrineofprecedent Incommuniststates suchasChina thecourtsareoftenregardedaspartsoftheexecutive orsubservienttothelegislature governmentalinstitutionsandofficersexertthusvariousformsofinfluenceonthejudiciary 16 Legislature ProminentexamplesoflegislaturesaretheHousesofParliamentinLondon theCongressinWashingtonD CTopasslegislation amajorityofMembersofParliamentmustvoteforabill proposedlaw ineachhouse Normallytherewillbeseveralreadingsandamendmentsproposedbythedifferentpoliticalfactions Ifacountryhasanentrenchedconstitution aspecialmajorityforchangestotheconstitutionwillberequired makingchangestothelawmoredifficult Agovernmentusuallyleadstheprocess whichcanbeformedfromMembersofParliament e g theUKorGermany Butinapresidentialsystem anexecutiveappointsacabinettogovernfromhisorherpoliticalallieswhetherornottheyareelected e g theUnitedStatesorBrazil andthelegislature sroleisreducedtoeitherratificationorveto 17 ThedebatingchamberoftheEuropeanParliament 18 Executive Theexecutiveinalegalsystemserveasagovernment scentreofpoliticalauthority Inaparliamentarysystem aswithBritain Italy Germany India andJapan theexecutiveisknownasthecabinet andcomposedofmembersofthelegislature TheexecutiveischosenbythePrimeMinisterorChancellor whoseofficeholdspowerundertheconfidenceofthelegislature Becausepopularelectionsappointpoliticalpartiestogovern theleaderofapartycanchangeinbetweenelections Theheadofstateisapartfromtheexecutive andhe sheusuallylacksformalpoliticalpoweryetsymbolicallyenactslawsandactsasrepresentativeofthenation ExamplesincludetheGermanpresident appointedbytheParliament theQueenoftheUnitedKingdom ahereditarytitle Theotherimportantmodelisthepresidentialsystem foundinFrance theU S andRussia Inpresidentialsystems theexecutiveactsasbothheadofstateandheadofgovernment andhaspowertoappointanunelectedcabinet Underapresidentialsystem theexecutivebranchisseparatefromthelegislaturetowhichisnotaccountable Althoughtheroleoftheexecutivevariesfromcountrytocountry usuallyitwillproposethemajorityoflegislation andproposegovernmentagenda Inpresidentialsystems theexecutiveoftenhasthepowertovetolegislation Mostexecutivesinbothsystemsareresponsibleforforeignrelations themilitaryandpolice andthebureaucracy Ministersorotherofficialsheadacountry spublicoffices suchasaforeignministryorinteriorministry Theelectionofadifferentexecutiveisthereforecapableofrevolutionisinganentirecountry sapproachtogovernment 19 representativesofeachcountry sexecutivebranch G8 八国集团 由美国 英国 法国 德国 意大利 加拿大 日本和俄罗斯八国组成 20 TheUnitedNations NewYorkheadquartershousescivilservantsthatserveits192memberstates 21 LegalProfession Acorollaryoftheruleoflawistheexistenceofalegalprofessionsufficientlyautonomoustobeabletoinvoketheauthorityoftheindependentjudiciary therighttoassistanceofanadvocateinacourt inEnglandthefunctionofbarristeroradvocateisdistinguishedfromlegalcounselor solicitor AstheEuropeanCourtofHumanRightshasstated thelawshouldbeadequatelyaccessibletoeveryoneandpeopleshouldbeabletoforeseehowthelawaffectsthem Inordertomaintainprofessionalism thepracticeoflawistypicallyoverseenbyeitheragovernmentorindependentregulatingbodysuchasabarassociation barcouncilorlawsociety Modernlawyersachievedistinctprofessionalidentitythroughspecifiedlegalprocedures e g successfullypassingaqualifyin