Unit 8 knowledge and wisdom56055.ppt

KnowledgeandWisdom abridged BertrandRussell Philosophy philo sophiaLoveofwisdompursuitofwisdom TeachingObjectives Bytheendofthisunit youaresupposedtounderstandthemainidea structureofthistextandRussell swritingstylemasterthekeylanguagepointsandgrammaticalstructuresinthetextbeabletodiscussthephilosophicalconceptofwisdompassagetranslation TeachingProcedure 1 GroupPresentation2 Pre readingQuestions3 TextAnalysisMainideaofthetextStructureanalysisTextanalysis4 LanguagePoints5 Translation6 Revision Pre readingQuestions WhoisRussell Whatdoyouknowabouthim 2 2 4 闻知 说知 亲知 墨经 三十辐共一毂 当其无 有车之用 埏埴以为器 当其无 有器之用 凿户牖以为室 当其无 有室之用 故有之以为利 无之以为用 道德经 学而不思则罔 思而不学则殆 论语 道可道 非常道 名可名 非常名 道德经 BertrandRussell 1872 1970 Philosopher mathematician logician theNobleLaureateinLiterature 1950 AproponentofnucleardisarmamentandoutspokencriticofAmericanWarinVietnamAnatheist IsThereaGod MainIdea AccordingtoRussell whichone s ofthefollowingitemsconstitute s wisdom A ComprehensivenessmixedwithasenseofproportionB AfullawarenessoftheendsofhumanlifeC EmancipationfrompersonalprejudiceD ImpartialityKey A B C D StructureAnalysis Workouttheoutlineofthistextwithyourpartners1 Thesis 2 Factorone Coherencedevice 3 Factortwo Coherencedevice 4 Factorthree 5 Factorfour severalfactorsthatcontributetowisdom asenseofproportion however also awarenessoftheendsofhumanlife notonly but emancipationfrompersonalprejudice impartiality KnowledgeandWisdom 1 Mostpeoplewouldagreethat althoughouragefarsurpasses begreaterthan allpreviousagesinknowledge therehasbeennocorrelative haverelationto increaseinwisdom Butagreementceases therearevariousopinions assoonasweattempttodefine wisdom andconsidermeans amethod ofpromotingit Iwanttoaskfirstwhatwisdomis andthenwhatcanbedonetoteachit sur over abovee g surcharge 1 Whatisthethemeofthisparagraph Mostpeoplewouldagreethat althoughouragefarsurpassesallpreviousagesinknowledge therehasbeennocorrelativeincreaseinwisdom 2 Whatisthepurposeofthiswriting Russellwouldliketodiscusswhatcontributestowisdomandhottoteachwisdom 2 Thereare Ithink severalfactorsthatcontributeto helpcausesth wisdom OftheseIshouldputfirstasenseofproportion thecapacitytotakeaccountofalltheimportantfactorsinaproblemandtoattachtoeachitsdueweight theabilitytoconsiderallthesignificantfactorsinaproblemandtoanalyzetheirsimportancerespectively Thishasbecomemoredifficultthanitusedtobeowingtotheextentandcomplexityofthespecializedknowledgerequiredofvariouskindsoftechnicians Suppose forexample thatyouareengagedin bebusy researchinscientificmedicine Theworkisdifficultandislikelytoabsorb occupy thewholeofyourintellectualenergy Youhavenottimetoconsidertheeffectwhichyourdiscoveriesorinventionsmayhaveoutsidethefieldofmedicine Yousucceed letussay asmodernmedicinehassucceeded in achieveaims enormouslyloweringtheinfantdeath rate notonlyinEuropeandAmerica butalsoinAsiaandAfrica Thishastheentirelyunintendedresultofmakingthefoodsupplyinadequateandloweringthestandardoflifeinthemostpopulous denselypopulated partsoftheworld ous characterizeby ofthenaturee g mountainous poisonous Totakeanevenmorespectacularexample whichisineverybody smindatthepresenttime Youstudythecompositionoftheatomfromadisinterested fair objective desireforknowledge andincidentallyplaceinthehandsofpowerfullunaticsthemeansofdestroyingthehumanrace disinterestedvs uninterestedfair objectivevs notinterestedin Insuchwaysthepursuitofknowledgemaybecomeharmfulunlessitiscombinedwithwisdom andwisdominthesenseofcomprehensivevisionisnotnecessarilypresentinspecialistsinthepursuitofknowledge ParagraphDevelopment Topic HowdoesRusselldevelopedhispoint Giveexamples Scientificmedicineresearch Atomresearch Whatistherelationshipbetweenthesetwoexamples Asenseofproportion 3 Comprehensivenessalone however isnotenoughtoconstitutewisdom Theremustbe also acertainawarenessoftheendsofhumanlife theultimategoalofhumanlife Thismaybeillustratedbythestudyofhistory Manyeminent famousandadmired historianshavedonemoreharmthangoodbecausetheyviewedfactsthroughthedistortingmediumoftheirownpassions Hegelhadaphilosophyofhistorywhichdidnotsufferfromanylackofcomprehensiveness sinceitstartedfromtheearliesttimesandcontinuedintoanindefinitefuture Butthechieflessonofhistorywhichhesoughttoinculcate fixidea beliefbyrepeating wasthatfromtheyear400ADdowntohisowntimeGermanyhadbeenthemostimportantnationandthestandard bearer aleadingfigure ofprogressintheworld Perhapsonecouldstretchthecomprehensivenessthatcontituteswisdomtoincludenotonlyintellectbutalsofeeling Itisbynomeansuncommontofindmen litotes 反义法 曲意法 Itiscommonthat whoseknowledgeiswidebutwhosefeelingsarenarrow SuchmenlackwhatIcallwisdom ParagraphDevelopment Topic HowdoesRusselldevelophispoint GiveexampleHegelWhatishisattitudetowardsHegel Negative wideknowledgebutnarrowfeelings acertainawarenessoftheendsoflife 4 Itisnotonlyinpublicways butinprivatelifeequally thatwisdomisneeded Itisneededinthechoiceofendstobepursuedandinemancipationfrom freedomfrom personalprejudice Evenanendwhichitwouldbenobletopursueifitwereattainablemaybepursuedunwiselyifitisinherentlyimpossibleofachievement Itwouldbeunwisetopursueagoalthatisboundtofailthoughitmightbenobletodoso Manymeninpastagesdevotedtheirlivestoasearchforthephilosopher sstoneandtheelixiroflife tellusstoryabout秦始皇 Nodoubt iftheycouldhavefoundthem theywouldhaveconferred given grant greatbenefitsuponmankind butasitwas inreality intheactualsituation theirliveswerewasted Theywouldhavegivengreatbenefitstohumanbeings butinrealitytheirliveswerewasted Todescendtolessheroicmatters considerthecaseoftwomen MrAandMrB whohateeachotherand throughmutualhatred bringeachothertodestruction SupposeyoudgotheMrAandsay WhydoyouhateMrB Hewillnodoubtgiveyouanappalling horrifying shocking listofMrB svices moralfaults partlytrue partlyfalse AndnowsupposeyougotoMrB HewillgiveyouanexactlysimilarlistofMrA sviceswithanequaladmixtureoftruthandfalsehood SupposeyounowcomebacktoMrAandsay YouwillbesurprisedtoolearnthatMrBsaysthesamethingsaboutyouasyousayabouthim andyougotoMrBandmakeasimilarspeech Thefirsteffect nodoubt willbetoincreasetheirmutualhatred sinceeachwillbesohorrifiedbytheother sinjustice Butperhaps ifyouhavesufficientpatienceandsufficientpersuasiveness youmaysucceedinconvincingeachthattheotherhasonlythenormalshareofhumanwickedness andthattheirenmityisharmfultoboth Ifyoucandothis youwillhaveinstilled graduallybutfirmlyestablishinone smind somefragmentofwisdom ParagraphDevelopment Topic Examples1 2 27 可编辑 5 Ithinktheessenceofwisdomisemancipation asfataspossible fromthetyrannyofthehereandnow Ithinkthekeytowisdomistofreeoneselffromthecontrolandlimitationofone sphysicalandemotionalworld Wecannothelptheegoismofoursenses Sightandsoundandtouchareboundupwith connectwith ourownbodiesandcannotbeimpersonal Ouremotionsstartsimilarlyfromourselves Aninfantfeelshungerordiscomfort andisunaffectedexceptbyhisownphysicalcondition Graduallywiththeyears hishorizonwidens and inproportionashisthoughtsandfeelingsbecomelesspersonalandlessconcernedwithhisownphysicalstates heachievesgrowingwisdom Thisisofcourseamatterofdegree Noonecanviewtheworldwithcompleteimpartiality judgesituationwithfairness andifanyonecould hewouldhardlybeabletoremainalive Butitispossibletomakeacontinualapproachtowardsimpartiality ontheonehand byknowingthingssomewhatremoteintimeorspace andontheotherhand bygivingtosuchthingstheirdueweightinourfeelings Itisthisapproachtowardsimpartialitythatconstitutesgrowthinwisdom ParagraphDevelopment Topic Development WritingStyle 1 Logicalstructure2 Persuasiveexamples3 Conciselanguage Assignment GroupTaskTranslatethispassageintoChinese IndividualTaskLanguagepoints LanguagePoints surpassv exceed begreaterthane g Thestudentwassurpassinghimselfinmathematics Tom sperformancesurpassedallexpectations correlativea havingorshowingarelationtosth elsee g Rights whethermoralorlegal caninvolvecorrelativeduties Comparison relative to a Ifsth isrelativetosth else itvariesaccordingtothespeedorleveloftheotherthing e g Theamountofpetrolacarusesisrelativetoitsspeed etoanende g Atoneo clocktherainhadceased Heneverceasestoamazeme contributetohelptocauseorbringaboute g Poorfoodcontributedtoherillness takeaccountoftakeintoconsideratione g TheScottishQualifacationsAuthorityhasurgedteacherstotakeaccountofmistakeswhichcanunderminepupils beengagedinbebusye g In2008 81 ofseniorsindicatedtheywereengagedinthepresidentialrace absorbv takeupallyourattentionandenergye g Cookingisasecondcareerwhichabsorbedhermorecompletelythanheractingeverhad succeedinachievewahtoneaimse g Allofuswanttosucceedinlife disinteresteda havingnopersonalinvolvementorreceivingnopersonaladvantage andthereforeabletojudgeasituationfairlye g adisinterestedobserver judgmentapieceofdisinterestedadvice endn agoalordesiredresulte g Doyouhaveaparticularendinmind Hewantedsciencestudentstotakeaninterestinthearts andtothisendheranliteratureclassesathishomeonSundayafternoons inculcatev fixbeliefsorideasinsb smind especiallybyrepeatingthemoftene g Ourfootballcoachhasworkedhardtoinculcateateamspiritin intotheplayers Theywilltrytoinculcateyouwitharespectforculture emancipationn freedomfrompolitical moral intellectualorsocialrestraintsoffensivetoreasonorjusticee g women s femaleemancipationblackemancipationtheemancipationofmankindtheemancipationoftheserfs conferon