语言学练习总汇及答案.doc

1. Phonetics & Language Introduction:1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is _one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is _ . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. _ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in ones native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. _ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldnt be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. _ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. _ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you. ” “Hi” to your friends is the _of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, you should use the _ function of language. A. directive function B. informative functionC. phatic function D. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as _. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural C. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in _. A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only C. consonants only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. t B. m C. b D. p12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. y B. t C. z D. d 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel?A. B. i C. ou D. a: 14. In the following sounds , _ is a palatal fricative ?A. s B. C. l D. 15. In the following sounds , _ is a voiceless affricative ? A. d B. v C. t D. 16. In English if a word begins with a l or r ,then the next sound must be a _. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel17. Of the “words” listed below, _ is not an English word ? A. rb B. l b C. msta: D. lmp18. _ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives C. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 178820. _ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. SoundII. Tell which statements are true or false.1. f is a dental consonant. 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. 4. Phone is a phonetic unit.5. When we study the different p s in “ pit , tip , spit ” , they are similar phones which belong to phonetics.6. But the three p belong to the different phoneme / p /. 7. The three / p / are allophones. 8. peak is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as ph; speak is unaspirated phonetically p=. 9. ph , p= do not belong to the same phoneme / p /. 10. p h and p= are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /, which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme.BACDD CCACA DDABC DDBCB II. 1.F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8. T 9. F 10. TI. Choose the best choice(语音)1. Which is a voiced bilabial stop?A. m B. v C. p D. b2. Which is a voiceless affricate?A. w B. f C. t D. n3. Which is monophothong?A. i B. au C. ai D. ei4. Which is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. p B. m C. b D. t5. Which is a voiced affricate?A. j B. z C. t D. d6. Which is a central vowel ?A. i B. : C. ou D. a:7. In English if a word begins with l or r , then the next sound must be a _.A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. Vowel8. Which is a palatal fricative? A. s B. k C. D. l9. Which is not a English word? A. r b B. lb C. sta: D. lmp10. Which is a unaspirate? A. sky B. kill C. like D. kite2. Semantics 练习1. _ is not included in Leechs associative meaning.A. Connotative meaning B. Social meaningC. Collocative meaning D. Thematic meaning D2. Among Leechs seven types of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to _. A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic A3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by _. A. meaning B. reference C. concept D. sense C4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of _ opposites. A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. Converse B5. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are _. A. gradable opposites B, converse opposites C. co-hyponyms D. synonyms B6. A word with several meaning is called _ word. A. a polysemous B. a synonymous C. an abnormal D. a multiple7. The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as _. A. +animate, +male, +human, -adult B. +animate, +male, +human, +adult A. +animate, -male, +human, -adult D. + animate, -male, +human, +adult B8. _ is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit, not as a summation of the meaning of each constituent word. A. Collocation B. Idiom C. Semantic component D. Synonym B9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is_ A. word, sentence B. the object C. concept D. symbol B10. A linguistic is interested in _. A. What is said. B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics. B C. What is grammatical D. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are _. A. gradable opposites B. relational opposites C. synonyms D. co-hyponyms B12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _. A. Lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words A13. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip” ? A. Polysemy B. Homonymy C. Hyponymy D. Antonymy C14. The words “railway” and “railroad” are _. A. synonyms differing in emotive meaning B. dialectal synonyms C. collocationally-restricted synonyms D. synomyms differing in styles B15. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called_. A. gradable opposites B. complementary antonyms C. co-hyponyms D. relational opposites A 16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries? A. single/marries B. lend/borrow C. hot/cold D. old/young A II. Answer the questions with “Yes” or “No” .1. Is reference tied to a particular time and place? Y2. Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ? N3. Can different expressions have the same referent? Y4. Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? NIII. State the following sentences “True” or “False”. 1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T 2. In most cases, “sense ” and “meaning” are different terms for the same thing.T 3. Every word has its own sense. F 4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the same sense. T 5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and the objective world. T 6. Extension can only be applied to the things at present. F 7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that between denotation and sense. T 8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate, e.g. bus. T 9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F 10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F 11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T 12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T 13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T 14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T 15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F Complementary 16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate. F 17. The meaning of each expression can be defined in terms of its semantic components so as to contrast with the meaning of all the expressions in the same language. T 18. The proposition of a sentence may be more simply stated as a verb and a selection of case -categories. T19. According to case grammar, the part of proposition in a sentence is a tensed set of relationships between a verb and a noun phrase ( or noun phrases). IV. What role does each of the underlined phrases play?1. John hit Fred on the head with a brick. A Ex Loc Ins2. James heard the news from Peter. Ex. O Source3. Mr. Smith made a vase out of this clay. A Resu Source4. These books were given to my sister by John. O Bene A5. Smoke filled the room. Ins Loc V. Do the following pairs of sentences synonymous? What is the difference between them. 1. He refused her invitation. General He declined her incitation. polite Y2. The young man had no gust to face the reality. Colloquial The young man had no courage to face the reality. Y general 3. A torrent of rain inundated the basement. literaryA torrent of rain flooded the basement. common 4. His proposal was turned down by the committee. colloquialHis proposal was rejected by the committee intense 5. Susan has recently rented a flat in this area. BE Susan has recently rented an apartment in this area. AE6. Eric bought a new car for his parents on the day of their 25th anniversary. gen Eric purchased a new car for his parents on the day of their 25th anniversary. formal7. They came to pay their respect to the deceased. professional They came to pay their respect to the dead. General8. This stuff has a bad smell. slangThis material has a bad smell. CommonVI. Write down the logic formulae for the following simple propositions:1. John loves his family. L(j,f)2. Matha is the aunt of Peter. Aunt (m,p)3. Jack is lying in bed. Lie (j, b) 4. Ellen is proud of her son. Proud (e, s)5. Jim returned the book to the professor. Return (j,b, p)VII. Fill in the blanks in the following passage by choosing the appropriate word. Semantics is the study of _(1) of language. It is one of the three components of _(2) . According to Chomskys theory , it is at the _(3) level of language. Semantics concentrates on the _(4) between languages, rather than on the _(5).Most language utterances（话语） depend for their interpretation upon the _(6) in which they are used, and the vast majority of them have a _(7) range of meanings than first come to mind. It may seem to you that meaning is so vague, insubstantial, and elusive that it is impossible to come to any clear, concrete, or tangible conclusions about it. Although many kinds of behavior can be described as _(8), the range, diversity and complexity of meaning expressed in language is unmatched in any other human or non-human communicative behavior. And linguistic_(9) -the study of meaning in language was neglected very largely in the past because meaning was felt to be inherently _(10) and at least temporarily beyond the scope of _(11) investigation. Largely as a result of Chomskys theory of _ (12) grammar, and the technical advances made in linguistics, in logic and philosophy of _(13) , linguistic semantics is currently enjoying a very considerable revival of interest. 1. A. grammar B. structure C. phonetics D. meaning2. A. linguistics B. grammar C. morphology D. syntax3. A. surface structure B. deep structure C. linguistic D. philosophical4. A. form B. similarity C. differences D. meaning5. A. substance B. difference C. similarities D. grammar6. A. words B. sentences C. structure D. context7. A. wider B. narrower C. more accurate D. clearer 8. A. productive B. effective C. informative D. communicative9. A. stylistics B. philosophy C. semantics D. grammar10. A. stable B. unstable C. social D. arbitrary11. A. independent B. philosophical C. linguistic D. human12. A. traditional B. transformational C. structural D. systemic13. A. language B. semantics C. the world D. human mind.D A B B B D A D C B D B A 3. Exercises to Pragmatics1. According to C.Morris and R. Carnap, _is studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters. A. Syntax B. SemanticsC. Pragmatics D. Sociolinguistics 2. There are _deixis in the sentence “ she has sold it here yesterday. ”. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 63. We can do things with words - this is the main idea of _. A. the speech Act theory B. the Co-operative principles C. the Polite principles D. pragmatics4. _refers to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference. A. Locutionary act B. Illocutionary act C. Perlocutionary act D. Speech act5. _ may be used as an example of indirect speech act. A. “I hereby declare Mr. Williams elected.” B. “Good morning!”C. “could you open the window?”D. “I command you to report at 6 in the morning tomorrow. ”6. In the following conversation: A: Beirut is in Peru, isnt it? B: And Rome is in Romania, I suppose. B violates the _. A. Quantity Maxim B. Quality Maxim C. Relation Maxim D. Manner Maxim 7. The maxim of _ requires that a participants contribution be relevant to the conversation. A. quantity B. quality C. manner D. relation8. For the following conversation: A: Did you see my book in the classroom this morning? B: I was in the library. _ is the conversation implicature. A. B saw As book B. B was not in the classroom that morningC. B did not see As book D. B stole As book. 1-10 CBAAC CDCDB9. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that is studies meaning not in isolation, but in _.A. relationship B. dependence C. sentence D. context10. _ of a sentence depends on the context in which the sentence is uttered. A. Sentence-meaning B. Utterance-meaning C. The reference D. The meaning11. _ act expresses the intention of the speaker. A. Locutionary B. Illocutionary C. Perlocutionary D. Speech act12. What cooperative maxim is violated in the following dialogue? A: Can you answer the telephone? B: Im in the bath. A. relation B. quality C. quantity D. manner13. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is ? B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city. Speaker B violates the maxim of _. A. quality B. quantity C. manner D. relation14. A: The hostess is an awful bore. Do you think? B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, arent they? Speaker B violates the maxim of A. quality B. quantity C. manner D. relation15. A: This bag is a little bit heavy. B: Let me help you. What is the illocutionary act of speaker A?A: This bag is heavy.B: I dont want to carry it away.C. Could you help me with this bag?D. Im very happy about it. 16. A: The dress she is wearing is beautiful, isnt it ? B: The pattern is nice. What cooperative maxim does speaker B observe? A. Quality B. Quantity C. Manner D. Relation17. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _ in the late 50s of the 20th century. A. John Austin B. John Searle C. Paul Grice D. Chomsky18. One of the contributions _ has made is his classification of illocutionary acts. A. John Austin B. John Searle C. Paul Grice D. Halliday19. Cooperative principle was found by _. A. Paul Grice B. John Searle C. John Austin D. Levinson20. According to Austins theory of speech act, act is using a _ sentence to convey ones intention. A. Perlocutionary B. locu