M3Unit3GrammarandUsage.doc

学校：吕四中学 姓名：韩秦帅M3 Unit 3 Grammar and Usage（1）课题：Subject-verb agreement and Object complement目标：一、知识与技能：1. To grasp the usages of the Subject-verb agreement and Object complement 2. To grasp these special rules二、过程与方法：1、Read, remember and apply重难点：. To grasp the these special rules and analyse sentence学法：Read, remember and apply过程：知识链接Subject-verb agreement主谓一致Step1.Lead-in一. 谓语需用单数的情况1）表示时间，距离，金钱，长度，重量等复数名词作主语，表达一个整体概念时。 依境活用：Two hours _(is/are) short. Ten yuan _(is/are) enoughThree_ died in the terrible fire in Luo yang last winter.A. hundreds people B. hundred peopleC. hundreds peoplesD. hundred peoplesA teacher of English and class teacher _ us something about volunteer workers.A are telling B. is telling C. are given D. were given2）主语从句，动词不定式，动名词作主语时。 点金： 在主语从句中，整个句子作主语，一般视为单数形式，谓语动词也一般用第三人称单数形式。但有时由what引起的主语从句，谓语动词用第三人称单数还是非第三人称单数形式，随意思而定。依境活用. What he said is correct. 。What she left me_ (is/are) a few books. . What he needs _ (is/are) more time.When well go camping _(has/have) been cancelled.the children in the mountain village need _ good books.A. isB. are C. haveD. hasWhat such a sunset is _ strange to us all.A. going to be B. / C. is D. thatEveryone, men and women, old and young _ sports and games.A. is enjoyB. were enjoyingC. enjoysD. enjoy3).a kind of ,a pair of ,the number of ,one and a half作主语时4).以 s 结尾的单数名词，形单而意单，如表示学科，国家，机构，书籍，报刊等名称作主语时（The United States,news ,physics,maths,politics）.依境活用：. Stories of the Long March _ popular with the young people now.A. is B. was C. are D. were。Mathematics _ the language of science.A. areB. are going to beC. isD. is to be. If law and order _, neither the citizen nor his family is safe.A. are not preserved B. is not preservedC. were preserved D. have not been preserved“ The Kites” _ us a story of the kites history.A. have told B. tells C. were told D. was told5).many a/more than one /each /every/either/neither作主语时。依境活用. Many a student _ something about Abraham Lincoln. A. have knownB. knowsC. is knownD. are known二。谓语需用复数的情况1）people,police,cattle等形单而意复名词作主语。2）the+adj.表示一类人；the+姓氏的复数形式表一家人作主语时。3）由山脉、群岛、瀑布（falls）、运动会等-s结尾的专用名词作主语。4）a number of/quantities of/a group of+名词作主语。依境活用.Both rice and wheat _ grown in our country. A. is B. are C. was D. wereYou and I _ twin sisters.A. were B. are C. is D. amA group of Italian soldiers _ quickly towards their position.A. were advancing B. were advancedC. was advancingD. advancing三。And连接的并列成分谓语为单数情况1）由and连接的并列成分指的是同一概念或成对的名词，如bread and butter,soda and watter,coffee and milk,knife and fork等。2）everyand every;eachand each;noand no;many aand many a连接两个单数名词作主语。四。谓语动词作主语谓语单复数情况1）集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如team,family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee,sheep,fish.deer，works,means等词后，谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如： His family isnt very large. 他家成员不多。 His family are music lovers.他家个个都是音乐爱好者。依境活用.Our team _ （is/are)very important to me.Our team _ （is/are)now traveling to xinjiang.The whole family _ TV attentively.A. are watchingB. is watchingC. is seeingD. are seeingThe defence works _ built long ago to keep the enemy away.A. were B. has been C. had been D. was 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如： Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗？2）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。例如： A number of +名词复数+复数动词。 The number of +名词复数+单数动词。 A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English.依境活用.Three million tons of coal _ every year in the city.A. is exploitedB. are exploitedC. had exploitedD. have exploited3）用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of ,百分数+ of等引起主语时，谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如： Most of his money is spent on books. Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.依境活用.Seventy-five percent of the earths surface _ with water.A. is coveredB. is coveringC. were coveredD. are coveredThousands of tons of rubbish _ over a large period of time.A. rots awayB. rot away C. has rotted awayD. are rotted away4）用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。例如： A series of accidents has been reported. A pile of lots was set beside the hearth.。5）如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如： Many a person has read the novel.许多人读过这本书。 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。6)定语从句谓语动词的形式取决于其先行词的单复数。依境活用.I, who _ your close friend, will try my best to help you out of trouble.A. am B. is C. are D. beThe Olympic Games in the year 2008 _ in Beijing of China, which _ known to us all.A. is to hold; is B. is to be held; wasC. are to hold; is D. are to be held; is7）one of + 名词复数引导定语从句时，若 one 前有the only/very修饰时，定语从句谓语动词用单数，反之用复数。8)all 作主语表示人时，谓语用复数；若表物，谓语则用单数。五。主谓一致中的就近原则either or /neither nor/here/there/not onlybut also/not but /or六。主谓一致中的就前原则with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.He as well as I wants to go boating.依境活用：Either you or the president _ the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting.A. is handing out B. are to hand outC. are handing out D. is to hand outThere _ a lot of rubbish on the floor so I asked Mary to sweep _ up.A. were; itB. are; themC. was; itD. is; them _ either of your parents come to see you recently?A. HaveB. HadC. HasD. IsNothing but several glasses _ bought by my father the day before yesterday.A. was B. were C. have been D. would beThere _ little change in that middle school.A. have B. had C. have been D. has beenNot only you but also I _ able to help him out.A. are B. is C. am D. wereMayor as well as volunteer workers _ the newly-built stadium.A. is cleaningB. are cleaning C. were cleaningD. have cleaned（2）Object complementStep1.Analyse sentence.S主语；V谓语；P表语；O宾语；O1间接宾语；O2直接宾语；C宾语补足语 Eg. He runs quickly. S+V1.The story sounds interesting _2.They built a house last year _3.He offered me his seat / his seat to me. _4.They found her happy that day _5.I found him out. _6.They named the boy Charlie _7.I saw him come in and go out _9.They felt the car moving fast _Step2.Object complement一、可以充当宾语补足语的词和词组有：1、名词： We made him our monitor. They thought this good advice. They named their daughter Jenny.注：常用名词充当宾语补足语的动词有： call, name, elect, make, think, appoint, choose, find, consider, keep, wish, feel等。注：充当宾语补足语的名词若表示正式的或独一无二的头衔、职位时，前面一般不用冠词。They elected John chairman of the committee.2、形容词： You should keep your room clean and tidy. Wed better leave the door open.注：常用形容词充当宾语补足语的动词有：believe, think, get, keep, make, find, set, like, wish, see, consider, prove, have, leave, 以及paint, drive, turn, cut 等。3、现在分词： Im sorry to have you waiting for so long. I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face. At this moment she noticed the teacher coming in.二、宾语和其补足语之间的逻辑关系：1、当名词、形容词、副词和介词短语充当宾语补足语时，它们和宾语之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系（或称表语关系），若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。宾语补足语说明宾语的情况、性质、特征、状态、身份或属类等。试比较： We made him our monitor. (He is our monitor.) You should keep your room clean and tidy. (Your room is clean and tidy.) We could hear the children playing outside. (The children are playing outside.)3、当过去分词充当宾语补足语时，它与宾语之间有着动宾关系，即：宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，如： I once heard this song sung in Japanese. (This song was once sung in Japanese.) I didnt want the children taken out in such weather. (The children were taken out in such weather.)三、在用现在分词或不定式作宾语补足语的动词中，有些只能用现在分词作宾语补足语；有些只能用不定式作宾语补足语；还有的动词既能用现在分词又可用不定式作宾语补足语：1、只能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词有：catch, keep, mind, prevent, stop, smell, excuse 等。 She caught her son smoking a cigarette. His words started me thinking.2、只能用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, trust, encourage, let, allow, permit, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, remind, ask, invite, beg, request, worry, advise, persuade, call on, tell, order, command, require, make, force, drive, forbid, warn, help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, think, take, know, judge, consider, suppose, believe, allow, prove, declare等。3、既能用现在分词又可用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：see, watch, notice, look at, observe, listen to, hear, feel, have, imagine, discover, like, want, understand, hate, get, set, leave等。四、使用不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式符号 to 的取舍问题：1、在hear, listen to, let, have, make, see, watch, notice, observe 等动词后的不定式需省去 to 。2、feel 一词，跟 be 型不定式带 to；跟 do 型不定式不带 to。3、help 一词后的不定式，可带 to，也可以不带 to。五、在复合宾语中，宾语通常为名词或代词，但有时也可以用不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或that从句来充当。这时，应使用先行it代替宾语，而将真正的宾语移到句子的后部， I felt it necessary to speak about our shortcomings. Do you consider it any good trying again? We all thought it a pity that you couldnt join us.注意：在这种结构中，宾语补足语通常为名词或形容词；常用于这种结构的动词有： feel, find, think, make, take, judge, consider 等。【小结】1. 宾语补足语是补充宾语的成分,通常置于宾语之后。 宾语+宾语补足语=复合宾语。2. 可以用作宾补的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词。3. 能带宾补的动词一定是及物动词。4. 主动语态句子中的宾语在被动语态句子中是主语，相应的宾补就成为主补。常跟宾语补足语的动词：第一类 感官动词, 所接的宾补可以是不带to的动词不定式，也可以是现在分词或过去分词。feel, hear, listen to, notice, observe, see, watch, look atI saw him cross/crossing the road. = He was seen_/ _ the road.但变为被动语态时,不定式的to要还原。第二类, 使役动词, 所接的宾补多为动词不定式或过去分词。如：let, have, get, make, would like, want等。This makes people know the importance of protecting the environment. If you are back, will you please make yourself known to me?The machine doesnt work. I must have it repaired right now.第三类, 含命名意义的动词, 所接的宾补一般是名词。如：call, name, appoint, elect, make, consider等。Call me Joe, please. She was elected president of the company.复合宾语和双宾语的区别: They have made me the chairman. _ 选我当主席They have made me a nice chair. _ 为我做了把好椅子第四类, v + sb. + to do sth. 结构中的动词, 所接的宾补一般是不定式。advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, expect, force, get, help, inspire, invite, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, require, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn, wish, report等第五类, find, keep, leave 等几个词的用法非常灵活, 后面所接的宾补可以是形容词、副词、现在分词、过去分词等。We found it very difficult to solve the problem.How can you keep them waiting for so long?Keep the door closed.改出一处错并指出宾补： 1. None of us think likely that anyone survived the air crash. _2. The government is considering a law to make it illegal advertising cigarette. _课堂检测1.填空1) His Selected Poems ( be )first published in 19652) Twenty dollars ( be )enough for the coat 3) The poor woman with her two children ( see, beg ) in a street corner 4) Is there anybody in the classroom? No, the teacher as well as the students ( go ) to the playground 5) Three-fourths of the land ( cover ) by forest and grass 6) Have you heard about the new school? No, when and where to build the new one ( not decide ) 7) E-mail，as well as telephones， ( play ) an important part in daily communication8) The worker and poet ( invite ) to the party the other day9) This morning I saw Mr. Lee _ _(kill) a chicken.10) When I was here last year, the bridge was seen _ _ (build)by the workers.2选择填空1. The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons. A. were, was B. was, was C. was, were D. were, were 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, _ an important part in daily communication. A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play 3. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass. A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are 4. Ten minutes _ a long time for one who waits. A. seem B. seems C. seemed D. are seemed 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _ a driving license. A. has B. have C. is having D. are having 6. Joy and Sorrow _ next-door neighbours. A. is B. are C. were D. be7. In my opinion, some of the news _ unbelievable. A. are B. is C. has been D. have been8. When _ the United Nations founded? A. is B. are C. was D. were9. Every possible means _ . A. has tried B. has been tried C. was tried D. were tried 10. What she says and does _ nothing to do with me. A. was B. were C. has D. have11. There _ a dictionary and several books on the desk. A. are B. must C. have been D. is12. Nobody _ seen the film. Its a pity. A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have C. but my friends has D. but I have13. No teacher and no student _ A. are admitted B. is admitted C. are admitting D. is admitting14. All but one _ here just now. A. is B. was C. has been D. were15. When and where to build the new factory _ yet. A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided 16. The writer and singer _ here.A. is B. are C. were D. do17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _ all that I can spare to talk with you. A. are B. was C. is D. were 18. In those days John with his classmates _ kept busy preparing for the exam. A. is B. are C. was D. were 19. _ your clothes? No, mine _ hanging over there. A. Is it, is B. Are these, are C. Is it, are D. Are these, is20. The Smiths family, which _ rather a large one, _ very fond of their old houses. A. were, were B. was, was C. were, was D. was, were 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _ that either of the countries _ beautiful. A. are, are B. is, is C. are, is D. is, are22. He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been23. _ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings _ their duty. A. Each, are B. Both, is C. Neither, are D. None, is24. What do you think of the _ of the coat? Its rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in that shop. A. value B. cost C. price D. use 25. Are the two answers correct? No, _ correct. A. no one is B. both are not C. neither is D. either is not26. If anyone happens to drop in while I am out, _ him or her leave a message.A. have B. get C. ask D. tell27. We are excited to talk about the ban on having lessons at weekends that we would like to see _ the next year.A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out 28. A student will be immediately punished if he is found _ in the exams. A. cheat B. cheating C. to cheat D. cheated29. Helen had to shout _ due to the rainstorm.A. making herself hear B. to make herself hear C. making herself heard D. to make herself heard30. Dont leave the water _ while you are soaping yourself down. A. run B. running C. being run D. to run31. The accident is believed _ by the thick darkness and the snow on the road.A. to be causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused32. The practice in some primary school that punish parents for their little childrens mistakes get parents _. A. to worry B. worried C. worrying D. worry33. I couldnt sleep with the little boy _ his small bike upstairs. A. riding B. rides C. rode D. to ride34. Is Bob still working as a teacher in your school? No. He is said _ for New York to run a computer company.A. to have been left B. to leave C. to have left D. to be left35. You should understand the grammar rule by now. Youve had it _ often enough.A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained36. _ house price up by 200%, ord