新编剑桥商务英语unit11

Module11 11 1Ethicaleconomics 11 1Keywordsandexpressions economicsn 经济学 经济状况 经济因素visualaids视觉教具 视觉设备deluxeadj 高级的 豪华的 奢侈的cappuccinon 卡布其诺咖啡 加牛奶或奶油用蒸汽加热煮出来的浓咖啡 caffein e n 咖啡因addictionn 嗜好 瘾disparityn 悬殊 差异charitiesn 慈善团体 善举coffeeshopchains连锁咖啡店 连锁咖啡屋grossdomesticsproduct GDP 国内生产总值staplecrop主要作物mark up涨价 标高售价 importern 进口商servicecharge服务费exportsn 出口产品outgoingsn 复 支出 开销precinctn 区域 管辖区 分区staffingcost劳工成本 雇工的开支overheadsn 企业一般管理费用 日常开支factorvt 把 作为因素计入 in 把 作为因素排除 out break even收支平衡 盈亏平衡addedcost附加成本irrespectiveadj 不考虑 不问的 不顾的marketrates市场价格 middlemann 中间商certificationn 认证marketinginitiative营销倡议schemen 计划certifiedadj 证明合格的 特有证件的internationalcertificationmark国际认证标志catalystn 催化剂 刺激因素agriculturalcommodity农产品minimumguaranteedprice最低保证价socialconscience社会道德心 社会责任感专有名词Scandinavia斯堪的纳维亚 相关背景知识 什么是道德经济学 所谓道德经济学 与商业社会中效率与公平 发展与代价 经济与道德 自由与公平的关系问题有关 尽管有些国家经济高速增长 但生态环境却急剧恶化 有些经济高增长国家污染超标 出现高浓度的烟雾 酸雨 河湖污染 以及严重的森林砍伐和荒漠扩大症状 这和相关企业和政府追求片面经济增长有相当大的关系 据世界银行估计 亚洲有些国家相当高比例的城市中 空气污染水平是世界卫生组织推荐水平的5倍 污染性增长的经济代价非常巨大 难以计算 另外 作为生产者的农民也未在商品价格中得到应有的补偿份额 无可否认 经济发展必须受到法律和道德的监督和制约 企业必须促进教育发展等社会行为 君子好财 取之有道 这句话反映了合理化或道德化的经济学最原始的道理 有专家呼吁 在发展市场经济和建设创新型国家的过程中 应爱护环境 保障生产者的权利 任何非法 非道德的 掠夺 致富都是对社会发展的阻碍 1 Thetwophotosbelowshowthebeginningandtheendoftheprocessofmakingcoffee Workinpairs Howmanystagescanyouthinkofinbetweentocompletetheprocess coffeegrown coffeepicked coffeetransported coffeepacked coffeesoldandshipped coffeesoldontoshops coffeeboughtanddrunk 2 Writeinthecorrectletter A F forthemissingsentencestocompletethetext Thereisoneextrasentence A Thisprocessaloneaddsatleast50 toitsprice B Here coffeeproductionisthestaplecropformanymillionsofgrowers C TheonlybitcontrolledintheFairtradesystemisthepriceafarmerispaidforproduce D Coffeeisthesecondmosttradedcommodityintheworldafteroil E Itguaranteestopaygrowersafixedproportionfortheircoffee whichisabovestandardmarketrates F Localcounciltaxesaddanother 25 000tothat Coffeenomics thetruecostofourcaffeineaddictionThenexttimeyouhandover 3foryourdeluxecappuccino askyourselfhowmuchtheroastedbeansthatwentintothatcupreallycost Foryouraveragecupofcoffee theproducerreceivesroughly10p that sabout3 5 ThisdisparityiscausingincreasingconcernamongsomecharitieswhobelievethattheexcessiveprofitsofcoffeeshopchainscomeattheexpenseofvulnerablecoffeeproducersincountrieslikeEthiopia KenyaorLatinAmerica 1 Forexample inEthiopiaalone 15millionpeopledependon B thecoffeetrade whichconstitutesaround50 ofthecountry sgrossdomesticproduct GDP and90 ofitsexports Theaveragewagepaidtolaborerswhopickthebeansandworkonfarmsisabout50paday Sowheredotheaddedcostscomefrom Accordingtoexperts bythetimeitisconsumedbyusinourhomesorinacoffeeshop thebeanmayactuallychangehandsupto150times eachtimefacingamark upasitistransported roasted packagedandsold 2 Thenanother10 inexportcostswithfreightandinsurancebeforeanimportertakesover Finally itissoldtousinacoffeeshop andrunningacoffeeshopisnotcheap Forexample takeyourtypicalcoffeeshopinashoppingprecinct seating75insideand50outside Therentis 20 000ayear 3 Inotherwords evenbeforeaddingstaffingcostsandoverheads settingasideanamountforredecorationandmaintenanceontheproperty thisparticularcoffeeshopneedstosellaminimum A Thisprocessaloneaddsatleast50 toitsprice B Here coffeeproductionisthestaplecropformanymillionsofgrowers C TheonlybitcontrolledintheFairtradesystemisthepriceafarmerispaidforproduce D Coffeeisthesecondmosttradedcommodityintheworldafteroil E Itguaranteestopaygrowersafixedproportionfortheircoffee whichisabovestandardmarketrates F Localcounciltaxesaddanother 25 000tothat A F of50 000coffeesayear or200coffeesaday Factorintheseadditionalcostsandweareprobablytalkingaboutabreak eventotalof400coffeesaday However irrespectiveofhowmuchweenduppayingorthereasonswhy therealityisthatgrowersthemselvesseeonlyatinyproportionofthatamount OrganizationslikeFairtradedotrytomakeadifference 4 Forexample afarmersellingapoundofFairtradeArabicacoffeeispaid 1 26comparedtotheworldmarketpriceof 1 10apound TheFairtradepricealsoincludes5 whichisinvestedbackintocommunityprojects ManyshopsandcoffeebarsdonowofferFairtradecoffeetocustomersalongsidetheirstandardoffering butnotallofthatinflatedpricegoestothegrower 5 Afterthat mark upsaredeterminedbytheretailersandmiddlemen Thatsaid atleastFairtradeisonesmallstepthatdoeshelpfarmersaroundtheworldgetabetterpricefortheirproducts A Thisprocessaloneaddsatleast50 toitsprice B Here coffeeproductionisthestaplecropformanymillionsofgrowers C TheonlybitcontrolledintheFairtradesystemisthepriceafarmerispaidforproduce D Coffeeisthesecondmosttradedcommodityintheworldafteroil E Itguaranteestopaygrowersafixedproportionfortheircoffee whichisabovestandardmarketrates F Localcounciltaxesaddanother 25 000tothat C E 3 Thesefourvisualaidsrefertotheeconomicsofthecoffeetrade Readthearticleaboveandwriteinthemissingfactsandfiguresinthesevisualaids 3 Only 1 goestothegrower EXPORTS 10 OTHER 90 7 10p pence coffee CoffeeShopOutgoingsSalaries 115 000 5 65 000 6 20 000Overheads 80 500 Keyfacts Ethiopia 2 millionpeopleincoffeetrade 3 ofGDP 4 pence alaborer spayperday 15 50 50 rent servicecharge 1 26 Vocabulary Financialandtradeterms Matchthesedefinitionstothewordsinboldinthearticle 1 Peoplewhohandlegoodsbetweentheproducerandtheretailer 2 Alargedifference inprice forexample 3 Beboughtandsold 4 Costofheating lightingandelectricity 5 Takeitemsintoaccounttocalculatecosts 6 Theamountneededtopaycostsbeforeprofit 7 Theamountaddedtotheproductwhenitissold 8 Goodswhicharetransportedbyships planes lorries etc 9 Thetotalvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbyacountryinoneyear 10 Organizationswhichhelpandrepresenttheinterestsofagroupofpeopleinneed disparitycharitiesgrossdomesticproductchangehandsmark upfreightoverheadsfactorinbreak eventotalmiddlemen middlemen disparity changehands overheads factorin break eventotal mark up freight grossdomesticproduct charities Speaking Theeconomicsofyourcountry Workinsmallgroupsanddiscussthefollowingquestionsabouteachofyourcountries Ifyoudon tknowalltheanswerstothequestions trytofindoutforthenextlessonandprepareashortpresentation 1 Istherealargedisparitybetweenrichandpoorinyourcountry 2 Doyouthinkthedisparitybetweenpoorandrichcountriescanbecontrolled Shoulditbecontrolled Thetop20 ofthepopulationconsumes50 ofoverallnationalincome whilethebottom20 havetomakedowithamere4 7 人口中最顶层的20 富人消费了全民收入的50 而处于社会最底层的20 穷人仅仅只消费4 7 勉强度日 Incomeinequalityhasworsenedrapidly Ifthesetrendscontinuetherecouldbeserioussocialunrest Richcountriescansupportpoorcountriesinfinance technology education culture healthcaredonationorlow interestloan 富国可以通过资金技术教育文化卫生保健捐赠或低息贷款等方式扶持穷国 Internationalorganizationsformulatefavorablepoliciesinsupportofpoorcountries Internationalagenciescanstrengthennationaleffortstoachievegreaterequity 3 Whataresomeofthebiggestcharitiesinyourcountry Dotheyhavemuchinfluenceoveryourgovernmentandbusinesses 4 Whatarethemostimportantproductsandservicesforyourcountry sGDP AmongbiggestcharitiesinChinaareChinaCharityFederation 中华慈善总会 RedCrossSocietyofChina 中国红十字总会 ChineseRedCrossFoundation 中国红十字基金会 ChinaFoundationforPovertyAlleviation 中国扶贫基金会 ProjectHope 希望工程 tomentionafew Influenceandassistgovernment sdecisions Helpgovernmenteffectivelyintimesofnaturaldisasters ImportantproductsandservicesforChina sGDPincludecoal power steel house holdappliances financing cateringandtourism 对我国GDP影响最大的产品和服务包括原煤电力钢材家用电器金融服务餐饮和旅游 ITproductsandservices electromechanicalproducts financingandtourismarepillarindustriesfornationaleconomyinChina 信息技术产品和服务机电产品金融服务和旅游业等成为中国国民经济发展的支柱性产业 Grammar Articles Writeinthemissingarticlesthe a anor0 thezeroarticle inthistextaboutFairtrade 1 Fairtradeis 2 internationalcertificationmarkusedin21countriesas 3 marketinginitiativetohelpdevelopingnations Britainhas 4 largestFairtrademarketin 5 world whichhasseen 6 amazingincreaseoverthelastfiveyears Theorganizationisalsostrongin 7 Netherlands whereFairtradefirststarted andinSwitzerlandandScandinavia Originallystartedin1989as 8 schemetohelppoorproducers 9 FairtradeFoundationwasestablishedthreeyearslater Nowthereareover 10 550certifiedproducersrepresentingoveronemillionfarmersin52countries 0 0 an an a a the the the the 语法小结要点解释 定冠词the用于1 某些国名 2 形容词最高级 3 独一无二的事物 4 之前已提到过的人或者事物eg TheUnitedStatesisamongthosecountriesinterested Chinaisthebiggestproducerofthesegoods Who sthesupplierinyourcountry Theleaderswillholdtalksontrade 不定冠词a an用于1 工作 2 单数名词 3 一些数字 eg I mafinancedirector Thisisaninternationalcertificationmark Ionlyhaveahundredleft 以下场合不用冠词 0冠词 1 城市 乡镇及大多数国名 2 复数名词eg Madridismyfavoritedestination WhendoyouflytoChina LeadersoftheG8countriesaremeetinginTorontothisweekend Listening Fairtrade 1 CanyoubuytheseFairtradeproductsinyourcountry Wouldyoubuytheseproductseveniftheyweremoreexpensive Why Whynot Astocosmetics themostfamousistheBodyShop pioneersoffairtradefor20yearsnow 说到化妆品 最著名的是美体小铺化妆品公司 他们倡导公平贸易活动已经有20年 Theyaren tcheap butthey reethicallyrightandusuallyofextremelyhighquality Ethicalbuying shoppingcanmeanbuyingproductsfromcompaniesorstoreswhocareabouttheethicsofwhattheyproduce andboycottingtheoneswhodon t Shop buywithaclearconscience买得安心 问心无愧 Spendethically合法消费 符合道德的消费Ethicalandsustainablegoods环保并符合道德的商品Importanttosupportlocalworkersorfarmersandtheirrights 2 ListentoaninterviewwithIanBretman thedeputydirectoroftheFairtradeFoundation ChoosethebestendingA BorCforeachsentence1 8 1 TheFairtradeFoundationbeganinA 1989 B 1990 C 19922 WhentheUnitedStateswithdrewfromtheinternationalcoffeeagreement thepriceofcoffeedecreasedbyA 50 B 0 5 C twentymillion 3 OnewayFairtradehelpsfarmersisbygivingadviceonhowtoA diversifybygrowingothercrops B producemorecoffee C beprofitableinaglobalmarket 4 OneofFairtrade smainmessagestogovernmentsisthatA tradecanbemanagedmoreeffectively B economicgrowthisthebeststrategy C theymustinvestmoreinproducers 5 IanbelievesthatFairtradeandfreetradeA cannotbothexist B canoperatetogether C arebasicallythesamething 6 Eventhoughacountrymayincreaseitswealththroughbusiness thisdoesnotguaranteeA itcancompeteinternationally B everyonereceivesthebenefits C socialjustice 7 Ifproducersaresuccessful theywillalsoA investintheeconomy B becomethepeoplewhobuyproducts C beabletosupplymorecoffee 8 Aswellasimprovingitspublicimage aFairtradecompanywillA sellmore B attractmoretalentedstaff C attractwell informedconsumers Listeningscript I InterviewerIB IanBretmanI So Ian IunderstandthattheoriginalideaforFairtradecamein1989 Howdidithappen IB Actually theFairtradeFoundationitselfwasfinallysetupin1992 butyes you reright thecatalystforthespreadofFairtradewasthreeyearsearlierwhentheinternationalcoffeeagreementthatcontrolledpricescollapsedwiththewithdrawaloftheUS Atthattimecoffeewastheworld sbiggestagriculturalcommodity Inafewmonthsthepricefellbyhalf Itwasahugedisasterforthetwentymillionpeoplegrowingandprocessingcoffeearoundtheworld Manyoftheproducingcountriesweredependentoncoffeeforoverhalftheirexports I Canyougiveussomeexamplesofhowyouhelp exactly IB Onewayisthatweencourageproducerstolearnhowtocompeteeffectivelyininternationalmarkets Wehelpfarmerscomingintothesystemtodevelopthecapacitytocopewithfulfillingdemandandwesetaminimumguaranteedpricefortheirproducts I Isee Butaswellashelpingfarmersdirectly youalsohaveinfluenceongovernments don tyou Imean governmentsaretalkingmoreandmoreaboutfairerglobaltrade IB Yes we refindingthattheissueswe vebeentalkingaboutforthepasttenyearsaremovinguptheagenda Forexample we rehavingmoreofadebateonhowwecanachieveeconomicgrowthandsocialjustice asbothareneeded Asaresult leadersoflargerFairtradeorganizationshavebeeninvitedtohigh levelinternationalmeetingsandeconomicforums Wecanuseourexperiencetoillustratetogovernmentshowtradecanbebettermanaged I Buthowdoyouconvincepeoplewhosayeconomicgrowthistheanswertoeverything Don tthesepeoplearguethatFairtradeisn tgoodforfreetrade IB Well IworkedinbusinessforalongtimeandsoIunderstandtheneedforafreemarket butitseemsunlikelytomethatwhenitcomestosocialproblems likeglobalpoverty theanswerisjustaneconomicone becausesocialchoiceshavetobemade too Ourpointisreallyaboutpriorities Increasingflowsoftradewillhelpwealthbutthatdoesnotnecessarilyguaranteethatthiswealthgoesdowntothepeoplewhoneeditmost Thatrequiresalittlebitmoremanagement Fairtradehaspracticalexperienceon thegroundinhowyoucancombinethebestofboth Howyoucangetpeopletooperateeffectivelyandcompetitivelywhiletradinginawaythatproducerscanearnadecentlivingandimprovetheirlives Inthelongrun iftheydoimprovetheirlives theytoowillbecomeconsumersandpurchasers I SoisthisthemessageyougivebusinessestomakethemchangetoFairtradeproducts IB It sintheinterestofanybusinesstotakethemessageonboard notonlytoimprovetheirpublicimagebutalsoasarecruitingtoolforthefuture Theyoungergenerationiswellinformedandwantstobepartofthesolution Companiesfindthathavingasocialconsciencehasapositiveeffectonrecruitingandretaininggoodstaff Staffgetexcitedaboutpersuadingconsumerstobuyproductsthatmakeadifferencetopeople slives I Itsoundslikethat swhatmotivatesyou too IB Formypart yes meetingtheproducersandseeingwhatadifferenceFairtradecanmaketotheirlivesisreallyquiteinspiring Speaking Givingreasonsandbenefits AcoffeeshopinyourtownisthinkingofsellingFairtradecoffee However itisconcernedthatthismaybemoreexpensive ImagineyouandyourpartnerworkforFairtrade Youaregoingtotryandconvincethecoffeeshoptousecoffeefromyourproducers Discussandprepare Alistofreasonswhythecoffeeshopshouldchange Alistofbenefitsforthecoffeeshop itsstaffanditscustomers Afterwards presentyourideastotherestoftheclass Alistofreasonswhythecoffeeshopshouldchange Alistofbenefitsforthecoffeeshop itsstaffanditscustomers protectpoorfarmersandtheirrights anindicationofcaringabouttheethicsofwhattheysell positiveimageofbeingfriendlytoenvironmentandcoffeegrowers consumerslikelytopaymoreforethically tradedcoffee feelgoodandcomfortablebecauseit sethicallyright giveoneasenseofdoingsomethingforpoorfarmers buywithaclearconscience Fairtradecoffeeusuallyenjoyshighqualitywhichwouldbenefitthecustomer Aproposal Describingtrends Alternativeenergysources Goodgreed Speaking Writing Vocabulary Reading 11 2Discussingtrends Listening Reasonsfortrends Speaking Discussingtrends 11 2Keywordsandexpressions alternativeadj n 供替代的 供选择的 替代物alternativeenergysources可替代能源windpower风能 风力solarpower太阳能solarpane太阳能电池板initialcost最初成本Biofuels生物燃料reserves储量wavepower波能 波力pros赞成票 赞成者cons反对票 反对者nuclearpower核能privatesector私有企业 私人企业 profit drivenadj 受利益驱使的solutionn 解决方案carbonemission二氧化碳排放tradevt 从事 股票 等交易big nameadj 有名的e businessstock电子商务股peakvi n 达到顶峰 顶峰crashvi n 暴跌 崩盘 倒闭ascendvi 上升 上涨ascentn 上升 上涨descendvi 下跌 下降 衰退descentn 下跌 下降 衰退fluctuatevi 波动 well foundedadj 有充分事实依据的 理由充足的 有根据的governmentalsubsidies政府补贴taxcredit抵税金额residential住宅建筑所需能源eco investmentcraze生态投资热levelout持平revival复苏solarcell太阳能电池averageprice平均价格kilowatt hour千瓦小时residentialelectricity住宅用电 runawayadj 失去控制 失控的proceduren 程序 传统的做法medicalcare医疗healthcare保健windfarm风力发电厂SungreenPower绿色硅谷能源公司 Speaking Alternativeenergysources 1 Withsometypesofenergyrunningout countriesarelookingatalternativewaysofproducingenergyforthefuture Todothiswillrequirefinancialinvestment Whichofthesewouldyouinvestyourmoneyin Explainwhy Windpowerhasalreadybeenimplementedinmanycountriesthoughsomepeoplesayitcanneverprovideenoughenergyonitsown Theinitialcostisalsoveryhigh Solarpowerisbeingwidelyusedeitheronpeople sownhousesorintheformofhugeareasoflandwithsolarpanels Thecostoftechnologyisfallingforthisenergysoitlookslikeagoodinvestment Biofuelswhichmakeuseofresiduefromplantsarealreadyusedinsomecars Theylooksettoprovideonesolutiontothelackofpetrolfuels Coaliscriticizedforthepollutionitcreatesandmanycountriesarelookingatalternativeswhichsuggestsitisn tagoodinvestment However insomepartsoftheworldsuchasChinatherearehugecoalreserveswhichareonlynowbeingminedandusedinpowerstation Inthiscasecoalmaystillbeagoodinvestmentbutbebadfortheenvironment Wavepowerhasmanyofthesameprosandconsaswindpower Nuclearpowerhasattractedbadpublicityinthepastbutmorerecentlymanygovernmentshavereturnedtotheideaofbuildingnuclearpowerstationsinthenextcenturyinordertosolvethepotentialshortageofenergy Privateinvestmentmayyetprovidegoodreturns Reading Goodgreed 1 Nowreadthearticleonthenextpageaboutinvestinginsolarpower ChoosethebestwordA B CorDtofillinthegaps1 15 90 93 96 99 02 03 50 40 30 20 10 0 Averagepriceincentsperkwhforresidentialelectricity Costofsolarenergyperkilowatt hour GoodGreed Doyouwanttoknowhowto 1 moneyanddoyoubitfortheenvironment Investing 2 somethingthatwillsavetheplanetisbecomingeasierastheprivate 3 beginstostepinwithpowerful profitable drivenforhugeworldproblems Takeenergy forexample Moreandmoreinvestorsarenowlookingtoriskhuge 4 inalternativeenergiessafeintheknowledgethattheworldisnotsafefromcarbonemissions Solarpowerisonesuchcase Thereareadozenorso 5 tradedcompaniesthatmanufacturesolarmaterialsorsystems Andsomebig namebillion stocks oneproducerofhigh efficiencysolar powercells forexample wasrecentlytrading 7 thestockmarketatmorethan166timesearnings 1 A doB makeC haveD give2 A ofB inC byD for3 A sectorB companyC departmentD division4 A dollarsB cashC amountsD profits5 A shopB shareC personallyD publicly6 A sellB buyC investD grow7 A byB inC onD at Cautiousinvestorscan tforgetthatasimilaroptimismwas 8 forthepeakine businessstocksintheninetiesbeforethecrash Inthecaseofsolarpower such 9 arewell foundedbecausesolarenergyhasonebigeconomicproblem itcurrentlycostsroughlytwice 10 muchperkilowatt houraspowerfromthegrid 11 eventsarechanginginawaythatmayencourageallinvestors First ofcourse therearerisingpetroleumpricesandononereallybelievesthecostofnaturalgaswill 12 godownagain Secondly eventastraditionalenergypricesbegintosoar solarcostareexpectedto 13 theirdescent Thecostofasolarkilowatt hourhasdeclinedfrom47centsin1990toaround21centstoday 14 ithasremainedstable Thethirdforceisgovernmentsubsidies IntheUSA forexample UncleSamnowgivesa30 taxcredittobusinessthatusesolarenergy andthat sjustthe 15 withmuchmorestilltocome 8 A reportB chargeC dealD responsible9 A concernsB personalityC problemsD difficulties10 A thanB asC soD more11 A AlthoughB Nev