2005年农科院博士考试英语真题及解析.docx

绝密中国农业科学院2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(考试时间3小时满分100分).VocabularyPartA.Directions:Beneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentenceandmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketontheANSWERSHEET.1.Thesceneissobeautifulthatitmypowerofdescription.A.transportsB.transfersC.transcendsD.transforms2.Theschoolmasterthegirlsbraveryinhisopeningspeech.A.applaudedB.enhancedC.elevatedD.clapped3.Themeaningof“yellow”isacolor,butitcanalsomean“cowardly.”A.positiveB.negativeC.underlyingD.literal4.Manypeoplethinkthatthestandardsofpublichavedeclined.A.moralityB.rightnessC.awarenessD.mentality5.Peopleweresurprisedtofindthathehadtheabilitytoeverythinghewasinvolvedin.A.precedeB.dominateC.pervadeD.denominate6.Thefactthattheyreactedsodifferentlywasareflectionoftheirdifferent.A.performancesB.personalitiesC.qualitiesD.debut7.Thismedicinewillthepaininthestomach.A.ascertainB.agitateC.alleviateD.allocate8.Theapartmentwasas$50,000anditsownerdecidedtosellit.A.automatedB.assessedCassertedD.avenged9.Theministerallhisofficialspaythetax.A.bidsB.blessesC.barksD.baffles10.Whenapersondies,hisdebtsmustbepaidbeforehiscanbedistributed.A.paradoxesB.legaciesC.platitudesD.analogiesPartB.Directions:Ineachofthefollowingsentencesthereisonewordorphraseunderlined.BelowthesentencearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosetheonethatisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedpart.MarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketontheANSWERSHEET.11.Touristsflockfromtheremotestplacestoseethecapitalssights.A.invadeB.troopC.promptD.gather12.Hehastoldsomanyliesthatwecannolongerplaceanyrelianceonwhathesays.A.beliefB.trustC.convictionD.dependence.13.Oilcanchangeasocietymoredrasticallythananyonecouldeverhaveimagined.A.grosslyB.severelyC.rapidlyD.radically14.Intimesofeconomicdifficulty,governmentalbudgetsforeducationareoftenslashedbeforeanyothers.A.shiftedB.cutC.checkedD.donated15.Modernprintingequipmentquicklyturnsoutduplicatecopiesoftextualandpictorialmatter.A.identicalB.doubleC.illustratedD.legible16.Withheryoungestchildhavinglefthome,shefeltapressingneedtofillhertime.A.tenseB.thoroughC.urgentD.small17.Theroleoftheperformingartististointerpret,notalter,thenotesonaprintedsheetofmusic.A.omitB.reproduceC.composeD.change.18.Aircraftandrocketcanbeusedtocollectradioactivedebris,whilehigh-altitudesatellitescarrydetectorsforgammaraysandotheremissions.A.diffusionB.remainsC.glittertransfer19.Althoughwornoutbyyearsofservicetohiscountry,WashingtonacceptedthepresidencyoftheUnitedStates.A.favoredB.honoredC.exhaustedD.weakened20.BetweenFrenchfriends,whohavechoseneachotherforcongenialityoftheirpointofview,livelydisagreementandsharpnessofargumentsarethebreathoflife.A.coexistenceB.coincidenceC.correlationD.compatibility.ClozeDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.ChoosethebestwordforeachnumberedblankandmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketontheANSWERSHEET.Wedonotknowwhenmanfirstbegantousesalt,butwedoknowthatithasbeenusedinmanydifferentwaysthroughouthistory.(21)evidenceshows,forexample,thatpeoplewholivedoverthreethousandyearsagoate(22)fish.Stealingsaltwasconsideredamajorcrimeatcertaintimesinhistory.Intheeighteenthcentury,forinstance,ifapersonwas(23)“stealingsalt”,hecouldbeputinprison.Historyrevealsthatabouttenthousandpeoplewereputinprisonduringthatcentury(24)stealingsalt.Inthemodernworldsalthasmanyuses(25)thediningtable.Itisusedinmakingglassandairplaneparts,inthe(26)ofcropsandinkillingweeds.Itisalsousedtomakewatersoft,tomelticeonroadsandhighways,tomakesoap,andto(27)colorsincloth.Saltcanbeobtainedinvariousways,besidesbeingtakenfromminesunderground.Evaporationofsaltwaterfromtheoceanorfromsaltwaterlakesorsmallseasisoneofthe(28)commonprocessesformanufacturingsalt.InAustralia,itcanevenbetakenfroma“saltbush”.Yet,(29)itisobtained,saltwillcontinuetoplayanimportant(30)inthelivesofmenandwomeneverywhere.21.A.AncientB.HistoricC.HistoricalD.Old22.A.saltB.saltedC.saltingD.salty23.A.arrestedB.caughtC.gotD.seized24.A.asB.byC.forD.through25.A.besidesB.beyondC.exceptD.over26.A.bearingB.developingC.growingD.training27.A.fastenB.fixC.preserveD.tie28.A.littleB.manyC.muchD.more29.A.howeverB.whateverC.wheneverD.wherever30.A.dutyB.functionC.responsibilityD.role.ReadingComprehensionPartA.Directions:Therearethreereadingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.PassageOne(1)PoultryfarmersneedtoadoptstricthygienestandardstocurbAsiasdeadlybirdfluvirus,atopVietnameseofficialsaidontheeveofaninternationalconferenceWednesdayonfightingthedisease.(2)AdozenVietnamesehavediedofbirdflusinceDec.30,raisingconcernsthatthediseasecouldbere-emergingafteranoutbreaklastyearspreadto10Asiancountries,forcingtheslaughterofmorethan100millionbirds.(3)“Itsdifficulttochangetheirhabitbutweneedtoeducatethem,BuiQuangAnh,headoftheDepartmentforAnimalHealth,saidTuesday.Oncetheyunderstandandfollowalltheinstructions,wecanpreventthevirusfromspreading.”(4)Bigcommercialfarmslearnedfromthefirstoutbreakandappliedpreventivemeasures,suchasstricthygienestandardsandregulardisinfection,Anhsaid.Themostrecentoutbreakwasonlyreportedinsmallfarms,whichfailedtoapplypreventivemeasures,hesaid.(5)Newregulationsshouldincludeseparatingducksfromchickens,requiringduckstoberaisedincagesandimprovinghygienemeasures,Anhsaid.DucksshouldnotroamfreelyinricefieldsastheydonowinthesouthernMekongDelta,headded.(6)Theconferencewillbelookingatavarietyofissues,includingmassvaccinations,fluresearch,farmhygiene,animalhusbandrypracticesandimprovingcoordinationbetweenanimalhealthandhumanhealthagencies.(7)Thevirus,whichinthelastyearhaskilled46peopleincluding32fromVietnamand12fromThailandhasyettomutateintoaformthatcanbetransmittedbetweenhumans.Butscientistssayitmaymutatetoahumanformthatcouldbecomeasdeadlyastheonesthatkilledmillionsduringthreeinfluenzapandemicsofthe20thcentury.31.ThesubjectoftheinternationalconferencementionedinthefirstparagraphisaboutA.battlingtheSARSB.epidemicdiseasecontrolC.fightingtheavianfluD.publichealth32.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementistrue?A.BirdfluwasfirstfoundinVietnam.B.Bigcommercialfarmshavetakenpreventivemeasurestocurbbirdflu.C.BuiQuangAnhbelievesthatitisimpossibletopreventthebirdflu.D.1,000birdswerekilledduringthelastyearoutbreakofbirdflu.33.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingmeasuresareNOTeffectiveinfightingagainstthebirdflu?A.toadoptstricthygienestandardsinpoultryfarms.B.tocarryoutregulardisinfectionC.toraiseducksandchickensseparatelyD.tostoppoultrytrade34.WecaninferfromthelastparagraphthatA.currentlythebirdfluviruscannotbetransmittedbetweenhumansB.thebirdfluvirusiseasytomutate.C.thebirdfluhaskilledmillionsofpeopleD.thebirdfluismoredeadlythancommoninfluenza.35.Thebesttitleforthepassageis.A.BirdFlu:ADeadlyDiseaseB.WhatCanWeLearnfromtheBirdFluC.Vietnam:theBiggestVictimoftheBirdFluD.OfficialUrgesFarmerstoCurbBirdFluPassageTwo(1)Thesourcesofanti-Christianfeelingweremanyandcomplex.Onthemoreintangibleside,therewasageneralpiqueagainsttheunwantedintrusionoftheWesterncountries;therewasanunderstandabletendencytoseekanexternalscapegoatforinternaldisordersonlytangentiallyattributabletotheWestandperhapsmostimportant,therewasaviriletraditionofethnocentricism,ventedlongbeforeagainstIndianBuddhism,whichsincetheseventeenthcentury,focusedonWesternChristianity.Accordingly,evenbeforethemissionarymovementreallygotunderwayinthemid-nineteenthcentury,itwasalreadyatadisadvantage.After1860,asmissionaryactivityinthehinterlandexpanded,itquicklybecameapparentthatinadditiontotheintangibles,numeroustangiblegroundsforChinesehostilityabounded.(2)Inpart,theverypresenceofthemissionaryevokedattack,theywere,afterall,thefirstforeignerstoleavethetreatyportsandventureintotheinterior,andforalongtimetheywerevirtuallytheonlyforeignerswhosequotidianlaborscarriedthemtothefarthestreachestheChineseempire.Formanyoftheindigenouspopulation,therefore,themissionarystoodasauniquelyvisiblesymbolagainstwhichoppositiontoforeignintrusioncouldevented.Inparttoo,themissionarywasattackedbecausethemannerinwhichhemadehispresencefeltafter1860seemedalmostcalculatedtooffend.ByindignantlywagingbattleagainstthenotionthatChinawasthesolefountainheadofcivilizationand,moreparticularly,byhisassaultonmanyfacetsofChineseculture,themissionarydirectlyunderminedtheculturalhegemonyofthegentryclass.Also,incountlessways,heposedathreattothegentrystraditionalmonopolyofsocialleadership.Missionaries,particularlyCatholics,frequently,assumedthegarboftheConfucianliterati.Theyweretheonlypersonsatthelocallevel,asidefromthegentrywhowerepermittedtocommunicatewiththeauthoritiesassocialequals,andtheyenjoyedanextraterritorialstatusintheinteriorthatgavethemgreaterimmunitytoChineselawthanhadeverbeenpossessedbythegentry.(3)AlthoughitwastheavowedpolicyoftheChinesegovernmentafter1860thatthenewtreatiesweretobestrictlyadheredto,inpracticeimplementationdependedonthewholeheartedaccordprovincialauthorities.Thereisabundantevidencethatcooperationwasdilatory.Attherootofthislaytheinteractivenatureofrulerandruled.(4)Inaseverelyunderstaffedbureaucracythatruledasmuchbysuasionasbymight,theofficial,almostalwaysastrangerinthelocalityofhisservice,dependedontheactivecooperationofthelocalgentryclass.Energeticattemptstoimplementtreatyprovisionsconcerningmissionaryactivities,indirectdefianceofgentrysentiment,rantheriskofalienatingthisclassanddestroyingfutureeffectiveness.36.Inavagueway,anti-Christianfeelingstemmedfrom.A.themerepresenceofinvadersB.ageneralizedunfocusedfeelingC.theintroductiontotheWestD.noneoftheabove37.Theauthorwouldagreethat.A.manyproblemsinChinacamefrominternaldisordersduetoWesterninfluence.B.manyproblemsinChinacamefromChinaitselfandwereunrelatedtotheWestC.scapegoatsperformanecessaryfunctionandthereshouldbemoreofthemD.alloftheabovearetrue.38.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthoragree?A.Ethnocentricismisamanlytradition.B.ThedisdaintowardChristianitywasprefiguredbyadisdaintowardBuddhism.C.AlthoughChristianitywasnotwellreceivedinChina,Buddhismwas.D.TheauthorwouldagreewithAandC.39.Missionaries.A.oftendressedthesamewayasChinesescholarsdidB.werefreeofthelegalconstraintsthatboundthelocalindigenouspopulationC.hadgreateraccesstoauthoritythanChinesepeasantsD.maybedescribedbyalloftheabove40.Provincialauthorities.A.cooperatedfullywiththecentralgovernmentspolicyB.werealivetolocalfeelingsC.wereobligedtodeterminewhetherlocalsentimenttoleratedimplementationD.maybedescribedbyBandC.PassageThree(1)Thenaturalenvironmenthas,ofcourse,alwaysconditionedtechnology.Forexample,thenatureofanenvironment(polar,desert,jungle)engendersthedevelopmentoftechnologiesappropriatetothatenvironmenttoenablemantoadaptsuccessfullytoit.Further,emergingscarcityofsometechnologicalresourcemay ignitearesearchfor,andgradualtransitionto,anewtechnologyusingresourcespresentintheenvironmentingreaterabundance,as,forexample,inthecaseofthegradualchangefromwood-basedtocoal-basedtechnologyinEnglandthatbeganinElizabethtimesandstretcheduntiltheendoftheeighteenthcentury.(2)InmodernWesternsociety,environmenthasbeguntoconditiontechnologyinnewways,althoughadmittedlymoreindirectly.Thesafetyandqualityoftheenvironmentandpublicperceptionsofithavebeguntotranslateintopresidentialpoliticsandcongressionalmandatestoregulatoryagenciestoprotectorenhanceenvironmentalqualityorsafety,occasionallyevenatthecostofsomeperturbationofthetech-economicstatus-quo.InFrance,Italy,andrecentlytheUnitedStates,politicalpartieshavebeenformed,organizedaroundacomplexoftechnology/environmentissues.Ingeneral,inthelastfifteenyears,thegradualdevelopmentofbroad-basedenvironmentalawareness,thelobbyingandlitigiousactivitiesofenvironmentalinterestgroups,andguidelinesissuedandreinforcedbytheEPA(EnvironmentalProtectionAgency)inresponsetocongressionalmandateshavemarkedlyincreasedtheheedpaidtotheenvironmentbymanycorporationsingoingabouttheirtechnologyactivities.Bothresearchandevelopmentprioritiesandcapitalinvestmentprogramsofthecorporationshavebeenaffectedbythis.41.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A.Environmentenablesmantoadaptsuccessfullytonewtechnology.B.Technologiesenablemantoadaptsuccessfullytohisenvironment.C.Thedevelopmentofthetechnologiesdependssolelyonthenaturalenvironment.D.Lackoftechnologiestocopewiththeenvironmentiscausedbylackofnaturalresources.42.Wecaninferfromthearticlethatinthe1800sEnglandwasprobablyrichin.A.woodresourcesB.technologicalresourcesC.naturalresourcesD.coalresource43.inmodernWesternsociety,theenvironmentalproblemhas.A.receivedgreatattentionformthegovernmentsB.causedsomeseriousdisordersintechnologyandeconomyAffectedmoderntechnologiesmoredirectlythanbefore.D.becomemoreimportantbutreceivedlessandlessattention44.Theunderlinedword“heed”inthelastbutonesentenceofthepassagemeans.A.lawsuitB.interestC.attentionD.expense45.Whatisthebesttopicforthepassage?A.Whatcannaturecontributetotechnology?B.Environmentcansometimesblocktheprogressoftechnology.C.Technologiesofallkindsshouldservethenaturalenvironment.D.Environmentdeservesthemostattentioninthedevelopmentoftechnology.PartBDirections:Afteryouhavereadthefollowingpassage,writeoutasummaryinEnglishwhitabout70to90words.PutyoursummaryontheANSWERSHEET.WhatisSociety?Societyisagroupofhumanbeings,heldtogetherbyagreementforreasonsthataremutuallybeneficialtotheindividualmembers.Societiesoperateasawhole,asacollectivebody,chieflyinwaysthatlookoutforthehighestcommongoodofall.Membershavespecificrolesandresponsibilitieswithinthesociety.Oneofthebestdirectanalogiesiswiththehumanbodyitself.Thecellsareallalive,independently,yettheygrouptogetherandestablishroles,responsibilities,andrelationshipsthatallowagreaterwholetoexistthatismorethanjustthesumoftheparts.Thecellsgainfromthespecificrolestheyplaybecausetheyareallowedtobewhattheyaremoreeffectively.Further,theyaregivenalimitedawarenessofthewholethattheireffortsaidincreating.Similarly,whenindividualhumanbeingsgrouptogethertoformsocieties,anorganizationiscreatedinwhichthemembersarethecells.Subgroupsofthemembersmayformorgansthroughwhichhigherlevelfunctionscanthenmanifest.Iftherelationshipsareloose,thebodycreatedhaslimitedfu