英语语法教材(改2学生).doc

英语语法English Grammar （改编版2）第一章 动词的时态 Tenses of Finite Verbs 一、动词的16种时态： 现在一般时work/works现在进行时 are/is/am working现在完成时have/has worked现在完成进行时have/has been working过去一般时 worked过去进行时were/was working过去完成时had worked过去完成进行时had been working将来一般时will /shall work将来进行时will/shall be working将来完成时will/shall have worked将来完成进行时will/shall have been working过去将来一般时would/should work过去将来进行时would/should be working过去将来完成时would/should have worked过去将来完成进行时would/should havebeen working Exercise 1 Write down all the tenses of the verb “take”, “make”, “get”.（Take “he” as subject）.二、动词时态的含义及用法1、一般时与进行时 Exercise 2 Use the “Simple Past” or “Past Progressive” to fill the blanks in the following sentences. 1) I (call) _ Roger at nine last night, but he (be, not) _ at home. He (study) _ at the library.2) I (hear, not ) _ hear the thunder during the storm last night because I (sleep) _.3) It was beautiful yesterday when we went for a walk in the park. The sun (shine) _. A cool breeze (blow) _. The birds (sing) _.4) My brother and sister (argue) _ about something when I (walk) _ into the room.5) While Mrs. Emerson (read) _ the little boy a story, he (fall) _, so she (close) _ the book and quietly (tiptoe) _ out of the room.6) I really enjoyed my vacation last January. While it (snow) _ in Iowa, the sun (shine) was shining in Florida. While you (shovel) _ snow in Iowa, I (lie) _ on the beach in Florida.7) While Ted (shovel) _ snow from his driveway yesterday, his wife (bring) _ him a cup of hot chocolate.8) A: (hear, you) _ what she just said?B: No, I (listen, not) _. I (think) _ about something else.2、过去一般时和现在完成时(Simple Past vs Present Perfect)1) 从句子的意思判断该用哪种时态 Did he come? Has he come? 2) 从句子中表示时间的状语来决定用哪种时态 (1) a) I met him yesterday. (2) up till/to now, so far, recently, before, in the past等。 (3) 与already, just (与just now比较), ever, never等副词连用。 b) Ive already finished my work.(4) since和for引出的时间状语时， c) It has rained a great deal since you left.Exercise 3 Use the “Simple Past” or “Present Perfect” to fill the blanks in the following sentences. 1) I (attend, not) _ any parties since I came here. 2) Al (go) _ to a party at Sallys apartment last Saturday night. 3) Bill (arrive) _ here three days ago. 4) Bill (be) _ here since the 22nd. 5) Try not to be absent from class again for the rest of the term. You (miss, already) _ too many classes. You (miss) _ two classes just last week. 6) Last January, I (see) _ snow for first time in my life. 7) In her whole lifetime, Anna (see, never)_. 8) So far this week, I (have) _ two tests and a quiz. 9) Up to now, Professor Williams (give) _ our class five tests. 10) I (know) _ Greg Adams for ten years. 11) What (learn, you) _ since you (come) _? How many new friends (make, you) _? I hope you (meet, already) _ a lot of interesting people. 12) Last night my roommate and I (have) _ some free time, so we (go) _ to a show. 13) Since the beginning of the twentieth century, medical scientists (make) _ many important discoveries. 14) Libraries today are different from those in the 1800s. For example, the contents of libraries (change) _ greatly through the years. In the 1800s, libraries (be) _ simply collections of books. However, today most libraries (become) _ multimedia centers that contain tapes, computers, disks, films, magazines, music, and paintings. The role of the library in society (change, also) _. In the 1800s, libraries (be) _ open only to certain people, such as scholars or the wealthy. Today libraries serve everyone.15. A: Are you taking Chemistry 101 this semester?B: No, I (take, already) _ it. I (take) _ it last semester. This semester Im in 102.3、过去一般时和过去完成时(Simple Past vs Past Perfect) a. The play had already started when we got to the theater. b. They told me that the parcel had arrived on May 3rd.Exercise 4 Use to the “Simple Past” or “Past Perfect” to fill the blanks in the following sentences. 1) He (be) _ a newspaper reporter before he (became) became a business man.2) I (feel) felt a little better after I (take) _ the medicines.3) I was late. The teacher (give, already) _ a quiz when I (get) got to class. 4) The anthropologist (leave) _ the village when she (collect) _ enough data.5) It was raining hard, but by the time class (be) _ over, the rain (stop) _. 6) Class (begin, already) _ by the time I (get) _ there, so I (take, quickly) _ a seat in the back. 7) I (see, never) _ any of Picassos paintings before I (visit) _ the art museum. 8) I almost missed my plane. All of the other passengers (board, already) _ by the time I (get) _ there. 9) Yesterday at a restaurant, I (see) _ Pam Donnelly, an old friend of mine. I (see, not) _ her in years. At first, I (recognize, not) _ her because she (lose) _ at least fifty pounds.4、完成时与完成进行时a. He has just finished his homework.b. He is ill. Hes been lying in the bed for three weeks.c. He told me that he had seen the film the day before. d. The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.e. I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year.g. The day was drawing near when we would have completed the reservoir.h. He said that by the end of the Spring term he would have been studying English for three years. Exercise 5 Use the proper form of verbs to fill in the blanks in the following sentences. 1. It (snow) _ all day. I wonder when it will stop. 2. We (have) _ three major snowstorms so far this winter. I wonder how many more we will have. 3. Its ten p.m. I (study) _ for two hours and properly wont finish until midnight. 4. I (live) _ here since last March. 5. The telephone (ring) _ for almost a minute. Why doesnt someone answer it? 6. The telephone (ring) _ four times in the last hour, and each time it has been for my roommate. 7. Jack suddenly realized that the teacher was asking him a question. He couldnt answer because he (daydream) _ for the last ten minutes. 8. Wake up! You (sleep) _ long enough. Its time to get up. 9. At least two hundred people were waiting in line to buy tickets to the game. Some of them (stand) _ in line for more than four hours. 10) Ann and Andy got married on June 1st. Today is June 14th. Ann and Andy (be) _ married for two weeks. By June 7th, they (be) _ married for one week. By June 28th, they (be) _ married four weeks. 11) This traffic is terrible. Were going to be late. By the time we (get) _ to the airport, Bobs plane (arrive, already) _, and hell be wondering where we are. 12) The traffic was very heavy. By the time we (get) _ to the airport, Bobs plane (arrive, already) _. 13) This morning I came to class at 9:00. Right now it is 10:00, and Im still in class. I (sit) _ at this desk for an hour. By 9:30, I (sit) _ here for half an hour. By 11:00, I (sit) _ here for two hours. 14) Im getting tired of sitting in the car. Do you realize that by the time we arrive in Phoenix, we (drive) _ for twenty hours? 15) Margaret was born in 1950. By the year 2000, she (live) _ on the earth for 50 years.5、过去完成时、过去将来完成时 a. I had finished my homework before supper. b. By the end of that year, Henry had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps.c. He said he would have repaired all the machines by the end of the next week. d. By the end of next month, the building will have been completed.6、进行时与完成进行时 When Professor Jones retired next month, he will have been teaching for 45 years.三、时态呼应1、a. He says that he will find a job. b. He says that he found a job. 2、a. He said that he would find a job. b. He said that he had found a job. 3、The doctor said that I am a little overweight.a. I heard that your children like music. c. I told you that the road is closed. 需要遵守这种时态呼应规律的主要是下面几类从句：宾语从句，主语及表语从句，同位语从句，作表语用的 sorry, afraid, glad, worried, certain, sure 等形容词后面的从句。a. What he was uncertain about was whether he would succeed or fail. b. He expressed the hope that he would come to the party. c. They were sure they could do the work well. 第二章 被动语态Passive Voice一、被动语态的构成 (Forming the Passive)被动语态的形式：be + doneExercise 1 Turn the following sentences into the passive: 1. Tom opens the door. The door _opened by Tom.2. Tom is opening the door. The door _ opened by Tom.3. Tom has opened the door. The door _ opened by Tom.4. Tom opened the door. The door _ opened by Tom.5. Tom was opening the door. The door _ opened by Tom.6. Tom had opened the door. The door _ opened by Tom.7. Tom will open the door. The door _ opened by Tom.8. Tom is going to open the door. The door _ opened by Tom.9. Torn will have opened the door. The door _ opened by Tom.Exercise 2 Turn the following sentences into the passive: l) Didnt they tell you to be here by six oclock?2) The wind blew his hat down the street.3) We have asked some friends of hers to join us.4) He found the door closed.5) They will take her to hospital tomorrow.6) Somebody has split tea al1 over the tablecloth.8) The Republican Party have nominated a well- known businessman as their candidate.9) The chairman has appointed Mr. Brown as treasurer.10) Ladies used to wear their dresses very long. 二、被动语态的用法 Exercise 3 Turn the following sentences into the passive, if possible: l. People grow corn in Iowa. 2. Peter came here two months ago.3. Someone made this antique table in 1734. 4. An accident happened at the corner of Fifth and Main.5. Someone was making the coffee when I walked into the kitchen. 6. Translators have translated that book into many languages. 7. The judges will judge the applicants on the basis of their originality. 8. My sisters p1ane will arrive at 10:35.9. Is Professor Rivers teaching that course this semester?10. When did someone invent the radio? 11. The mail carrier had already delivered the mail by the time I left for school this morning. 12. When is someone going to announce the results of the contest? 13. Ever since I arrived here, I have been 1iving in the dormitory because someone told me that it was cheaper to live there than in an apartment.14. They are gong to build the new hospital next year. They have a1ready built the new elementary schco1. 15. If you expose a film to light whi1e you are developing it, you will ruin the negatives. 三、双宾语句子的被动语态 Someone gave Mrs. Lee ( I.O.间接宾语) an award ( D. O.直接宾语). Mrs. Lee was given an award. An award was given to Mrs. Lee. Exercise 4 Rewrite the following sentences in two passive forms: 1. Someone handed Ann a menu at the restaurant.2. Indiana University has awarded Peggy a scholarship.3. Some company paid Fred three hundred dollars in consulting fees. 4. A local advertising company has offered Maria a good job. 5. They will send you a bill at the end of the month. 6. Someone will give the starving people a weeks supply of rice as soon as the food supplies arrive in the famine-stricken area. 7. Someone will read you another chapter next time. 8. People ought to tell us how much they expect of us. 9. I can assure you I will arrange everything in time. 10. People say that tortoises live longer than elephants. 第三章 主谓一致Subject-verb Concord一、语法一致（Grammatical Concord） 1、主语由“as well as +名词/代词”等短语修饰时的主谓一致 这些词和词组有：（together）with, as well as, like, but, except, rather than, more than, including, accompanied by , combined with, plus, besides, no less than等。 An expert, together with some assistants, was sent to help in this work. John， along with twenty friends, is planning a party.2、以-s 结尾的单数名词做主语 1) news: Here is the news from the BBC.2) 以-ics结尾表示学科名称的名词, 这类名词有：physics，politics，mathematics，athletics，economics，classics statistics，linguistics，ethics, gymnasticsStatistics is a branch of mathematics 3) 以-s 结尾表示疾病名称的名词，如: measles(麻疹)， mumps（流行性腮腺炎）， rickets（佝偻病），shingles（带状疱疹） Measles is a serious illness.3、二合一复数名词做主语 glasses（眼镜） spectacles（眼镜） scales（天平） scissors（剪刀） clippers（钳子） tweezers（镊子） jeans（工装裤） pants（裤子） shorts （短裤） slacks（便裤） tights（紧身衣裤） trousers（裤子） My blue trousers are almost worn out. My glasses (spectacles) are new. 注 A pair of gloves is a nice present.二、概念一致（Notional Concord） 1、集体名词的主谓一致1）通常作复数的集体名词 这类词有：people, police, cattle, poultry（家禽）, militia, youth, livestock（农场里饲养的牲畜）等 The militia are all out drilling. Cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.2）通常作不可数名词的集体名词 这类词有：machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise (商品)等， All the machinery in the factory is made in china.3）既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词这类词有：audience, herd（兽群、牧群）, crowd, troop, team, family, committee, class（班级、年级）, crew （全体船员、乘务员）, staff（职工）, enemy, government, group, population, couple（一对、一双）, army, jury（陪审团）, department, orchestra, union（工会、协会、联盟）, board（委员会）, community（公社、团体、公众）, council, party（党派、一批、一组）, club等， The committee is upstairs having a meeting. The committee are divided in opinion.2、and 连接主语时的主谓一致 1) My best student and friend has gone to America. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 【注】A writer, and sometimes an artist, is invited to address the society. Peter, and perhaps John, plays football. 2) Every boy and (every) girl likes sports. No teacher and (no) student is admitted. 3、数量词及其短语做主语1) Ten dollars is all I have left. Twenty miles is a long way to walk. Three pints isnt enough to get me drunk. 2) Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.About eighty percent of the people there speak English. Thirty percent of what we need is provided by this company. Only about one-third of the class is going to make it next year. 【注】 Three-fourths of anybodys fame are mere suggestion. 4、“the 形容词/分词”做主语1）The extremely old need a great deal of attention. The industrious Dutch are admired by their neighbours. 2） The new always supersedes the old. The accused was a famous doctor. 5、either of和neither of 用于主语时， Either of the engineers is capable of this work. Neither of your friends is coming to your birthday party. 6、“the number of / a number of + 名词” 结构的主谓一致A large number of people have come to see the exhibition.The number of stamp-collectors is growing. 三、近邻一致( Principle of Proximity) 1、or He or I am in the wrong. He or his brothers were to blame. 2、either or / neithernorEither Tim or his brothers have to shovel the snow.Neither you nor your bother is in fault. 3、not only but also； not. but； not just .but even Not only he but also his wife has arrived. Not one but all of us were invited.Not just the students but even the teacher is enjoying the film. 四、“表部分的名词 of 名词”结构与动词的一致1、谓语动词与of 后面的名词的数保持一致的结构有： a lot of, all of, some of, none of; plenty/most of, the majority/rest of, (a) part/half of The majority of the damage is easy