抑郁症英文介绍

depression-the mental illnesswhat is depressiondepressionisamentalhealthdisorder,apsychiatriccondition，characterized by sadness ,loss of interest or pleasure, feelings of guilt or lowself-worth ,disturbed sleep or appetite ,feelings of tiredness , and poor concentration.specifically,it is a mood disorder characterized by persistently low mood inwhich there is a feeling of sadness and lost of interest.depression is different from the fluctuations in mood that we all experience as a part of a normal and healthy life. temporary emotional responses to the challenges of everyday life do not constitute depression.according to the us centers for disease prevention and control (cdc),8%of people over the age of 12 years has depression in any two-week period.the world health organization (wto)puts depression at the top of the list -it is the most common illness worldwide and the leading cease of disability.the organization estimates that 350 million people around the world are affected by depression.major depressive disordermajor depressive disorder ( mdd ), also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that is present across most situations. it is often accompanied by low self-esteem, loss of精品资料interest in normally enjoyable activities, low energy, and pain without a clear cause.people may also occasionally have false beliefs or see or hear thingsthat others cannot.some people have periods of depression separated by years in which they are normal while others nearly always have symptoms present. major depressive disorder can negatively affects a persons family, work or school life, sleeping or eating habits, and general health. between 2-7% of adults with major depression die by suicide, and up to 60% of peoplewho die by suicide had depression or another mood disorder.thecauseisbelievedtobea combinationofgenetic,environmental,and psychologicalfactors.riskfactorsincludea familyhistoryof the condition, majorlifechanges,certainmedications,chronichealthproblems,and substance abuse.about 40% of the risk appears to be related to genetics .the diagnosisof majordepressivedisorderisbasedonthe persons reported experiences and a mental status examination. there is no laboratory test formajordepression.testing,however,maybedonetoruleoutphysicalconditions that can cause similar symptoms.major depression should be differentiated from sadness which is a normal part of life and is less severe.the united states preventive services task force (uspstf) recommends screening for depression among those over the age 12, while aprior cochrane review found insufficient evidence for screening.typically,peoplearetreatedwithcounsellingandantidepressant medication.medicationappearstobeeffective,buttheeffectmayonlybe精品资料significant in the most severely depressed. it is unclear whether medicationsaffecttheriskofsuicide.typesofcounsellingusedincludecognitive behavioral therapy (cbt) and interpersonal therapy. if other measures are not effective electroconvulsive therapy (ect) may be tried. hospitalization may be necessaryin caseswitha riskof harmto selfandmayoccasionallyoccur against a persons wishes.major depressive disorder affected approximately 253million (3.6%) of people in 2013. the percentage of people who are affected at one point in their lifevariesfrom7% in japanto 21% in france.lifetimeratesare higherin the developed world (15%) compared to the developing world (11%).it causes the second most years lived with disability after low back pain. the most commontime of onset is in a person in their 20s and 30s. females are affected about twice as often as males. the american psychiatric association added majordepressivedisordertothediagnosticandstatisticalmanualofmental disorders (dsm-iii) in 1980. it was a split of the previous depressive neurosisinthedsm-iiwhichalsoencompassedtheconditionsnowknownas dysthymia and adjustment disorder with depressed mood. those currently or previously affected may be stigmatized.what are the signs and symptoms of depression?depressionmay be triggeredby stressfullife events,otherillnesses,certain drugs or medications, or inherited traits. although causes of depression are not entirely understood, we know it is linked to an imbalance in brain chemistry.精品资料once the imbalance is corrected, symptoms of depression generally improve peoplewith depressiveillnesses do not allexperiencethe same symptoms. the severity, frequency and duration of symptoms will vary depending on the individual and his or her particular illness.symptoms include:persistent sad, anxious or empty feelings feelings of hopelessness and/or pessimismfeelings of guilt, worthlessness and/or helplessnessirritability, restlessnessloss of interest in activities or hobbies once pleasurable, including sex fatigue and decreased energydifficulty concentrating, remembering details and making decisionsinsomnia, early morning wakefulness, or excessive sleeping overeating, or appetite lossthoughts of suicide, suicide attemptspersistent aches or pains, headaches, cramps or digestive problems that do not ease even with treatmentall of thesesymptomscan interferewithyourqualityof life.evenif you don t have major depression , if you have experience a few of these symptomsfor at least two weeks you may have less severe form of depression that stillrequires treatment.精品资料the symptoms of slight and major depressiondepression is a medical condition in which a person feels very sad and anxious and often has physical symptoms.slight depression could be a portionof major depression, so the criteria for this disease are important to considerand examine for people with the problem. if the depression is only minor, it willnot have all of the components of major depression and therefore would be treated differently from the more serious version of the disease.the most common diagnostic criteria are encapsulated in the mnemonic device sigecaps. they are in the order of the letters, sleep problems, lack of interest, guilty feelings, lack of energy, problems with concentration, appetiteand weight disturbances, psychomotor retardation, and suicidal thoughts or actions. if a person has five or six items in this criteria it is very likely that theyhave major depression and they should be treated for it. if they only have one or two of them they might have a less serious version of the disease, but it still may require treatment. the only difference is that it could be more minor. by asking about these different symptoms, people perform a basic diagnosis test to evaluate themselves or their patients.the symptomsof seriousto slightdepressionmaybe verydebilitatingto a patient and identification of the problem is the first step to a full recovery. the condition of depressive disorders is prevalent through all walks of life and it is expected that the majority of persons will experience symptoms of depression精品资料at least once in the course of their life. however, since most people experience thesesymptomsatsomepoint,extendedresearchhasbeendoneto determine the best way to treat these specific conditions and many solutionsare available to sufferers.tothetissues,whichraisesthecarbondioxidelevel,causinggeneral depression.associated conditionsmajor depression frequently co-occurs with other psychiatric problems. the 1990 92 national comorbidity survey (us) reports that half of those with major depression also have lifetime anxiety