美国文学-垮掉的一代.doc

American Literature-Beat Generation The Beat Generation and Allen Ginsberg The Beat Generation Representative Person: Allen Ginsberg（1926 - 1997）艾伦金斯伯格 The father of the Beat Generation American poetvigorously opposed militarism,materialisPracticing buddhist 我看见我这一代精英被疯狂摧残殆尽，饿着肚子歇斯底里赤裸着身体， 黎明中踉跄地走过黑人街,四下寻觅想给自己狠狠地打上一针海洛因。 From Howl 嚎叫Irwin Allen Ginsberg was born June 3, 1926, in Newark, NJ, and grew up in nearby PatersonHis father Louis was a published poet, a teacher, and politically a socialisthis mother Naomi was a Communist radical, but unfortunately her bouts with mental illness (mostly severe paranoia) consumed much of Ginsbergs childhood1937,11, He began writing in a journal Walt Whitman 1943,17, He enrolled at Columbia University Jack Kerouac Neal Cassady, and William S. Burroughs. 1945,19, Ginsberg began writing seriously, and around the same time he began to experiment with drugs, and had some of his first homosexual experiences. In Columbia University Columbias mental hospital 卡尔.所罗门1948,22 He graduated from Columbia He attempted to renounce homosexuality and took a job as a market researcher upon his release, but hearing the poet William Carlos Williams at a reading drew him back into literature, and he gave up trying to fit into mainstream society.1955, when Ginsberg read parts of his new epic poem Howl at the Six Gallery. a Beat manifesto it was an immediate sensation. 1956,30, released Ginsbergs first book, the seminal Howl and Other Poems1957,31, City Lights owner was arrested on obscenity charges for selling copies of the book; authorities objected mostly to its homosexual content. A judge ruled that the book was not obscene, and the attendant publicity helped make Ginsberg a household name.HowlOpening :Empty Mirror(1952) 空镜Howl (1955) Kaddish(1960) 卡迪什追忆自己的童年Reality Sandwiches(1963) 现实三明治The Change(1963)Planet News(1969)The Fall of America(1973) 美国的衰弱 Collected Poems 1947-1980(1984) 诗集：19471980White Shroud (1986)白色的尸衣 自传性诗集,被公认是卡迪什的续篇Mind Breaths: Poems 1972-1977(1978) 精神气息：诗集19721977Excerpts From The Fall of America“Bearded robots drink from Uranium coffee cups on Saturns ring. May 1990” American“When can I go into the supermarket and buy what I need with my good looks?” America Howl (嚎叫)The Background of Howl (嚎叫) Factors to create it in 1955 : Rexroth encouraged him to free his voice and write from heart.Sympathy for Carl Solomon所罗门, whom he met in a mental institution. Wally Hedrick asked him to organize a poetry reading at the Six Gallery 旧金山六画廊Ginsberg completed Part II after Ferlinghetti had promised to publish it. Ferlinghetti thought the first two parts of Howl was too short to make an entire book, so the final collection was written at that time.Writing Style I an experiment with the “long line“(长句) E.g Part I is structured as a single run-on sentence with a repetitive refrain(叠句) dividing it up into breaths. 固定开端为“who”II Most lines in this section contain the fixed base “Moloch”. 固定开端为“莫洛克”，以此形成气节The frequently quoted (and often parodied) opening lines set the theme and rhythm for the poem Overview and structure of HowlThe poem revealed the pathological phenomena(病态现象)of the American urban society ,and reflected the youths discontent to the status quo and their a stream of anarchism（无政府主义） thought.The poem consists of three parts, with an additional footnote. I a lament for the Lamb in America with instances of remarkable lamb-like youths对美国羔羊的哀悼II names the monster of mental consciousness that preys on the Lamb 哺育羔羊的精神怪物III a litany of affirmation of the Lamb in its glory 肯定了羔羊的光辉Overview and structure of HowlPart I：Characters were drawn from his personal experience and from the community of poets, political radicals, drug addicts, and psychiatric patients whom he encountered.To show the spirit of the Beaten Generation who abandoned themselves to despair 自暴自弃Part II: A rant about the state of industrial civilization, characterized in the poem as “Moloch”.(莫洛克神，毁灭之神，战争之神)Militarism，commercialism and spiritual deathOverview and structure of HowlPart III:It is directly addressed to Carl Solomon.To show the revival of love, the unity of oneself and the balance between creation and dissolution.To imply the reborn of Americans. Footnote :characterized by its repetitive Holy! mantra, an ecstatic assertion that everything is holy. Extracts I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked, dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix; who bared their brains to Heaven under the El and saw Mohammedan angels staggering on tenement roofs illuminated.”Influence Start the trend in which the rhetoric gives place to parables修辞让位于寓言.以预言诗人的身份揭示真理After he read this poem, the birth of beaten generation is declared.A recording sales of contemporary poetryThe bible of youths movement.Comments Someone consider it as the accumulation of obscene words.Someone consider it as the most predominant poem of the youth after WWII.It revealed the downside of the modern life, such as the revelry of Jazz, drug addicts, and homosexuals.The National Book AwardThis book blends:Poetry travel writing personal experienceradio news broadcastspopular songsnewspaper headlines journalistic observationsMany of the poems were initially composed on an Uher Tape recorderSubject“the fall of America” is not Ginsbergs real subject Two subjects: the state of America the state of his life (the roadblock of middle age, a geographer) Style of this book more overtly political condemnation of Americas actions in Vietnamthe despair of a return to nature combines with a horror of civilization Short poems - a long poem of these statesThe physical and spirirual map of AmericaThe physical map: its natural rivers, mountains and coastlines, its man-made cities, superhighwaysThe spiritual map: the whole of our common life: media,social life, political activity (especially its isolationism, suspicion, and hatred of foreigners), its religion (a poisonous fundamentalism), its violence, its secret police