sounds.docx

The Sounds of LanguagePhoneticsw Phonetics is the science which studies the production, transmission and reception of the sounds of human speech, and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. w Articulatory phoneticsw Acoustic phoneticsw Auditory phoneticsThe vocal organsw The initiator of the air-streamthe lungw The vibrator- vocal cordsw The resonator- the resonating cavities The pharynx The nasal cavity The oral cavity: lips ; teeth; alveolar ridge; hard palate; soft palate; uvula; pharynx; epiglottis(会餍) (o)esophagus(食道)Classification of soundsw Consonantsw VowelsClassification of Consonantsw Places of articulation Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Palato-alveolar(postalveolar) Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal Classification of Consonantsw Manners of articulation Stop(plosive) Fricative Affricates Liquids Nasals GlidesPhonetic transcriptionw The international phonetic alphabet(IPA) a system of symbols for representing the pronunciation of sounds in any language according to the principles of the International Phonetic Association. This system consists of letters and diacritics. Some letters are taken from the Roman alphabet and some are special symbols such as .w Narrow and broad transcriptions Broad transcription has such symbols, each of which represents a phoneme. This form of transcription is suitable for teaching the pronunciation of a foreign language. Narrow transcription has more exact symbols and diacritics, each of which is employed to represent the variant of a phoneme.Cardinal vowel:w vowel in the cardinal vowel system invented by Daniel Jones as a means of describing the vowels in any language. The cardinal vowels themselves do not belong to any particular language, but are possible vowels to be used as reference points.The Standard Languagew Received Pronunciation( RP ): The form (variety) of pronunciation that is usually heard in everyday speech among the Southern English people, particularly the London middle class, or the speech spoken by BBC announcers, at universities and public schools. RP is readily and widely understood throughout the English speaking countries and generally recommended where English is taught and learned as a foreign language.w General American Pronunciation The form (variety) of pronunciation that is usually heard in everyday speech among the Northern American people, particularly the the speech spoken by VOA announcers, at universities and public schools. Phonologyw Phonemew Minimal Pairw Suprasegmental FeaturesPhonologyw the study of the sound systems of languages. Phonology is concerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages, that is, to determine the phonological structure- which sound units are used and how they pattern.w To identify the phonemes in a certain languagew To find out in what way the phonemes can be combined Phonologyw Minimal Pairw Two expressions (words or morphemes) of a language with different meanings that are distinguished by only one phoneme: father vs. mother; pet vs. betw Phoneme w the smallest unit of speech sound in a language with the significant function to distinguish the meanings and forms of words. w Allophone w variants of a phoneme. Allophones of a phoneme is based on their distribution(complementary distribution) and their phonetic similarity: potph vs. spotp letter vs. bottlew Phone: w smallest unit when a utterance is segmented.w Contrastive distribution(phoneme)w Complementary distribution (phonetic similarity)Suprasegmental phonologyw Syllablew Stress Word stress Sentence stressw Pitch (tone tone - language)w Intonationw Liaison and assimilationw Rhythm w Tempo w Pausew RangeStressw Primary stress, secondary stress, weak stress pro,nunciation ,university w Rhythmical stress( double stress ) this afternoon, an afternoon lesson; He is fourteen, We have fourteen boys; We live in Beijing, Beijing operaw Stress on suffix: employee engineer balloon cartoonw Compound stress: blackboard bluebook darkroom English teacher(who teaches English) Red coats vs. redcoats black bird vs. blackbird White house vs. White House green house vs. greenhousew Sentence stress Stressing on content words I will go. I dont go there. Flying planes can be dangerous. John only phoned Mary today.w Liaison and assimilation Far away Come on Good on you An old lady In a hotel Half a year Here and there A number of I can see it. Can you see it?